长白山阔叶红松林生态系统管理研究
|
摘要
生态系统管理起源于传统的林业资源管理,是自20世纪初期以来,随着生态学的迅速发展、人们对环境破坏与资源利用认识的不断加深而逐渐形成的。森林生态系统管理是21世纪林业科学的主线和森林经营管理的核心,是各国林业可持续发展的重要方向。实施森林生态系统管理对缓解我国森林资源的供需矛盾、防止地力退化和病虫害的发生、改善生态环境及实现我国林业的可持续发展都具有十分重要的意义。
本论文对森林生态系统管理的理论框架、内容、方法和实现途径进行了较为全面和深入的研究,对长白山天然林物种多样性、林分结构等进行了相关研究,提出了较为合理的植物多样性指标和林分空间结构参数,对指导森林生态系统经营具有借鉴意义,并为调整林分空间结构提供理论依据。同时以长白山自然保护区为例,对其进行服务价值评估。结果表明,长白山保护区蕴含着巨大的生态系统服务价值,应加强保护及合理的开发利用。在上述研究的基础上,制定了长白山天然林生态系统管理对策。
论文研究内容及主要结论如下:
1、用重要值、Gleason指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数等对次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林和阔叶红松林四块样地乔木、灌木和草本的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明,在乔木层,受到最近干扰的次生杨桦林群落的物种数是顶级群落阔叶红松林的2倍。各种多样性指数变化的趋势基本一致,从次生杨桦林到杨桦椴树林再到蒙古栎椴树林,最后到阔叶红松林逐渐下降。在灌木层,次生杨桦林的各项多样性指数均高于阔叶红松林。次生杨桦林的灌木分布更均匀,相应的,Pielou指数更高。在草本层,杨桦椴树林草本植物的Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson指数均为最高;次生杨桦林物种数和株数最高,分别将近阔叶红松林的2倍和8倍。
2、选取角尺度、混交度和大小比数三个参数对长白山天然林林分空间结构进行研究。角尺度分析表明:次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林以及阔叶红松林整体上都呈聚集分布。这种格局可能与组成群落的各个物种在小尺度内呈聚集分布以及资源的不均匀分布密切相关。
混交度分析表明:次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林以及阔叶红松林都处于中度以上的混交水平,还没有达到强度混交水平。在同一个群落内,上层乔木的混交度水平高,下层乔木的混交度水平低;种子繁殖的树种的混交度高,萌蘖繁殖的混交度水平低,两种繁殖方式兼有的混交度水平较高。在次生林中,先锋树种的混交度高,未来顶级群落的优势树种的混交度总体偏低;在原始林中,林冠上层的优势树种的混交度高。
大小比数分析表明:在同一个群落,上层乔木在生长上占优势,下层乔木在生长上处于被压状态;幼树喜光的树种生长上占优,林冠更新的树种生长上处于被压状态。在次生演替的相对早期阶段,先锋树种在生长上处于优势,未来顶级群落的树种暂时处于被压状态;在次生演替的中期阶段,如杨桦椴树林和蒙古栎椴树林,阳性树种和未来顶级群落的优势树种共同占优势;在顶级群落中,先锋树种被淘汰,优势树种在生长上占有绝对优势。
以上分析表明:长白山地区大面积存在的各种类型的次生林和原始林在物种多样性和林分空间结构方面存在很大的差异,迫切需要通过优化林分空间结构和森林生态经营管理促进次生林向原始林方向转化。在优化林分空间结构的森林经营过程中,在调整树种的大小比数时,应以树种的生物学和生态学特性为依据,以原生森林的空间结构为参照,对比次生林和原生林在树种混交程度、单木大小分化程度以及林木水平分布格局等方面的差别,制定相应的次生林空间结构调整规划,促进次生林向原生森林演替。
3、从直接利用价值、间接利用价值和非利用价值三个方面对长白山自然保护区生态系统所提供的服务价值进行了系统全面的评估。结果表明,保护区生态系统每年的服务价值为1234886.91万元。因价格及经济发展等不可控因素的存在以及生物类别没有考虑到动物、微生物,使得评估结果偏于保守。
4、加拿大森林生态系统动态模拟软件(FSOS)对白河林业局采伐限额研究的结果表明,在白河林业局分类经营方案中,若采用择伐方式对限伐林和商品林进行适度合理的采伐,则年均20万m~3的采伐量也是可持续的。
根据加拿大森林生态系统规划方法进行分析,得出白河林业局的最佳经营方案是:将小溪两边和道路两边的缓冲带设为禁伐带,采用择伐方式进行采伐,并考虑集水区、景观旅游区和动物区对幼龄林比率的要求。据此方案经营,白河林业局未来的年采伐量将从近二十年的22万m~3/年,逐年提高到26万m~3/年,在2056到2400年间都可以维持在26万m~3/年的水平:森林的成熟林和过熟林的比率将由现在的10%逐渐提高到30%:森林的蓄积量也从目前的3000万m~3增加到3650万m~3。
5、基于生态系统管理的森林经营与传统森林经营在核心理论、管理目标、经营对象及措施等方面有很大的不同。将基于生态系统管理的经营技术应用于阔叶红松林,可实现生态效益和经济效益的协调发展。
与传统森林经营方法相比,基于生态系统管理思想经营的林分土壤水分含量及凋落物输入量增大,土壤养分提高;其单位面积年蓄积增长量分别是择伐、抚育及对照林分年蓄积增长量的1.17、1.20和1.49倍。基于生态系统管理的经营可有效避免传统经营方法引起的水土流失、地力衰退和生物多样性降低等弊病,有利于地力的维持,及森林可持续经营的实现。实施生态系统管理每年可为白河林业局节约采育林生产成本280-560万元。
6、在生态系统管理思想及理论的指导下,结合长白山天然林实际,提出长白山天然林生态系统管理的前提及对策:所有的管理活动都必须符合国家的相关法律法规和部门或地方的相关规定;经营者必须明确各自的责任、活动边界及可开发利用的限度。具体涵盖行政法律、经济学、社会学及经营技术等四大类措施。
Ecosystem management is originated in the traditional forestry resources management.Since the early 20th century,with the rapid development of ecology and the people's deeper understanding of environmental damage and resource utilization,the ecosystem management gradually formed.Forestry ecosystem management is the main line of development of the 21~(st) century forestry and the core of forest management,also the most important direction of every nation's forestry sustainable development.Implementing the forest ecosystem management is of great significance for alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand,preventing soil degradation,diseases and insect pests' occurrence,as well as improving the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development of China's forestry.
In this paper,the theoretical framework,content,methods and way of the forest ecosystems management were studied comprehensively and deeply.Taking Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as an example,some related researches about species diversity and stand structure of forests in Changbai Mountain were done.Our results indicate that species diversity and Stand structure's various parameters are good at instructing the forest ecosystems management and providing the foundation of adjusting the stand structure.Some assessment about its services value was also done.The studies show that Changbai Mountain nature reserve contains enormous ecosystem services value,so people should put more emphasis on protecting and developing the nature resource reasonably.At the same time,on the basis of the above mentioned study,the strategy of ecosystem management in Changbai Mountain natural Forest was put forward.
The main contents and conclusions of the paper are as follows:
1.There are some studies on 4 plots of the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest and broad-leaved Korean pine forest's trees,shrubs and herbaceous species diversity through the important value,Gleason's index,Simpson index and Shannon index.The results showed that in the tree layer,the species richness of interfered communities are 2 times of the top community comprised by broad-leaved Korean pine forest.The three diversity indices are basically the same as changing trends,falling gradually from secondary poplar-brich forest to poplar-brich tilia forest to Mongolia tilia forest,finally to broad-leaved Korean pine forest.In the shrub layer,each diversity index of the secondary poplar-brich forest was higher than the ones of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest.Because the shrub distribution is more uniform in the secondary poplar-brich forest, correspondingly,Pielou index is higher.In the herb layer,Shannon index and Simpson index of the poplar-brich tilia forest were the highest;the richness and abundance of species in the secondary poplar-brich forest is the highest,which is respectively about 2 times and 8 times of broad-leaved Korean pine forest.
2.By choosing the 3 parameters of neighborhood pattern,mingling and neighborhood comparison, the stand spatial structure of the Changbai Mountain natural forests was studied.The neighborhood pattern showed that:the secondary poplar-brich forests,poplar-brich tilia forest,Mongolia tilia forest, and the broad-leaved Korean pine forest are all aggregated distribution,which may be closely related to the aggregated distribution of many species,and environmental heterogeneity.
The mingling analysis indicated that:the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest,as well as the broad-leaved Korean pine are above the moderate mixed levels,and have not yet reached the level of intensity mixed.Within the community,the mixed degree of the upper layer is high and the one of the undergrowth layer is low;the mixed degree of the sexual reproduction trees is highest and the one of sprouting reproduction is lowest,the mixed degree of trees with both reproduction ways was middle.In the secondary forest,the mixed degree of the pioneer species is high, the one of the dominant species of the future top communities is totally low;in the original forest,and the mixed degree of the dominant species of the upper canopy is higher.
Neighborhood comparison indicated that:within the community,the upper tree is dominated at the growth and the lower tree is in a pressurized state;heliophilous trees are dominant at the growth and shade tolerance trees are in a pressurized state;in the early secondary succession stage,the pioneer tree species are dominant at the growth and the dominant species of the future top communities are temporarily in a pressurized state;in the middle secondary succession stage,such as,Mongolia tilia forest and poplar-birch tilia forest,the heliophilous species and the dominant species of the future top communities are both superiors;in the top community,the pioneer species are eliminated and the dominant species are dominate absolutely at the growth.
The above analysis indicate that:there are large differences in the species diversity and spatial pattern of the various secondary forests and the original forest in Changbai Mountain,it is urgently needed to promote the secondary.forest to the original forest by optimizing the spatial structure and the forest ecosystems management.In the forest management process of optimizing the spatial structure,in order to further optimize the stand spatial structure,when adjusting the size ration of the species,the biological and ecological characteristics of the species should be considered,as the basis to the spatial structure of the original forest,comparing the mixed degree,the neighborhood pattern,and the neighborhood comparison between the secondary forest and the original forest and then develop the corresponding adjust planning of the secondary forest spatial structure in order to promote the secondary forest to the original forest.
3.A comprehensive assessment on services value provided by Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve ecosystem was done from three aspects:the direct value,the indirect value and the non-use value.The results showed that the service value of the protected areas is 12,348,869,100 Yuan per year.There are some uncontrollable factors,such as,prices,economic development and ignoring the animals and microbiology while considering the biological categories of animals so the assessment is still conservative.
4.The cutting limit of Baihe Forestry Bureau was studied through the Canadian forest ecosystems dynamic simulation software(FSOS).The results indicated that,in Bathe Forestry classification management program,200,000 m~3/a are sustainable by selective cutting to make the limit deforestation and commercial forest's harvesting moderate and reasonable.
According to Canadian Forest Ecosystem Planning Method,it is suggested that the best management plan of Baihe Forestry Bureau:the buffer zone on both of the stream and the road should be prohibited to log and adopt the selective cutting methods whiling considering the catchment areas, landscape tourist areas and animal areas' demands of young growth rate.According to the management program,felling quantity of 220,000 m~3/a in the last 20 years will gradually increased to 260,000 m~3/a, and from 2056 to 2400,it can keep 260,000 m~3/a.The proportion of mature forest and over-mature forest will increase from 10%to 30%.Forest reserves increases from the current 30 million m~3 to 36.5 million m~3.
5.The forest management on the basis of ecosystem management is different from the traditional forest management in the core theory,management objectives,management targets and action.Putting the management technology based on the ecosystem management into broad-leaved Korean pine forest, which can make coordinated development between ecological benefits and economic benefits.
Compared with the traditional forest management methods,the one based ecosystem management can increase forest soil moisture content and litter input,improve soil nutrient;its accumulation in growth per unit area are respectively 1.17,1.20 and 1.49 times of selective cutting,tending and undisturbed.The forest ecosystem management can effectively avoid the soil erosion,soil degradation and biodiversity reduction;it is also good at maintaining land capability and achieving the sustainable forest management.Implementing the ecosystem management would save silviculture mining production costs 280-560 million for Baihe Forestry every year.
6.Under the guidance of the ecosystem management thought and theory,according to the actual situation of Changbai Mountains,the premise and countermeasures of the Changbai Mountain natural forest ecosystem management are proposed:All management activities must be consistent with the country's relevant laws and regulations and the department or local's relevant stipulations;the operators must define the respective responsibilities,activities border and the limit of the development and utilization.It covers specifically the four main categories of measures,administration law,economics, and sociology and business technology.
本论文对森林生态系统管理的理论框架、内容、方法和实现途径进行了较为全面和深入的研究,对长白山天然林物种多样性、林分结构等进行了相关研究,提出了较为合理的植物多样性指标和林分空间结构参数,对指导森林生态系统经营具有借鉴意义,并为调整林分空间结构提供理论依据。同时以长白山自然保护区为例,对其进行服务价值评估。结果表明,长白山保护区蕴含着巨大的生态系统服务价值,应加强保护及合理的开发利用。在上述研究的基础上,制定了长白山天然林生态系统管理对策。
论文研究内容及主要结论如下:
1、用重要值、Gleason指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数等对次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林和阔叶红松林四块样地乔木、灌木和草本的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明,在乔木层,受到最近干扰的次生杨桦林群落的物种数是顶级群落阔叶红松林的2倍。各种多样性指数变化的趋势基本一致,从次生杨桦林到杨桦椴树林再到蒙古栎椴树林,最后到阔叶红松林逐渐下降。在灌木层,次生杨桦林的各项多样性指数均高于阔叶红松林。次生杨桦林的灌木分布更均匀,相应的,Pielou指数更高。在草本层,杨桦椴树林草本植物的Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson指数均为最高;次生杨桦林物种数和株数最高,分别将近阔叶红松林的2倍和8倍。
2、选取角尺度、混交度和大小比数三个参数对长白山天然林林分空间结构进行研究。角尺度分析表明:次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林以及阔叶红松林整体上都呈聚集分布。这种格局可能与组成群落的各个物种在小尺度内呈聚集分布以及资源的不均匀分布密切相关。
混交度分析表明:次生杨桦林、杨桦椴树林、蒙古栎椴树林以及阔叶红松林都处于中度以上的混交水平,还没有达到强度混交水平。在同一个群落内,上层乔木的混交度水平高,下层乔木的混交度水平低;种子繁殖的树种的混交度高,萌蘖繁殖的混交度水平低,两种繁殖方式兼有的混交度水平较高。在次生林中,先锋树种的混交度高,未来顶级群落的优势树种的混交度总体偏低;在原始林中,林冠上层的优势树种的混交度高。
大小比数分析表明:在同一个群落,上层乔木在生长上占优势,下层乔木在生长上处于被压状态;幼树喜光的树种生长上占优,林冠更新的树种生长上处于被压状态。在次生演替的相对早期阶段,先锋树种在生长上处于优势,未来顶级群落的树种暂时处于被压状态;在次生演替的中期阶段,如杨桦椴树林和蒙古栎椴树林,阳性树种和未来顶级群落的优势树种共同占优势;在顶级群落中,先锋树种被淘汰,优势树种在生长上占有绝对优势。
以上分析表明:长白山地区大面积存在的各种类型的次生林和原始林在物种多样性和林分空间结构方面存在很大的差异,迫切需要通过优化林分空间结构和森林生态经营管理促进次生林向原始林方向转化。在优化林分空间结构的森林经营过程中,在调整树种的大小比数时,应以树种的生物学和生态学特性为依据,以原生森林的空间结构为参照,对比次生林和原生林在树种混交程度、单木大小分化程度以及林木水平分布格局等方面的差别,制定相应的次生林空间结构调整规划,促进次生林向原生森林演替。
3、从直接利用价值、间接利用价值和非利用价值三个方面对长白山自然保护区生态系统所提供的服务价值进行了系统全面的评估。结果表明,保护区生态系统每年的服务价值为1234886.91万元。因价格及经济发展等不可控因素的存在以及生物类别没有考虑到动物、微生物,使得评估结果偏于保守。
4、加拿大森林生态系统动态模拟软件(FSOS)对白河林业局采伐限额研究的结果表明,在白河林业局分类经营方案中,若采用择伐方式对限伐林和商品林进行适度合理的采伐,则年均20万m~3的采伐量也是可持续的。
根据加拿大森林生态系统规划方法进行分析,得出白河林业局的最佳经营方案是:将小溪两边和道路两边的缓冲带设为禁伐带,采用择伐方式进行采伐,并考虑集水区、景观旅游区和动物区对幼龄林比率的要求。据此方案经营,白河林业局未来的年采伐量将从近二十年的22万m~3/年,逐年提高到26万m~3/年,在2056到2400年间都可以维持在26万m~3/年的水平:森林的成熟林和过熟林的比率将由现在的10%逐渐提高到30%:森林的蓄积量也从目前的3000万m~3增加到3650万m~3。
5、基于生态系统管理的森林经营与传统森林经营在核心理论、管理目标、经营对象及措施等方面有很大的不同。将基于生态系统管理的经营技术应用于阔叶红松林,可实现生态效益和经济效益的协调发展。
与传统森林经营方法相比,基于生态系统管理思想经营的林分土壤水分含量及凋落物输入量增大,土壤养分提高;其单位面积年蓄积增长量分别是择伐、抚育及对照林分年蓄积增长量的1.17、1.20和1.49倍。基于生态系统管理的经营可有效避免传统经营方法引起的水土流失、地力衰退和生物多样性降低等弊病,有利于地力的维持,及森林可持续经营的实现。实施生态系统管理每年可为白河林业局节约采育林生产成本280-560万元。
6、在生态系统管理思想及理论的指导下,结合长白山天然林实际,提出长白山天然林生态系统管理的前提及对策:所有的管理活动都必须符合国家的相关法律法规和部门或地方的相关规定;经营者必须明确各自的责任、活动边界及可开发利用的限度。具体涵盖行政法律、经济学、社会学及经营技术等四大类措施。
Ecosystem management is originated in the traditional forestry resources management.Since the early 20th century,with the rapid development of ecology and the people's deeper understanding of environmental damage and resource utilization,the ecosystem management gradually formed.Forestry ecosystem management is the main line of development of the 21~(st) century forestry and the core of forest management,also the most important direction of every nation's forestry sustainable development.Implementing the forest ecosystem management is of great significance for alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand,preventing soil degradation,diseases and insect pests' occurrence,as well as improving the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development of China's forestry.
In this paper,the theoretical framework,content,methods and way of the forest ecosystems management were studied comprehensively and deeply.Taking Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as an example,some related researches about species diversity and stand structure of forests in Changbai Mountain were done.Our results indicate that species diversity and Stand structure's various parameters are good at instructing the forest ecosystems management and providing the foundation of adjusting the stand structure.Some assessment about its services value was also done.The studies show that Changbai Mountain nature reserve contains enormous ecosystem services value,so people should put more emphasis on protecting and developing the nature resource reasonably.At the same time,on the basis of the above mentioned study,the strategy of ecosystem management in Changbai Mountain natural Forest was put forward.
