垃圾渗滤液原位与异位耦合脱氮工艺及其机理研究
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摘要
卫生填埋法是我国城市生活垃圾无害化处理处置最主要的方式和手段。然而随着《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889—2008)的颁布,大幅提高了渗滤液外排TN控制要求,填埋过程中产生的大量性质多变、高浓度氨氮和有机物的垃圾渗滤液脱氮难题成为制约生活垃圾填埋场可持续发展的重要因素,因此,开发经济高效的垃圾填埋场渗滤液脱氮技术显得尤其重要。以渗滤液回灌为特征的生物填埋技术的发展为开发垃圾填埋场渗滤液原位与异位耦合脱氮工艺奠定了良好的基础。本文通过高有机物渗滤液短程硝化作用影响因素与硝化细菌变化规律、适龄填埋垃圾反硝化特性及其反硝化细菌种群多样性等方面的研究,构建了填埋垃圾堆体外硝化-堆体内反硝化-MAP沉淀-混凝沉淀-土壤植被层原位脱氮工艺；通过研究填埋垃圾厌氧产沼性能、垃圾渗滤液半短程硝化过程控制策略和硝化出水厌氧氨氧化反应器运行性能,集成构建了垃圾渗滤液填埋垃圾厌氧产沼-堆体外Sharon-厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺。研究结果为渗滤液原位与异位耦合脱氮工艺的开发和应用提供了理论依据。论文主要结果如下：
1、采用单级完全混合式好氧反应器可实现垃圾渗滤液COD和NH4+-N的有效去除。反应器的COD去除负荷和NH4+-N转化负荷可分别达到2.48Kg/(m3·d)和0.37Kg/(m3·d).在平均COD负荷为1.50Kg/(m3·d)条件下,实现短程硝化过程的最适DO浓度范围为1.00-1.70mg/L。对活性污泥amoA基因和nxrA基因进行Q-PCR分析结果表明,氨氧化细菌amoA基因拷贝数与比污泥氨氮去除速率之间、亚硝酸盐氧化菌nxrA基因拷贝数与比污泥硝酸盐产生速率之间有很好的相关性。amoA基因拷贝数在9.08×108～6.71×109copies/g VSS间变化,nxrA基因拷贝数在1.53×107～1.54×109copies/g VSS间变化.
2、7年填埋龄垃圾具有良好的反硝化脱氮性能。将硝化后渗滤液回灌至7年填埋龄垃圾反应器,其TON(N02--N和N03--N)去除速率在16.4-67.2g N/(t-TS·d),平均值为44.9g N/(t-TS·d)。通过对填埋垃圾进行nirS基因克隆文库分析结果表明,异养菌Azoarcus tolulyticu是填埋垃圾反应器最主要的反硝化功能菌。集成构建的垃圾渗滤液“填埋垃圾堆体外硝化-堆体内反硝化-磷酸铵镁结晶-混凝沉淀-土壤植被层”组合原位脱氮处理技术对渗滤液COD和NH4+-N具有良好的处理效果。当气温为1-22℃、进水渗滤液COD为2983-11780mg/L、NH4+-N浓度为910-1731mg/L时,最终出水COD小于500mg/L,NH4+-N浓度小于25mg/L,TN浓度小于60mg/L。
3、同步硝化反硝化污泥与反硝化-Sharon反应器污泥细菌种群多样性差异显著。利用高通量测序分析同步硝化反硝化污泥接种至反硝化-Sharon反应器的细菌群落变化,结果表明,在细菌门类上,两种污泥差别不大。同步硝化反硝化污泥和Sharon反应器污泥中变形菌门Proteobacteria的数量最高,拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes次之,其中变形菌门中又以β-Proteobacteria和γ-Proteobacteria的比例较高。但在菌属水平上,相差较大。同步硝化反硝化脱氮污泥中存在异养反硝化、自养反硝化、氨氧化过程、有机物降解、丝状菌等相关作用的微生物,可能存在潜在的厌氧氨氧化过程。占优势的细菌为：Thauera属、Nitrosomonas属、uncultured Anaerolineaceae属、Saprospiraceae属和浮霉菌门Planctomycetes.而Sharon污泥中存在有机物氧化、异养反硝化、氨氧化过程等相关作用的微生物,占优势的细菌为：Rhodanobacter属、Ottowia属、Nitrosomonas属等。
4、集成创建的垃圾渗滤液“填埋垃圾厌氧产沼-Sharon-Anammox"工艺可以同时实现能源回收和经济高效脱氮的目的。填埋垃圾厌氧产沼反应器对回灌渗滤液COD有良好的去除效果。COD去除负荷可达1.0Kg/(m3·d)(以总体积计),产气性能为0.47L/g COD. Sharon反应器在FA浓度在1-280mg/L均可实现稳定的短程硝化作用。通过进水的碱度/NH4+比调节可以任意控制Sharon出水NO2-/NH4+比。利用渗滤液生物脱氮污泥可成功启动厌氧氨氧化MBR反应器,在活性停滞阶段,将NO2--N浓度控制在60mg/L以下有利于厌氧氨氧化菌的快速启动。一定比例的渗滤液硝化出水对厌氧氨氧化活性有明显的促进作用,渗滤液硝化出水可降解有机物的存在会对厌氧氨氧化活性有明显的抑制作用。以渗滤液Sharon出水为厌氧氨氧化反应器进水,在T=30±1℃,NH4+-N和NO2--N浓度在550-620mg/L,出水NH4+-N和NO2--N均小于5mg/L, NO3--N浓度低于100mg/L,容积氮去除负荷达到200mg/(L-d)左右。
The "sanitary" landfill technique, as it is practiced today, is one of the most important methods for municipal solid waste disposal in China. In recent years, more stringent discharge standard for landfill leachate (GB16889-2008) is imposed by the Chinese government. However, treatment of landfill leachate produced from the landfill, which is characteristic of high COD and ammonia concentration, becomes the bottleneck of sustainable development of sanitary landfill. Therefore, it is imperative to develop economic and efficient technology for landfill leachate treatment. Bioreactor landfill, which consists in controlling moisture through the recirculation of the leachate or by other means, lays the foundation for combined ex situ and in situ process. The objectives of this study were:(1) to assess the nitrogen removal performance by a combined process with ex situ nitrification/in situ denitrification/MAP precipitation/coagulation/soil infiltration;(2) to establish the correlation between the abundance of nitrifiers and nitrification performance;(3) to explore primary functional denitrifiers in the landfill bioreactor;(4) to assess the nitrogen removal performance by Anaerobic fermentation/Sharon/Anammox process. The obtained results will provide profound role in nitrogen removal from landfill leachate by combined ex situ and in situ biological process. The primary results of this study are summaried as follows.
(1) A combined process consisting of ex situ nitrification and in situ denitrification in landfill refuse was studied in pilot scale for nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate. The results showed that simultaneous organic matter removal and complete ammonia oxidation was accomplished in a single aerobic reactor at COD loading rate of2.48Kg/(m3·d) and NH4+-N loading rate of0.37Kg/(m3·d). Above80%of partial nitrification ratio and an average COD loading rate of1.50Kg/(m3·d) were steadily maintained under DO concentrations of1.00-1.70mg L-1Quantitative PCR results indicated that the abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacterial (AOB) amoA and nitrite oxidizing bacterial (NOB) nxrA genes were highly correlated with the specific ammonia removal rate and specific nitrate production rate. The gene copy number of amoA ranged from9.08×108to6.71×109copies/g VSS, and gene copy number of nxrA ranged from1.53×107to1.54×109copies/g VSS.
(2)7-year-old landfilled refuse exhibited high denitrification capacity. Nitrified landfill leachate could be denitrified in the landfill bioreactor with total oxidizing nitrogen (TON) removal rate ranging from16.4-67.2g N/(t-TSwaste d). Clone and sequencing analysis of denitrifying bacterial nirS gene inferred that heterotrophic Azoarcus tolulyticu was the primary denitrifier in the landfill bioreactor. The combined process consisting of ex situ nitrification/in situ denitrification/MAP precipitation/coagulation/soil infiltration showed high COD and ammonia removal. When the influent COD and ammonia of leachate were2983-11780mg/L and910-1731mg/L, respectively, the effluent of COD lower than500mg/L, ammonia lower than25mg/L and TN lower than60mg/L was achieved.
(3) A microbial community on two sludge samples from a SND reactor and Sharon reactor was analyzed by high throughput sequencing. The obtained results indicated that the corresponding most dominant phylum in the two samples are Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes. However, different bacterial composition at genus level was found in the two samples. The dominant process in the SND sludge was heterophic denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, ammonia oxidation, organic decomposition, and bulking, as well as potential anammox. The dominant genus was Thauera, Nitrosomonas, uncultured Anaerolineaceae, Saprospiraceae and Planctomycetes. While the dominant process in the Sharon sludge was heterophic denitrification, autotrophic denitrification and ammonia oxidation. The dominant genus was Rhodanobacter, Ottowia and Nitrosomonas.