The main contents and conclusions of the paper are as follows:
1.There are some studies on 4 plots of the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest and broad-leaved Korean pine forest's trees,shrubs and herbaceous species diversity through the important value,Gleason's index,Simpson index and Shannon index.The results showed that in the tree layer,the species richness of interfered communities are 2 times of the top community comprised by broad-leaved Korean pine forest.The three diversity indices are basically the same as changing trends,falling gradually from secondary poplar-brich forest to poplar-brich tilia forest to Mongolia tilia forest,finally to broad-leaved Korean pine forest.In the shrub layer,each diversity index of the secondary poplar-brich forest was higher than the ones of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest.Because the shrub distribution is more uniform in the secondary poplar-brich forest, correspondingly,Pielou index is higher.In the herb layer,Shannon index and Simpson index of the poplar-brich tilia forest were the highest;the richness and abundance of species in the secondary poplar-brich forest is the highest,which is respectively about 2 times and 8 times of broad-leaved Korean pine forest.
2.By choosing the 3 parameters of neighborhood pattern,mingling and neighborhood comparison, the stand spatial structure of the Changbai Mountain natural forests was studied.The neighborhood pattern showed that:the secondary poplar-brich forests,poplar-brich tilia forest,Mongolia tilia forest, and the broad-leaved Korean pine forest are all aggregated distribution,which may be closely related to the aggregated distribution of many species,and environmental heterogeneity.
The mingling analysis indicated that:the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest,as well as the broad-leaved Korean pine are above the moderate mixed levels,and have not yet reached the level of intensity mixed.Within the community,the mixed degree of the upper layer is high and the one of the undergrowth layer is low;the mixed degree of the sexual reproduction trees is highest and the one of sprouting reproduction is lowest,the mixed degree of trees with both reproduction ways was middle.In the secondary forest,the mixed degree of the pioneer species is high, the one of the dominant species of the future top communities is totally low;in the original forest,and the mixed degree of the dominant species of the upper canopy is higher.
Neighborhood comparison indicated that:within the community,the upper tree is dominated at the growth and the lower tree is in a pressurized state;heliophilous trees are dominant at the growth and shade tolerance trees are in a pressurized state;in the early secondary succession stage,the pioneer tree species are dominant at the growth and the dominant species of the future top communities are temporarily in a pressurized state;in the middle secondary succession stage,such as,Mongolia tilia forest and poplar-birch tilia forest,the heliophilous species and the dominant species of the future top communities are both superiors;in the top community,the pioneer species are eliminated and the dominant species are dominate absolutely at the growth.
The above analysis indicate that:there are large differences in the species diversity and spatial pattern of the various secondary forests and the original forest in Changbai Mountain,it is urgently needed to promote the secondary.forest to the original forest by optimizing the spatial structure and the forest ecosystems management.In the forest management process of optimizing the spatial structure,in order to further optimize the stand spatial structure,when adjusting the size ration of the species,the biological and ecological characteristics of the species should be considered,as the basis to the spatial structure of the original forest,comparing the mixed degree,the neighborhood pattern,and the neighborhood comparison between the secondary forest and the original forest and then develop the corresponding adjust planning of the secondary forest spatial structure in order to promote the secondary forest to the original forest.
3.A comprehensive assessment on services value provided by Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve ecosystem was done from three aspects:the direct value,the indirect value and the non-use value.The results showed that the service value of the protected areas is 12,348,869,100 Yuan per year.There are some uncontrollable factors,such as,prices,economic development and ignoring the animals and microbiology while considering the biological categories of animals so the assessment is still conservative.
4.The cutting limit of Baihe Forestry Bureau was studied through the Canadian forest ecosystems dynamic simulation software(FSOS).The results indicated that,in Bathe Forestry classification management program,200,000 m~3/a are sustainable by selective cutting to make the limit deforestation and commercial forest's harvesting moderate and reasonable.
According to Canadian Forest Ecosystem Planning Method,it is suggested that the best management plan of Baihe Forestry Bureau:the buffer zone on both of the stream and the road should be prohibited to log and adopt the selective cutting methods whiling considering the catchment areas, landscape tourist areas and animal areas' demands of young growth rate.According to the management program,felling quantity of 220,000 m~3/a in the last 20 years will gradually increased to 260,000 m~3/a, and from 2056 to 2400,it can keep 260,000 m~3/a.The proportion of mature forest and over-mature forest will increase from 10%to 30%.Forest reserves increases from the current 30 million m~3 to 36.5 million m~3.
5.The forest management on the basis of ecosystem management is different from the traditional forest management in the core theory,management objectives,management targets and action.Putting the management technology based on the ecosystem management into broad-leaved Korean pine forest, which can make coordinated development between ecological benefits and economic benefits.
Compared with the traditional forest management methods,the one based ecosystem management can increase forest soil moisture content and litter input,improve soil nutrient;its accumulation in growth per unit area are respectively 1.17,1.20 and 1.49 times of selective cutting,tending and undisturbed.The forest ecosystem management can effectively avoid the soil erosion,soil degradation and biodiversity reduction;it is also good at maintaining land capability and achieving the sustainable forest management.Implementing the ecosystem management would save silviculture mining production costs 280-560 million for Baihe Forestry every year.
6.Under the guidance of the ecosystem management thought and theory,according to the actual situation of Changbai Mountains,the premise and countermeasures of the Changbai Mountain natural forest ecosystem management are proposed:All management activities must be consistent with the country's relevant laws and regulations and the department or local's relevant stipulations;the operators must define the respective responsibilities,activities border and the limit of the development and utilization.It covers specifically the four main categories of measures,administration law,economics, and sociology and business technology.
引文
1.安慧君.阔叶红松林空间结构研究[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2003.
2.安玉泽,田洪华,孙亚萍.不同采伐强度对森林土壤温度影响的探讨[J].森林工程,2006,22(2):1-2.
3.敖登高娃,梁燕,韩国栋.草地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的综述[J].内蒙古草业,2004,16(1):46-47.
4.蔡平(美),马特森(美),穆尼(美)著.陆地生态系统生态学原理(中文版)[M].李博等译.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
5.蔡守秋.论综合生态系统管理[J].甘肃政法学院学报,2006,(86):19-26.
6.仓恒瑾,许炼峰,李志安,等.农业非点源污染控制中的最佳管理措施及其发展趋势[J].生态科学,2005,24(2):173-177.
-.长白山管理委员会.区划管理简介[EB/OL].http://www.changbaishan.gov.cn/information/info_e/info.asp?nid=28,2007-2-28.
8.长白山管理委员会.自然概况简介[EB/OL].http://www.changbaishan.gov.cn/information/info_c/info.asp?nid=48,2007-3-22.
9.陈洪波,王业耀.国外最佳管理措施在农业非点源污染防治中的作用[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(4):279-282.
10.陈柳钦.林业经营理论的历史演变[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(2):50-56.
11.陈晓景.流域生态系统管理立法研究[J].中州学刊,2006,(4):87-89.
12.陈应发.费用支出法--一种实用的森林游憩价值评估方法[J].生态经济,1996,(3):27-30.
13.陈玉兰,曹素珍,武高林.生态系统服务价值评估研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):73-76.
14.迟振文,张风山,李晓宴.长白山北坡森林生态系统水热状况初探[J].森林生态系统研究,1981,(2):167-177.
15.崔明昆,陈春.西双版纳傣族传统环境知识与森林生态系统管理[J].云南师范大学学报,2002,34(5):123-127.
16.代力民,谷会岩,邵国凡,等.中国长白山阔叶红松林[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2004.
17.邓华锋.森林生态系统经营综述[J].世界林业研究,1998,(4):9-16.
18.邓华锋.中国森林可持续经营管理研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
19.丁易.重庆黔江区森林生态系统服务价值评估及其生态系统管理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆:西南师范大学,2003.
20.董乃钧,郑小贤,邓华峰.关于森林生态系统经营的几个问题[J].绿色中国,2004,(4):16-17.
21.范世香,裴铁瑶.长白山北坡森林生态系统的水文特征及其水量平衡[A].森林生态系统研 究[C].第6卷.北京:中国林业出版社,1992,240-247.
22.范小华,谢德体,魏朝富.河岸带生态系统管理模型研究进展[J].中国农业通报,2006,22(1):277-282.
23.方芳.森林生态采伐评价指标体系的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.
24.傅伯杰,刘世梁,马克明.生态系统综合评价的内容与方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(11):1885-1892.
25.耿玉清,孙向阳,亢新刚,等.长白山林区不同森林类型下土壤肥力状况的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(6):97-101.
26.顾传辉,桑燕鸿.论生态系统管理[J].生态经济,2001,(11):41-43.
27.顾凯平,郝建华,高孟宇.系统工程学导论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
28.关百钧,施昆山.森林可持续发展研究综述[J].世界林业研究,1995,(4).
29.郭建钢,等.山地森林作业系统优化技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002.
30.国家环境保护局.中国生物多样性国别报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
31.国家环境保护局.中国生物多样性国情研究报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
32.国家自然科学基金委员会(NSFC).自然科学发展战略调研报告:生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
33.韩涛,张鹿鸣,申俊林,等.加拿大天然林资源的保护利用与森林生态系统经营[J].甘肃林业科技,2004,29(1):84-86.
34.韩秀娣.最佳管理措施在非点源污染防治中的应用[J].上海环境科学,2000,19(3):102-104.
35.郝清玉,周玉萍.森林择伐基本理论综述与分析[J].吉林林学院学报,1998,14(2):115-119.
36.赫尔曼.格拉夫.哈茨费尔德.生态林业理论与实践[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.
37.侯元凯,李红勋,刘家玲,等.森林生态系统经营研究[J].生态农业研究,1999,7(4):58-60.
38.胡艳波,惠刚盈,戚继忠,等.吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):523-530.
39.胡艳波,惠刚盈.优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法探讨[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(1):1-8.
40.惠刚盈,K.v.Gadow,胡艳波,等.林木分布格局类型的角尺度均值分析方法[J].生态学报,2004b,24(6):1225-1229.
41.惠刚盈,K.v.Gadow,胡艳波.林分空间结构参数角尺度的标准角选择[J].林业科学研究,2004a,17(6):687-692.
42.惠刚盈,Klaus Von Gadow,Matthias Albert.角尺度--一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999a,35(1):37-42.
43.惠刚盈,Klaus Von Gadow,Matthias Albert.一个新的林分空间结构参数--大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999b,12(1):1-6.
44.惠刚盈,胡艳波,徐海.森林空间结构的量化分析方法[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(增刊):45-48,60.
45.惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):23-27.
46.惠刚盈,胡艳波.角尺度在林分空间结构调整中的应用[J].林业资源管理,2006,(2):31-35.
47.惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003.
48.贾治邦.中国林业产业年产值超过1万亿元[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/05/content_6831339.htm,2007-10-05.
49.蒋鸿昆,高海鹰,张奇.农业面源污染最佳管理措施(BMPs)在我国的应用[J].环境管理,2006,(2):64-67.
50.康慕谊,江源.生态区评价研究的兴起与发展-以美国森林生态系统管理评价(FEMAT)研究为例[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4):337-343.
51.雷相东,唐守正.林分结构多样性指标研究综述[J].林业科学,2002,38(3):140-146.
52.李锦育.提高森林水土资源保育功能的最佳管理措施[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(1):53-59.
53.李俊清,崔国发.小兴安岭五营林区森林生态系统经营研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2000,20(4):25-34.
54.李茂.美国生态系统管理概况[J].国土资源情报,2003,(2):9-19.
55.李文华,邓坤枚,李飞.长白山主要生态系统生物生产量的研究[A].森林生态系统研究[C],第2卷.北京:中国林业出版社,1981:34-50.
56.李扬林.杉木不同采伐强度对林分生长的影响[J].福建农业科技,2006,(5):79-80.
57.李永宁.多层次森林经营管理理论研究-以丰宁县水源涵养林为例[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2004.
58.廖彩霞,吴瑶,衣得萍,等.林分空间结构的研究[J].林业科技情报,2007,39(2):40-41.
59.廖利平,赵士洞.杉木人工林生态系统管理:思想与实践[J].资源科学,1999,21(4):1-6.
60.林田苗.长白山云冷杉林生态采伐更新技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
61.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
62.罗有贤.重庆市都市圈生态系统管理的初步研究[J].人文地理,2001,16(4):15-19.
63.马姜明.元谋干热河谷地区人工林稳定性及人工生态系统管理的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2004.
64.马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
65.米锋,李吉跃.森林资源损失计量研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
66.欧阳勋志,廖为明,刘国华,等.森林生态系统经营研究初探[J].江西林业科技,2002,(4):34-39.
67.欧阳勋志.森林生态系统经营探讨[J].林业资源管理,2002,(5):43-47.
68.欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报, 1999b,10(5):635-640.
69.欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(5):45-50.
70.欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999a,19(5):607-613.
71.潘存德,师瑞峰,马兰菊.现代生态科学与森林经理学:寻求森林经营的生态合理性[J].西北林学院学报,2007,22(1):161-167.
72.皮洛E.C,卢泽愚译.数学生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
73.邱俊奇.林业经济学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005.
74.冉东亚.综合生态系统管理理论与实践[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2005.
75.任海,邬建国,彭少麟,等.生态系统管理的概念及其要素[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):455-458.
76.陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区管理局.佛坪自然保护区科学论文集[M].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社,2006.
77.施昆山,关百军,魏宝麟.21世纪世界林业发展战略和经营模式[J].世界林业研究,1997,(3):1-7.
78.施昆山,关百钧,李炽,等.热带林业行动计划探讨[J].世界林业研究,1995,(1):8-14.
79.石登荣,陶康华.城市生态系统管理信息的热辐射场研究[J].地理信息科学,2002,(1):32-33.
80.苏含英,林代斌.影响水曲柳人工林生长的主要立地因子(英文)[J].林业研究(英文版),2003,14(1):83-86.
81.谭芳林.木麻黄防护林生态系统管理研究[D]:[博士学位论文].南京:南京林业大学,2003.
82.谭俊.森林生态系统管理与林业可持续发展[J].四川林勘设计,1999,(2):16-18.
83.唐征.太白山自然保护区生态系统管理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京大学,2003.
84.田慧颖,陈利顶,吕一河,等.生态系统管理的多目标体系和方法[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(9):1147-1152.
85.王兵,李少宁,白秀兰,等.森林生态系统管理的发展回顾与展望[J].世界林业研究,2002,15(4):1-6.
86.王焕良.中国生态环境建设的实践与对策[J].林业经济,1998,(1):50-55.
87.王鸣远,杨素堂.中国荒漠化防治与综合生态系统管[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(2):1-6.
88.王伟,陆健健.生态系统服务与生态系统管理研究.前言论坛,2005:35-37.
89.王宪成.长白山国有林区天然林保护与可持续发展[J].中国造纸学报(2004年增刊):465-467.
90.王新怡.模拟退火算法在白河林业局森林经营规划中的应用[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2007.
91.文正益.荷兰等国对资源实行生态系统管理值得学习、借鉴-赴荷兰等国学习考察报告摘登[J].矿政管理,2001,(9):22,45.
92.邬建国.景观生态学-格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:1-258.
93.吴钢,肖寒,赵景柱,等.长白山森林生态系统服务功能[J].中国科学(C辑),2001,31(5):471-480.
94.吴锡麟,叶功富,陈德旺,等.森林生态系统管理概述[J].福建林业科技,2002,29(3):84-87.
95.吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布[J].云南植物研究,1991,增刊Ⅳ:1-139.
96.夏富才.长白山阔叶红松林植物多样性及其群落空间结构研究[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2007.
97.鲜骏仁.川西亚高山森林生态系统管理研究--以王朗国家自然保护区为例[D]:[博士学位论文].雅安:四川农业大学,2007.
98.肖文发.林业可持续发展的重要手段-森林生态系统管理.中国林业报,1996-7-6.
99.谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):5-9.
100.徐德应,张小全.森林生态系统管理科学--21世纪森林科学的核心[J].世界林业研究,1998,11(2):1-7.
101.徐国祯.森林生态系统经营--21世纪森林经营的新趋势[J].世界林业研究,1997a,(2):15-20.
102.徐国祯.生态问题与森林生态系统管理[J].中南林业调查规划,2004,(1):1-5.
103.徐国祯.再谈森林经营学科的建设和发展[J].林业资源管理(特刊),1997b.
104.徐化成.森林生态与生态系统经营[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
105.徐天蜀,彭世揆,杨树华.林业及生态系统管理决策支持系统研究综述[J].西南林学院学报,2001,21(1):50-55.
106.徐文铎,林长清.长白山植被垂直分布与热量指数关系的初步研究[J].森林生态系统研究,1981,(2):88-95.
107.许广山,张玉华,刘春萍.温带红松阔叶混交林的养分循环[J].生态学报,1995,15(增刊B):47-53.
108.许广山.长白山红松云冷杉林的生物养分循环[J].生态学报,1995,(增刊B):54-60.
109.薛达元,Clem Tisdell.环境物品的经济价值评估方法:条件价值法[J].农村生态环境,1999d,15(3):39-43.
110.薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999c,19(3):247-252.
111.薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区生物多样性旅游价值评估研究[J].自然资源学报,1999a,14(2):140-144.
112.薛达元.长白山自然保护区生物多样性非使用价值评估[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(2):141-145.
113.薛达元.生物多样性经济价值评估--长白山自然保护区案例研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997:83-104.
114.薛达元.自然保护区生物多样性经济价值类型及其评估方法[J].农村生态环境,1999b,15(2):54-59.
115.严会超.生态公益林质量评价与可持续经营研究[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业大 学,2005.
116.燕乃玲,赵秀华,虞孝感.长江源区生态功能区划与生态系统管理[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(5):598-602.
117.杨光梅,李文华,闵庆文.生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):205-212.
118.杨美华.长白山的气候特点及北坡垂直带[J].气象学报,1981,39(3):311-319.
119.杨学民,姜志林.森林生态系统管理及其与传统森林经营的关系[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(4):91-94.
120.杨学民,杨瑞卿,张慧,等.徐州市城郊森林生态系统健康评价及管理对策[J].中国城市林业,2007,5(1):39-41.
121.杨学民.森林生态系统管理研究与实例分析[D]:[博士学位论文].南京:南京林业大学,2003.
122.姚晓霞.我国林业可持续发展的冲突和对策研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.
123.叶属峰,温泉,周秋麟.海洋生态系统管理--以生态系统为基础的海洋管理新模式探讨[J].海洋环保,2006,(1):77-80.
124.于贵瑞,谢高地,于振良,等.我国区域尺度生态系统管理中的几个重要生态学命题[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(7):886-891.
125.于贵瑞.略论生态系统管理的科学问题与发展方向[J].资源科学,2001b,23(6):1-4.
126.于贵瑞.生态系统管理学的概念框架及其生态学基础[J].应用生态学报,2001a,12(5):787-794.
127.于贵瑞.系统分析和最优控制措施[M].北京:农业出版社,1991.
128.余新晓,秦永胜,陈丽华,等.北京山地森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):783-786.
129.曾庆波,李意德,陈步峰,等.热带森林生态系统管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.
130.翟英.长白山森林生态系统主要功能的经济价值及恢复措施[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(5):95-96,105.
131.张春雨,赵秀海,郑景明.长白山阔叶红松林林隙与林下土壤性质对比研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(3):347-352.
132.张春雨,赵秀海,夏富才.长白山次生林树种空间分布及环境解释[J].林业科学,2008,44(8):1-8.
133.张春云.森林生态系统管理:老观念,新手段[J].IUCN-世界自然保护联盟通讯,1998,(3):8.
134.张鼎华,林卿.近自然林业与林业的可持续发展[J].生态经济,2000,(7):23-26.
135.张甘霖.服务于可持续农业的最佳管理措施的概念与内涵[J].科技导报,2001,(1):22-24.
136.张更生,郑允文,薛达元.自然保护区经济价值评价探讨[J].农村生态环境,1995,11(1):52-55.