(4) A combined process consisting of in situ anaerobic fermentation and ex situ Sharon/Anammox was studied for methane recovery and nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate. The results showed that COD removal rate was1.0Kg/(m3·d) and methane production rate was0.47L/g COD. Stable short-cut nitrification could be achieved at FA concentration of1-280mg/L in Sharon reactor. The effluent NO2-/NF4+ratio could be adujusted by the ratio of influent alkalinity/NH4+. Anammox was started up successfully using SND sludge from landfill leachate treatment. In the phases of sluggish, it is helpful for rapid start-up of Anammox at nitrite concentration lower than60mg/L. Low percentage of effluent from Sharon reactor could promote the Anammox activity, while the presence of biodegradable organic matter could inhibit the Anammox activity. When the influent ammonia and nitrie concentration ranged from550to620mg/L, the effluent ammonia and nitrie concentration were lower than5mg/L, nitrate concentration was lower than100mg/L. Nitrogen removal rate could reach at about200mg/(L-d).
1、采用单级完全混合式好氧反应器可实现垃圾渗滤液COD和NH4+-N的有效去除。反应器的COD去除负荷和NH4+-N转化负荷可分别达到2.48Kg/(m3·d)和0.37Kg/(m3·d).在平均COD负荷为1.50Kg/(m3·d)条件下,实现短程硝化过程的最适DO浓度范围为1.00-1.70mg/L。对活性污泥amoA基因和nxrA基因进行Q-PCR分析结果表明,氨氧化细菌amoA基因拷贝数与比污泥氨氮去除速率之间、亚硝酸盐氧化菌nxrA基因拷贝数与比污泥硝酸盐产生速率之间有很好的相关性。amoA基因拷贝数在9.08×108～6.71×109copies/g VSS间变化,nxrA基因拷贝数在1.53×107～1.54×109copies/g VSS间变化.
2、7年填埋龄垃圾具有良好的反硝化脱氮性能。将硝化后渗滤液回灌至7年填埋龄垃圾反应器,其TON(N02--N和N03--N)去除速率在16.4-67.2g N/(t-TS·d),平均值为44.9g N/(t-TS·d)。通过对填埋垃圾进行nirS基因克隆文库分析结果表明,异养菌Azoarcus tolulyticu是填埋垃圾反应器最主要的反硝化功能菌。集成构建的垃圾渗滤液“填埋垃圾堆体外硝化-堆体内反硝化-磷酸铵镁结晶-混凝沉淀-土壤植被层”组合原位脱氮处理技术对渗滤液COD和NH4+-N具有良好的处理效果。当气温为1-22℃、进水渗滤液COD为2983-11780mg/L、NH4+-N浓度为910-1731mg/L时,最终出水COD小于500mg/L,NH4+-N浓度小于25mg/L,TN浓度小于60mg/L。
3、同步硝化反硝化污泥与反硝化-Sharon反应器污泥细菌种群多样性差异显著。利用高通量测序分析同步硝化反硝化污泥接种至反硝化-Sharon反应器的细菌群落变化,结果表明,在细菌门类上,两种污泥差别不大。同步硝化反硝化污泥和Sharon反应器污泥中变形菌门Proteobacteria的数量最高,拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes次之,其中变形菌门中又以β-Proteobacteria和γ-Proteobacteria的比例较高。但在菌属水平上,相差较大。同步硝化反硝化脱氮污泥中存在异养反硝化、自养反硝化、氨氧化过程、有机物降解、丝状菌等相关作用的微生物,可能存在潜在的厌氧氨氧化过程。占优势的细菌为：Thauera属、Nitrosomonas属、uncultured Anaerolineaceae属、Saprospiraceae属和浮霉菌门Planctomycetes.而Sharon污泥中存在有机物氧化、异养反硝化、氨氧化过程等相关作用的微生物,占优势的细菌为：Rhodanobacter属、Ottowia属、Nitrosomonas属等。
4、集成创建的垃圾渗滤液“填埋垃圾厌氧产沼-Sharon-Anammox"工艺可以同时实现能源回收和经济高效脱氮的目的。填埋垃圾厌氧产沼反应器对回灌渗滤液COD有良好的去除效果。COD去除负荷可达1.0Kg/(m3·d)(以总体积计),产气性能为0.47L/g COD. Sharon反应器在FA浓度在1-280mg/L均可实现稳定的短程硝化作用。通过进水的碱度/NH4+比调节可以任意控制Sharon出水NO2-/NH4+比。利用渗滤液生物脱氮污泥可成功启动厌氧氨氧化MBR反应器,在活性停滞阶段,将NO2--N浓度控制在60mg/L以下有利于厌氧氨氧化菌的快速启动。一定比例的渗滤液硝化出水对厌氧氨氧化活性有明显的促进作用,渗滤液硝化出水可降解有机物的存在会对厌氧氨氧化活性有明显的抑制作用。以渗滤液Sharon出水为厌氧氨氧化反应器进水,在T=30±1℃,NH4+-N和NO2--N浓度在550-620mg/L,出水NH4+-N和NO2--N均小于5mg/L, NO3--N浓度低于100mg/L,容积氮去除负荷达到200mg/(L-d)左右。
The "sanitary" landfill technique, as it is practiced today, is one of the most important methods for municipal solid waste disposal in China. In recent years, more stringent discharge standard for landfill leachate (GB16889-2008) is imposed by the Chinese government. However, treatment of landfill leachate produced from the landfill, which is characteristic of high COD and ammonia concentration, becomes the bottleneck of sustainable development of sanitary landfill. Therefore, it is imperative to develop economic and efficient technology for landfill leachate treatment. Bioreactor landfill, which consists in controlling moisture through the recirculation of the leachate or by other means, lays the foundation for combined ex situ and in situ process. The objectives of this study were:(1) to assess the nitrogen removal performance by a combined process with ex situ nitrification/in situ denitrification/MAP precipitation/coagulation/soil infiltration;(2) to establish the correlation between the abundance of nitrifiers and nitrification performance;(3) to explore primary functional denitrifiers in the landfill bioreactor;(4) to assess the nitrogen removal performance by Anaerobic fermentation/Sharon/Anammox process. The obtained results will provide profound role in nitrogen removal from landfill leachate by combined ex situ and in situ biological process. The primary results of this study are summaried as follows.