137.张继义.浅谈森林经营理念的发展过程[N].林海日报,2005-12-24(3).
138.张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,213-220.
139.张明军,周立华.对生态系统服务价值问题的思考[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,(1):48-49.
140.张於倩,王玉芳.林业生态建设的成效、问题及对策[J].林业经济问题,2004,24(4):227-230.
141.张赟,张春雨,赵秀海,等.长白山次生林乔木树种空间分布格局[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10):1639-1646.
142.张真.森林生态系统管理与森林有害生物生态管理[J].世界林业研究,2000,13(5):13-18.
143.张志强,林波.3S技术与鄱阳湖流域生态系统管理[J].江西科学,2003,21(3):249-252.
144.张志云,蔡学林.21世纪森林经理学展望[J].华东森林经理,2001,15(2):6-8.
145.赵刚,邹学忠,吴月亮,等.紫椴适生立地条件研究[J].辽宁林业科技,2005,(1):7-9.
146.赵绘宇.论生态系统管理[J].华东理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(2):77-81.
147.赵绘宇.生态系统管理法律问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
148.赵士洞,汪业勖.生态系统管理的基本问题[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(4):35-38.
149.赵彤堂,董晓刚.面向21世纪的森林生态系统经营与天然林保护工程[J].吉林林业科技,1999,(5):32-34.
150.赵秀海,张春雨,郑景明.阔叶红松林林隙结构与树种多样性关系研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2236-2240.
151.郑景明,罗菊春,曾德慧.森林生态系统管理的研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(3):103-109.
152.中国环境与发展国际合作委员会.中国自然资源定价研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
153.仲铭锦,许涵,陈考科,等.深圳围岭公园人工次生林植物群落及林分改造[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42增刊(2):87-91.
154.周国法,徐汝梅.生物地理统计学--生物种群时空分析的方法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
155.周三多,等.管理学-原理与方法[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999:1-637.
156.周生贤.中国林业的历史性转变[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002.
157.祝列克.林业经济论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.
158.邹珊刚,黄麟雏,李继宗,等.系统科学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1987.
159.A.L.Husak,S.C.Grado and S.H.Bullard.Perceived values of benefits from Mississippi's Forestry Best Management Practices.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:171-185,2004.
160.Agee JK and Johnson DR.Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness[M].Seattle,Washington,USA:University of Washington Press,1988.
161.Alexander S,Schneider S,Lagerquist K.Ecosystem services:interaction of climate and life.In:Daily G C,ed.Natures Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem.Washington D C:Island Press,1997:71-92.
162.American Forest and Paper Association.Sustainable forestry principles and implementation guidelines[M].American Forest and Paper Association,Washington,D.C.,USA.1993.
163.Anderson D.Carbon fixing from an economic perspective[R].Forestry Commission's First Economics Research Conference,York University,1990.
164.Aplet GH ed.Designing Sustainable Forestry.Washington DC:Island Press,1993,5.
165.Bingham G,Bishop R,Brody M,et al.Issues in ecosystem valuation:improving information for decision making.Ecological Economics,1995,14:73～90.
166.Boyce M S & Haney A.Ecosystem Management:Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources.New Haven:Yale University Press,1997:3～37.
167.Boyce SG Landscape forestry.John Wiey & Sons,Inc,1995.
168.Buongiomo J,Dahir S,Lu H,et al.Tree size diversity and economic returns in uneven aged forest stand [J].For.Sci.1994,40(1):83～103.
169.Caldwell L.The ecosystem as a criterion for public land policy.Nat Res J,1970,10(2):203~221.
170.Carpenter RA.A consensus among ecologists for ecosystem management [J].Bull Ecol Soc Amer,1995,76(3):161～162.
171.Chapin FS.Principles of ecosystem sustainability.Am Nat,1996,148(6):1016～1037.
172.Charles Fausold J,Robert Litlieholm J.The economic value of open space:a review and synthesis [J].Environmental Management,1999,23(3):307～320.
173.Chee Y E.An ecological perspective on the valuation of ecosystem services [J].Biological Conservation,2004,120:549～565.
174.Christensen NL,Bartuska AM,Brown JH et al.The report of the ecological society of America committee on the scientific basis fir ecosystem management [J].Ecol Appl,1996,6(3):665～691.
175.Connell J H.On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees [J].In:Dynamics of Numbers in Populations.Proceedings of the advanced Study institute (eds Den Boer P J & Gradwell G,1971.
176.Costanza R ed.Ecological Economics.The science and management of sustainability [M],New York:Columbia University Press,1991.
177.Costanza R,Stern D,Fisher B,et al.Influential publications in ecological economics:a citation analysis [J].Ecological economics,2004,(50):261～292.
178.Costanza R,d'ArgeR,de Groot R,etal.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital [J].Nature,1997,387(15):253-260.
179.Curtis I A.Valuing ecosystem goods and services:a new approach using a surrogate market and the combination of a multiple criteria analysis and a Delphi panel to assign weights to the attributes.Ecological Economics,2004,50:163～194.
180.Daily G C,Soderquist T,Aniyar S,et al.The value of nature and the nature of value [J].Science,2000,(289):395~396.
181.Daily G C.Nature's Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [M].Washington DC:Island Press,1997:392.
182.Dale GCS,Alexander PR,Ehrlich PR et al.Ecosystem services:Benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosural ecosystems.Issues in Ecology,1999,(3):1～6.
183.Daly H E,Cobb J B Ed.For the Common Good:Redirecting the Economy toward Community [M].The Environment and a Sustainable Future,Boston:Beacon Press,1989.
184.De Groot R S,Wilson M A,Boumans R M J.A typology for the classification,description and valuation of ecosystem functions,goods and services [J].Ecological Economics,2002,(41):393～408.
185.Diamond J.Guns,germs,and steel:the fates of human societies,Norton,New York,1997.
186.Diamond P A and Hausman J A.On contingent valuation measurement of nonuse values [M].North-Holland,1993.
187.Eastside Forest Health Assessment Team.Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment [M]:Volume 1,Executive Summary.USDA Forest Service,Washington,D.C.,USA.1993.
188.Ellis G M,Fisher A C.Valuing the environment as input [J].Journal of Environmental Management,1987,25:149～156.
189.F.A.Jones,et al.A Genetic Evaluation of seed dispersal in the neotropical tree Jacaranda copaia (Bignoniaceae)[J].The American naturalist,2005,166(5):543～555.
190.Farber S C,et al.Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services.Ecological Economics,2002,41:375～392.
191.Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team.Forest Ecosystem Management:an Economic and Social Assessment.Joint Publication Washington,D.C.USA.1993.
192.Forest Ecosystem Management:An Ecological Economic and Assessment.Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team.July,1993,U.S.A.
193.Forest Service Department of the Marine and Natural Resources.Code of Best Forest Practice-Ireland.2000.
194.Frederick W.Cabbage.Costs of Forestry Best Management Practices in the South:A Review.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:131-142,2004.
195.Geoffrey Heal.Valuing ecosystem services [J].Ecosystems,2000,3:24～30.
196.Gowdy J M.The value of the biodiversity:Markets,society and ecosystem [J].Land Economics,1997,73(1):25~41.
197.Gregory R.Identifying environmental values.In:Dale V H,English M R,eds.Tools to Aid Environmental Decision Making.New York:Springer-Verlag New York Inc,1999.
198.Grumbine R E.What is ecosystem management? [J].Conservation Biology,1994,8(1):27~38.
199.Gustafsson B.Scope and limits of the market mechanism in environmental management [J].Ecological Economics,1998,24:259~274.
200.Harold A M,Paul R E.Ecosystem services:A fragmentary history.In:Daily G C,ed.Natures Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem.Washington D C:Island Press,1997:11～28.
201.Harold A,Mooney.Angela Cropper and Walter Reid [J].The millennium ecosystem assessment:what is it all about? Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2004,19(5):221~224.
202.Helliwell D R.Valuation of wildlife resources [J].Regional Studies,1969,(3):41～49.
203.Holling CS.Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management.New York:John Wiley and Sons.1978.
204.Howarth R B,Farber S.Accounting for the value of ecosystem services [J].Ecological Economics,2002,41:421～429.
205.Hubbell S P,et al.Local neighborhood effects on long-term survival of individual trees in a Neotropical forest [J].Ecological Research,2001a,(16):859～875.
206.Hubbell S P.The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography [M].NJ,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2001b.
207.Hueting R.Moet de natuur worden gekwantificeerd? (Should Nature be quantified?)[J].Economical Statistische Berichten,1970,55(2730):80～84.
208.J.M.McClure,R.K.Kolka and A.White.Effect of Forest Harvesting Best Management Practices on Coarse Woody Debris Distribution in Stream and Riparian Zones in three Appala Chian Watersheds.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:245-261,2004.
209.Jacobs M.Environmental valuation,deliberative democracy and public decision-making.In:Foster,J.ed.Valuing Nature:Economics,Ethics and Environment.London:Rutledge,1997.
210.Jansson A M,Hammer M,Folke C,et al,eds.Investing in Natural Capital [M].The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability,Washington DC:Island Press,1994.
211.Janzen D H.Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests [J].Am.Nat.,1970:104,501～528.
212.Jeffrey R.Bedell,Ph.D.,Neal L.Cohen,M.D.and Ann Sullivan,M.D...Case Management:The Current Best Practices and the Next Generation of Innovation.Community Mental Health Journal,Vol.36,No.2,April 2000.
213.Jerry L.Michael.Best Management Practices for Silviculture Chemicals and the Science behind Them.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:95-117,2004.
214.Katherine C Ewel.The need for interdisciplinary collaboration [J].Nature Resource,Ecosystems,2001,(4):716~722.
215.Keiter R.Ecosystems and the law:Toward an integrated approach [J].Ecol Appl,1998,8(2):332～341.
216.King RT.Wildlife and man [J].New York Conservationist,1966,20(6):8~11.
217.Knetsch L Jack,Davis RK.Comparisons of Methods for Recreation Evaluation.In:Allen V Kneese,Stephen C,Smith eds.Water Research.The Johns Hopkins University Press.1996.
218.Kochummen K M.et al.Floristic composition of the Pasoh Forest Reserve,a low land rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia [J].Trop.For.Sci.,1990,(3):1～13.
219.Lackey RT.Seven pillars of ecosystem management.Draft,1995,(3):13.
220.Lahde E,Laiho O,and Norokorpi Y.Diversity oriented Silviculture in boreal zone of Europe [J].Forest Ecological Management,1999,118:223～243.
221.Leopold A.A sandy county almanac and sketches from here and there [M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1949.
222.Liu JG and Diamond J.China's Environment in a Globalizing World [J].Nature,2005,(435):1179～1186.
223.Lubchenco J,Olson AM,Brubaker LB et al.The sustainable biosphere initiative:An ecological research agenda [J].Ecology,1991,72(2):371～412.
224.Ludwig D,Hilborn R and Walters C.Uncertainty,resource exploitation,and conservation:Lessons from history [J].Science,1993,(260):17～36.
225.Ludwig D.Uncertainty,resource exploitation,and conservation:Lessons from history.Ecol Appl,1993,(3):547～549.
226.M.A.Arthur,G B.Colt harp and D.L.Brown.Effects of Best Management Practices on Forest Stream water Quality in Eastern Kentucky.Volume 34,Number 3,June,1998,pages 481～495.
227.MacArthur R H and MacArthur G W.On bird species diversity [J].Ecology,1961,42:594～598.
228.MacArthur R H.Patterns of species diversity [J].Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1965,40:510～533.
229.Malone CR.Ecosystem management:Status of the Federal initiative [J].Bull Ecol Soc Amer,1995,76(3):158～161.
230.McNeely JA,Miller KR,Reid WV,et al.Conserving the world's Biological Diversity. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,World Resources Institute,Conservation International,World Wildlife Fund US and the World Bank,Gland,Switzerland and Washington,DC:1990.
231.McNeely,JA[美],等著：薛达元,等译．保护世界的生物多样性．北京：中国环境科学出版社,1991,17～32．
232.Michael J Scott.Valuation of ecological resources and functions [J].Environmental Management,2004,22(1):49~68.
233.Michael J.Phillips and Charles R.Blinn.Best Management Practices Compliance Monitoring Approaches for Forestry in the Eastern United States.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:263-274,2004.
234.Mitchell R C,Carson R T.Using surveys to value public goods:the contingent valuation method [M].Washington,D.C.:Resources for the Future,1989.
235.Moberg F and Folke C.Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems [J]Ecol Econ.,1999,29(2):215～233.
236.Myers Norman.The greenhouse effect:a tropical forestry response [J].Biomass,1990,18:73～78.
237.Newmark WD.Legal and biotic boundaries of Western North American national parks:A problem of congruence [J].Bioll Conserv,1985,33:197～208.
238.Norton BG Improving ecological communication:the role of ecologists in environmental policy formation.Ecol Appl,1998,8(2):350～364.
239.Odum E P,Odum H T.Nature areas as necessary components of man's total environment.In:Transactions of the 37~(th)North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference,Wildlife Management Institute,Washington,D C,1972,(37):178～189.
240.Odum EP.Basic Ecology.CBC College Publishing,1983.
241.Oregon Department of Forestry.Oregon forest practices monitor.2005,Vol.3,No.I.
242.Overbay,J.C.Ecosystem management.In taking an ecological approach to management.USDA.Forest Service Publication WoWSA-3.1992,3～5.
243.Pastor J.Ecosystem management,ecological risk,and public policy [J].Bioscience,1995,45(4):286～288.
244.Pearce D W.Assessing the returns of economy and to society from investments in forestry [A].Whiteman A (Ed.).Forestry Expansion[C].Forestry Commission,Edinburgh,1990.
245.Pearce D W.Blueprint 4:Capturing global environmental value [M].London:Earthscan,1995.
246.Pearce D.Cost-benefit analysis and environment policy [J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,1998,14:84～100.
247.Rapport D J,Gaudet C,Karr J R,et al.Evaluating landscape health:integrating societal goals and biophysical process [J],Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53:1～15.
248.Richard Condit,et al.Spatial pattern in the distribution of tropical tree species [J].Science,2000,5(288):1414～1418.
249.Sagoff M.Aggregation and deliberation in valuing environmental public goods:a look beyond contingent valuation [J].Ecological Economics,1998,24:213～230.
250.Simpson RD.Economic analysis and ecosystems:some concepts and issues [J].Ecol Appl,1998,8(2):342~349.
251.Society of American Foresters.Sustaining long term forest health and productivity.Society of American Foresters,Bethesda,Mary land,USA.1993.
252.Spash C L.The concerted action on environmental valuation in Europe (EVE):an introduction.Environmental Valuation in Europe (EVE).Cambridge Research for the Environment,U K,2000.
253.Stanley TR Jr.Ecosystem management and the arrogance of humanism.ConserBiol,1995,(9):255~262.
254.Swank WT and Van Lear DH.Ecosystem perspectives of multiple-use management [J].Ecol Appl,1992,2(3):219～220.
255.Swift M.J.,Heal O.W.,Anderson J.M.Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems [M].Blackwell,Oxford,1978.
256.Titus D B.Using tropical forestry to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide [J].Ambio,1992,19(5):230～236.
257.UNEP.Guidelines for country studies on biological diversity,Nairobi,Kenya:UNEP,1993.
258.Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Lubchenco J,et al.Human domination of earth's ecosystems.Science,1997,277:494～499.
259.Von Gadow K,Hui G Y.Characterizing forest spatial structure and diversity [A].Proceedings of the SUFOR International Workshop“Sustainable Forestry in Temperate Region” [C].Sweden:Lund University,2002.
260.W.Michael aust and Charles R.Blinn.Forestry Best Management Practices for timber harvesting and site preparation in the eastern United States:an overview of water quality and productivity research during the past 20 years (1982-2002).Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:5-36,2004.
261.Webb C O and D R Peart.Seedling density dependence promotes coexistence of Bornean rainforest trees [J].Ecology,1999,(80):2006-2017.
262.Westman W.How much are nature's Services worth [J].Science,1977,197:960～964.
263.Wilson M A,Carpenter,S R.Economic valuation of freshwater ecosystem services in the United States 1971-1997 [J].Ecological Application,1999,9(3):772~783.
264.Wilson M A,Howarth R.Discourse-based valuation of ecosystem services:establishing fair outcomes through group deliberation [J].Ecological economics,2002,41:431～443.
265.Wood CA.Ecosystem Management:Achieving the new land ethic.Renewable Natural Resources Journal,1994,(12):6～12.
2.安玉泽,田洪华,孙亚萍.不同采伐强度对森林土壤温度影响的探讨[J].森林工程,2006,22(2):1-2.
3.敖登高娃,梁燕,韩国栋.草地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的综述[J].内蒙古草业,2004,16(1):46-47.
4.蔡平(美),马特森(美),穆尼(美)著.陆地生态系统生态学原理(中文版)[M].李博等译.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
5.蔡守秋.论综合生态系统管理[J].甘肃政法学院学报,2006,(86):19-26.
6.仓恒瑾,许炼峰,李志安,等.农业非点源污染控制中的最佳管理措施及其发展趋势[J].生态科学,2005,24(2):173-177.
-.长白山管理委员会.区划管理简介[EB/OL].http://www.changbaishan.gov.cn/information/info_e/info.asp?nid=28,2007-2-28.
8.长白山管理委员会.自然概况简介[EB/OL].http://www.changbaishan.gov.cn/information/info_c/info.asp?nid=48,2007-3-22.
9.陈洪波,王业耀.国外最佳管理措施在农业非点源污染防治中的作用[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(4):279-282.
10.陈柳钦.林业经营理论的历史演变[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(2):50-56.
11.陈晓景.流域生态系统管理立法研究[J].中州学刊,2006,(4):87-89.
12.陈应发.费用支出法--一种实用的森林游憩价值评估方法[J].生态经济,1996,(3):27-30.
13.陈玉兰,曹素珍,武高林.生态系统服务价值评估研究[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):73-76.
14.迟振文,张风山,李晓宴.长白山北坡森林生态系统水热状况初探[J].森林生态系统研究,1981,(2):167-177.
15.崔明昆,陈春.西双版纳傣族传统环境知识与森林生态系统管理[J].云南师范大学学报,2002,34(5):123-127.
16.代力民,谷会岩,邵国凡,等.中国长白山阔叶红松林[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2004.
17.邓华锋.森林生态系统经营综述[J].世界林业研究,1998,(4):9-16.
18.邓华锋.中国森林可持续经营管理研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
19.丁易.重庆黔江区森林生态系统服务价值评估及其生态系统管理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].重庆:西南师范大学,2003.
20.董乃钧,郑小贤,邓华峰.关于森林生态系统经营的几个问题[J].绿色中国,2004,(4):16-17.
21.范世香,裴铁瑶.长白山北坡森林生态系统的水文特征及其水量平衡[A].森林生态系统研 究[C].第6卷.北京:中国林业出版社,1992,240-247.
22.范小华,谢德体,魏朝富.河岸带生态系统管理模型研究进展[J].中国农业通报,2006,22(1):277-282.
23.方芳.森林生态采伐评价指标体系的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005.
24.傅伯杰,刘世梁,马克明.生态系统综合评价的内容与方法[J].生态学报,2001,21(11):1885-1892.
25.耿玉清,孙向阳,亢新刚,等.长白山林区不同森林类型下土壤肥力状况的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(6):97-101.
26.顾传辉,桑燕鸿.论生态系统管理[J].生态经济,2001,(11):41-43.