(1) A combined process consisting of ex situ nitrification and in situ denitrification in landfill refuse was studied in pilot scale for nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate. The results showed that simultaneous organic matter removal and complete ammonia oxidation was accomplished in a single aerobic reactor at COD loading rate of2.48Kg/(m3·d) and NH4+-N loading rate of0.37Kg/(m3·d). Above80%of partial nitrification ratio and an average COD loading rate of1.50Kg/(m3·d) were steadily maintained under DO concentrations of1.00-1.70mg L-1Quantitative PCR results indicated that the abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacterial (AOB) amoA and nitrite oxidizing bacterial (NOB) nxrA genes were highly correlated with the specific ammonia removal rate and specific nitrate production rate. The gene copy number of amoA ranged from9.08×108to6.71×109copies/g VSS, and gene copy number of nxrA ranged from1.53×107to1.54×109copies/g VSS.
(2)7-year-old landfilled refuse exhibited high denitrification capacity. Nitrified landfill leachate could be denitrified in the landfill bioreactor with total oxidizing nitrogen (TON) removal rate ranging from16.4-67.2g N/(t-TSwaste d). Clone and sequencing analysis of denitrifying bacterial nirS gene inferred that heterotrophic Azoarcus tolulyticu was the primary denitrifier in the landfill bioreactor. The combined process consisting of ex situ nitrification/in situ denitrification/MAP precipitation/coagulation/soil infiltration showed high COD and ammonia removal. When the influent COD and ammonia of leachate were2983-11780mg/L and910-1731mg/L, respectively, the effluent of COD lower than500mg/L, ammonia lower than25mg/L and TN lower than60mg/L was achieved.
(3) A microbial community on two sludge samples from a SND reactor and Sharon reactor was analyzed by high throughput sequencing. The obtained results indicated that the corresponding most dominant phylum in the two samples are Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes. However, different bacterial composition at genus level was found in the two samples. The dominant process in the SND sludge was heterophic denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, ammonia oxidation, organic decomposition, and bulking, as well as potential anammox. The dominant genus was Thauera, Nitrosomonas, uncultured Anaerolineaceae, Saprospiraceae and Planctomycetes. While the dominant process in the Sharon sludge was heterophic denitrification, autotrophic denitrification and ammonia oxidation. The dominant genus was Rhodanobacter, Ottowia and Nitrosomonas.
(4) A combined process consisting of in situ anaerobic fermentation and ex situ Sharon/Anammox was studied for methane recovery and nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate. The results showed that COD removal rate was1.0Kg/(m3·d) and methane production rate was0.47L/g COD. Stable short-cut nitrification could be achieved at FA concentration of1-280mg/L in Sharon reactor. The effluent NO2-/NF4+ratio could be adujusted by the ratio of influent alkalinity/NH4+. Anammox was started up successfully using SND sludge from landfill leachate treatment. In the phases of sluggish, it is helpful for rapid start-up of Anammox at nitrite concentration lower than60mg/L. Low percentage of effluent from Sharon reactor could promote the Anammox activity, while the presence of biodegradable organic matter could inhibit the Anammox activity. When the influent ammonia and nitrie concentration ranged from550to620mg/L, the effluent ammonia and nitrie concentration were lower than5mg/L, nitrate concentration was lower than100mg/L. Nitrogen removal rate could reach at about200mg/(L-d).
引文
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