27.顾凯平,郝建华,高孟宇.系统工程学导论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
28.关百钧,施昆山.森林可持续发展研究综述[J].世界林业研究,1995,(4).
29.郭建钢,等.山地森林作业系统优化技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002.
30.国家环境保护局.中国生物多样性国别报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
31.国家环境保护局.中国生物多样性国情研究报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998.
32.国家自然科学基金委员会(NSFC).自然科学发展战略调研报告:生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.
33.韩涛,张鹿鸣,申俊林,等.加拿大天然林资源的保护利用与森林生态系统经营[J].甘肃林业科技,2004,29(1):84-86.
34.韩秀娣.最佳管理措施在非点源污染防治中的应用[J].上海环境科学,2000,19(3):102-104.
35.郝清玉,周玉萍.森林择伐基本理论综述与分析[J].吉林林学院学报,1998,14(2):115-119.
36.赫尔曼.格拉夫.哈茨费尔德.生态林业理论与实践[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.
37.侯元凯,李红勋,刘家玲,等.森林生态系统经营研究[J].生态农业研究,1999,7(4):58-60.
38.胡艳波,惠刚盈,戚继忠,等.吉林蛟河天然红松阔叶林的空间结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):523-530.
39.胡艳波,惠刚盈.优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法探讨[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(1):1-8.
40.惠刚盈,K.v.Gadow,胡艳波,等.林木分布格局类型的角尺度均值分析方法[J].生态学报,2004b,24(6):1225-1229.
41.惠刚盈,K.v.Gadow,胡艳波.林分空间结构参数角尺度的标准角选择[J].林业科学研究,2004a,17(6):687-692.
42.惠刚盈,Klaus Von Gadow,Matthias Albert.角尺度--一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999a,35(1):37-42.
43.惠刚盈,Klaus Von Gadow,Matthias Albert.一个新的林分空间结构参数--大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999b,12(1):1-6.
44.惠刚盈,胡艳波,徐海.森林空间结构的量化分析方法[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(增刊):45-48,60.
45.惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):23-27.
46.惠刚盈,胡艳波.角尺度在林分空间结构调整中的应用[J].林业资源管理,2006,(2):31-35.
47.惠刚盈,克劳斯·冯佳多.森林空间结构量化分析方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003.
48.贾治邦.中国林业产业年产值超过1万亿元[EB/OL].http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/05/content_6831339.htm,2007-10-05.
49.蒋鸿昆,高海鹰,张奇.农业面源污染最佳管理措施(BMPs)在我国的应用[J].环境管理,2006,(2):64-67.
50.康慕谊,江源.生态区评价研究的兴起与发展-以美国森林生态系统管理评价(FEMAT)研究为例[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4):337-343.
51.雷相东,唐守正.林分结构多样性指标研究综述[J].林业科学,2002,38(3):140-146.
52.李锦育.提高森林水土资源保育功能的最佳管理措施[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(1):53-59.
53.李俊清,崔国发.小兴安岭五营林区森林生态系统经营研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2000,20(4):25-34.
54.李茂.美国生态系统管理概况[J].国土资源情报,2003,(2):9-19.
55.李文华,邓坤枚,李飞.长白山主要生态系统生物生产量的研究[A].森林生态系统研究[C],第2卷.北京:中国林业出版社,1981:34-50.
56.李扬林.杉木不同采伐强度对林分生长的影响[J].福建农业科技,2006,(5):79-80.
57.李永宁.多层次森林经营管理理论研究-以丰宁县水源涵养林为例[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2004.
58.廖彩霞,吴瑶,衣得萍,等.林分空间结构的研究[J].林业科技情报,2007,39(2):40-41.
59.廖利平,赵士洞.杉木人工林生态系统管理:思想与实践[J].资源科学,1999,21(4):1-6.
60.林田苗.长白山云冷杉林生态采伐更新技术研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
61.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
62.罗有贤.重庆市都市圈生态系统管理的初步研究[J].人文地理,2001,16(4):15-19.
63.马姜明.元谋干热河谷地区人工林稳定性及人工生态系统管理的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2004.
64.马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
65.米锋,李吉跃.森林资源损失计量研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
66.欧阳勋志,廖为明,刘国华,等.森林生态系统经营研究初探[J].江西林业科技,2002,(4):34-39.
67.欧阳勋志.森林生态系统经营探讨[J].林业资源管理,2002,(5):43-47.
68.欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报, 1999b,10(5):635-640.
69.欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(5):45-50.
70.欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999a,19(5):607-613.
71.潘存德,师瑞峰,马兰菊.现代生态科学与森林经理学:寻求森林经营的生态合理性[J].西北林学院学报,2007,22(1):161-167.
72.皮洛E.C,卢泽愚译.数学生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
73.邱俊奇.林业经济学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005.
74.冉东亚.综合生态系统管理理论与实践[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2005.
75.任海,邬建国,彭少麟,等.生态系统管理的概念及其要素[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):455-458.
76.陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区管理局.佛坪自然保护区科学论文集[M].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社,2006.
77.施昆山,关百军,魏宝麟.21世纪世界林业发展战略和经营模式[J].世界林业研究,1997,(3):1-7.
78.施昆山,关百钧,李炽,等.热带林业行动计划探讨[J].世界林业研究,1995,(1):8-14.
79.石登荣,陶康华.城市生态系统管理信息的热辐射场研究[J].地理信息科学,2002,(1):32-33.
80.苏含英,林代斌.影响水曲柳人工林生长的主要立地因子(英文)[J].林业研究(英文版),2003,14(1):83-86.
81.谭芳林.木麻黄防护林生态系统管理研究[D]:[博士学位论文].南京:南京林业大学,2003.
82.谭俊.森林生态系统管理与林业可持续发展[J].四川林勘设计,1999,(2):16-18.
83.唐征.太白山自然保护区生态系统管理研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京大学,2003.
84.田慧颖,陈利顶,吕一河,等.生态系统管理的多目标体系和方法[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(9):1147-1152.
85.王兵,李少宁,白秀兰,等.森林生态系统管理的发展回顾与展望[J].世界林业研究,2002,15(4):1-6.
86.王焕良.中国生态环境建设的实践与对策[J].林业经济,1998,(1):50-55.
87.王鸣远,杨素堂.中国荒漠化防治与综合生态系统管[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(2):1-6.
88.王伟,陆健健.生态系统服务与生态系统管理研究.前言论坛,2005:35-37.
89.王宪成.长白山国有林区天然林保护与可持续发展[J].中国造纸学报(2004年增刊):465-467.
90.王新怡.模拟退火算法在白河林业局森林经营规划中的应用[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2007.
91.文正益.荷兰等国对资源实行生态系统管理值得学习、借鉴-赴荷兰等国学习考察报告摘登[J].矿政管理,2001,(9):22,45.
92.邬建国.景观生态学-格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:1-258.
93.吴钢,肖寒,赵景柱,等.长白山森林生态系统服务功能[J].中国科学(C辑),2001,31(5):471-480.
94.吴锡麟,叶功富,陈德旺,等.森林生态系统管理概述[J].福建林业科技,2002,29(3):84-87.
95.吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布[J].云南植物研究,1991,增刊Ⅳ:1-139.
96.夏富才.长白山阔叶红松林植物多样性及其群落空间结构研究[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2007.
97.鲜骏仁.川西亚高山森林生态系统管理研究--以王朗国家自然保护区为例[D]:[博士学位论文].雅安:四川农业大学,2007.
98.肖文发.林业可持续发展的重要手段-森林生态系统管理.中国林业报,1996-7-6.
99.谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):5-9.
100.徐德应,张小全.森林生态系统管理科学--21世纪森林科学的核心[J].世界林业研究,1998,11(2):1-7.
101.徐国祯.森林生态系统经营--21世纪森林经营的新趋势[J].世界林业研究,1997a,(2):15-20.
102.徐国祯.生态问题与森林生态系统管理[J].中南林业调查规划,2004,(1):1-5.
103.徐国祯.再谈森林经营学科的建设和发展[J].林业资源管理(特刊),1997b.
104.徐化成.森林生态与生态系统经营[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
105.徐天蜀,彭世揆,杨树华.林业及生态系统管理决策支持系统研究综述[J].西南林学院学报,2001,21(1):50-55.
106.徐文铎,林长清.长白山植被垂直分布与热量指数关系的初步研究[J].森林生态系统研究,1981,(2):88-95.
107.许广山,张玉华,刘春萍.温带红松阔叶混交林的养分循环[J].生态学报,1995,15(增刊B):47-53.
108.许广山.长白山红松云冷杉林的生物养分循环[J].生态学报,1995,(增刊B):54-60.
109.薛达元,Clem Tisdell.环境物品的经济价值评估方法:条件价值法[J].农村生态环境,1999d,15(3):39-43.
110.薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999c,19(3):247-252.
111.薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区生物多样性旅游价值评估研究[J].自然资源学报,1999a,14(2):140-144.
112.薛达元.长白山自然保护区生物多样性非使用价值评估[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(2):141-145.
113.薛达元.生物多样性经济价值评估--长白山自然保护区案例研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997:83-104.
114.薛达元.自然保护区生物多样性经济价值类型及其评估方法[J].农村生态环境,1999b,15(2):54-59.
115.严会超.生态公益林质量评价与可持续经营研究[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业大 学,2005.
116.燕乃玲,赵秀华,虞孝感.长江源区生态功能区划与生态系统管理[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(5):598-602.
117.杨光梅,李文华,闵庆文.生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):205-212.
118.杨美华.长白山的气候特点及北坡垂直带[J].气象学报,1981,39(3):311-319.
119.杨学民,姜志林.森林生态系统管理及其与传统森林经营的关系[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(4):91-94.
120.杨学民,杨瑞卿,张慧,等.徐州市城郊森林生态系统健康评价及管理对策[J].中国城市林业,2007,5(1):39-41.
121.杨学民.森林生态系统管理研究与实例分析[D]:[博士学位论文].南京:南京林业大学,2003.
122.姚晓霞.我国林业可持续发展的冲突和对策研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.
123.叶属峰,温泉,周秋麟.海洋生态系统管理--以生态系统为基础的海洋管理新模式探讨[J].海洋环保,2006,(1):77-80.
124.于贵瑞,谢高地,于振良,等.我国区域尺度生态系统管理中的几个重要生态学命题[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(7):886-891.
125.于贵瑞.略论生态系统管理的科学问题与发展方向[J].资源科学,2001b,23(6):1-4.
126.于贵瑞.生态系统管理学的概念框架及其生态学基础[J].应用生态学报,2001a,12(5):787-794.
127.于贵瑞.系统分析和最优控制措施[M].北京:农业出版社,1991.
128.余新晓,秦永胜,陈丽华,等.北京山地森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):783-786.
129.曾庆波,李意德,陈步峰,等.热带森林生态系统管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1997.
130.翟英.长白山森林生态系统主要功能的经济价值及恢复措施[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(5):95-96,105.
131.张春雨,赵秀海,郑景明.长白山阔叶红松林林隙与林下土壤性质对比研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(3):347-352.
132.张春雨,赵秀海,夏富才.长白山次生林树种空间分布及环境解释[J].林业科学,2008,44(8):1-8.
133.张春云.森林生态系统管理:老观念,新手段[J].IUCN-世界自然保护联盟通讯,1998,(3):8.
134.张鼎华,林卿.近自然林业与林业的可持续发展[J].生态经济,2000,(7):23-26.
135.张甘霖.服务于可持续农业的最佳管理措施的概念与内涵[J].科技导报,2001,(1):22-24.
136.张更生,郑允文,薛达元.自然保护区经济价值评价探讨[J].农村生态环境,1995,11(1):52-55.
137.张继义.浅谈森林经营理念的发展过程[N].林海日报,2005-12-24(3).
138.张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,213-220.
139.张明军,周立华.对生态系统服务价值问题的思考[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,(1):48-49.
140.张於倩,王玉芳.林业生态建设的成效、问题及对策[J].林业经济问题,2004,24(4):227-230.
141.张赟,张春雨,赵秀海,等.长白山次生林乔木树种空间分布格局[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10):1639-1646.
142.张真.森林生态系统管理与森林有害生物生态管理[J].世界林业研究,2000,13(5):13-18.
143.张志强,林波.3S技术与鄱阳湖流域生态系统管理[J].江西科学,2003,21(3):249-252.
144.张志云,蔡学林.21世纪森林经理学展望[J].华东森林经理,2001,15(2):6-8.
145.赵刚,邹学忠,吴月亮,等.紫椴适生立地条件研究[J].辽宁林业科技,2005,(1):7-9.
146.赵绘宇.论生态系统管理[J].华东理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(2):77-81.
147.赵绘宇.生态系统管理法律问题研究[D]:[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
148.赵士洞,汪业勖.生态系统管理的基本问题[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(4):35-38.
149.赵彤堂,董晓刚.面向21世纪的森林生态系统经营与天然林保护工程[J].吉林林业科技,1999,(5):32-34.
150.赵秀海,张春雨,郑景明.阔叶红松林林隙结构与树种多样性关系研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2236-2240.
151.郑景明,罗菊春,曾德慧.森林生态系统管理的研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(3):103-109.
152.中国环境与发展国际合作委员会.中国自然资源定价研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
153.仲铭锦,许涵,陈考科,等.深圳围岭公园人工次生林植物群落及林分改造[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42增刊(2):87-91.
154.周国法,徐汝梅.生物地理统计学--生物种群时空分析的方法及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
155.周三多,等.管理学-原理与方法[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999:1-637.
156.周生贤.中国林业的历史性转变[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002.
157.祝列克.林业经济论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.
158.邹珊刚,黄麟雏,李继宗,等.系统科学[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1987.
159.A.L.Husak,S.C.Grado and S.H.Bullard.Perceived values of benefits from Mississippi's Forestry Best Management Practices.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:171-185,2004.
160.Agee JK and Johnson DR.Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness[M].Seattle,Washington,USA:University of Washington Press,1988.
161.Alexander S,Schneider S,Lagerquist K.Ecosystem services:interaction of climate and life.In:Daily G C,ed.Natures Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem.Washington D C:Island Press,1997:71-92.
162.American Forest and Paper Association.Sustainable forestry principles and implementation guidelines[M].American Forest and Paper Association,Washington,D.C.,USA.1993.
163.Anderson D.Carbon fixing from an economic perspective[R].Forestry Commission's First Economics Research Conference,York University,1990.
164.Aplet GH ed.Designing Sustainable Forestry.Washington DC:Island Press,1993,5.
165.Bingham G,Bishop R,Brody M,et al.Issues in ecosystem valuation:improving information for decision making.Ecological Economics,1995,14:73～90.
166.Boyce M S & Haney A.Ecosystem Management:Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources.New Haven:Yale University Press,1997:3～37.
167.Boyce SG Landscape forestry.John Wiey & Sons,Inc,1995.
168.Buongiomo J,Dahir S,Lu H,et al.Tree size diversity and economic returns in uneven aged forest stand [J].For.Sci.1994,40(1):83～103.
169.Caldwell L.The ecosystem as a criterion for public land policy.Nat Res J,1970,10(2):203~221.
170.Carpenter RA.A consensus among ecologists for ecosystem management [J].Bull Ecol Soc Amer,1995,76(3):161～162.
171.Chapin FS.Principles of ecosystem sustainability.Am Nat,1996,148(6):1016～1037.
172.Charles Fausold J,Robert Litlieholm J.The economic value of open space:a review and synthesis [J].Environmental Management,1999,23(3):307～320.
173.Chee Y E.An ecological perspective on the valuation of ecosystem services [J].Biological Conservation,2004,120:549～565.
174.Christensen NL,Bartuska AM,Brown JH et al.The report of the ecological society of America committee on the scientific basis fir ecosystem management [J].Ecol Appl,1996,6(3):665～691.
175.Connell J H.On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees [J].In:Dynamics of Numbers in Populations.Proceedings of the advanced Study institute (eds Den Boer P J & Gradwell G,1971.
176.Costanza R ed.Ecological Economics.The science and management of sustainability [M],New York:Columbia University Press,1991.
177.Costanza R,Stern D,Fisher B,et al.Influential publications in ecological economics:a citation analysis [J].Ecological economics,2004,(50):261～292.
178.Costanza R,d'ArgeR,de Groot R,etal.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital [J].Nature,1997,387(15):253-260.
179.Curtis I A.Valuing ecosystem goods and services:a new approach using a surrogate market and the combination of a multiple criteria analysis and a Delphi panel to assign weights to the attributes.Ecological Economics,2004,50:163～194.
180.Daily G C,Soderquist T,Aniyar S,et al.The value of nature and the nature of value [J].Science,2000,(289):395~396.
181.Daily G C.Nature's Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [M].Washington DC:Island Press,1997:392.
182.Dale GCS,Alexander PR,Ehrlich PR et al.Ecosystem services:Benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosural ecosystems.Issues in Ecology,1999,(3):1～6.
183.Daly H E,Cobb J B Ed.For the Common Good:Redirecting the Economy toward Community [M].The Environment and a Sustainable Future,Boston:Beacon Press,1989.
184.De Groot R S,Wilson M A,Boumans R M J.A typology for the classification,description and valuation of ecosystem functions,goods and services [J].Ecological Economics,2002,(41):393～408.
185.Diamond J.Guns,germs,and steel:the fates of human societies,Norton,New York,1997.
186.Diamond P A and Hausman J A.On contingent valuation measurement of nonuse values [M].North-Holland,1993.
187.Eastside Forest Health Assessment Team.Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment [M]:Volume 1,Executive Summary.USDA Forest Service,Washington,D.C.,USA.1993.
188.Ellis G M,Fisher A C.Valuing the environment as input [J].Journal of Environmental Management,1987,25:149～156.
189.F.A.Jones,et al.A Genetic Evaluation of seed dispersal in the neotropical tree Jacaranda copaia (Bignoniaceae)[J].The American naturalist,2005,166(5):543～555.
190.Farber S C,et al.Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services.Ecological Economics,2002,41:375～392.
191.Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team.Forest Ecosystem Management:an Economic and Social Assessment.Joint Publication Washington,D.C.USA.1993.
192.Forest Ecosystem Management:An Ecological Economic and Assessment.Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team.July,1993,U.S.A.
193.Forest Service Department of the Marine and Natural Resources.Code of Best Forest Practice-Ireland.2000.
194.Frederick W.Cabbage.Costs of Forestry Best Management Practices in the South:A Review.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:131-142,2004.
195.Geoffrey Heal.Valuing ecosystem services [J].Ecosystems,2000,3:24～30.
196.Gowdy J M.The value of the biodiversity:Markets,society and ecosystem [J].Land Economics,1997,73(1):25~41.
197.Gregory R.Identifying environmental values.In:Dale V H,English M R,eds.Tools to Aid Environmental Decision Making.New York:Springer-Verlag New York Inc,1999.
198.Grumbine R E.What is ecosystem management? [J].Conservation Biology,1994,8(1):27~38.
199.Gustafsson B.Scope and limits of the market mechanism in environmental management [J].Ecological Economics,1998,24:259~274.
200.Harold A M,Paul R E.Ecosystem services:A fragmentary history.In:Daily G C,ed.Natures Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem.Washington D C:Island Press,1997:11～28.
201.Harold A,Mooney.Angela Cropper and Walter Reid [J].The millennium ecosystem assessment:what is it all about? Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2004,19(5):221~224.
202.Helliwell D R.Valuation of wildlife resources [J].Regional Studies,1969,(3):41～49.
203.Holling CS.Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management.New York:John Wiley and Sons.1978.
204.Howarth R B,Farber S.Accounting for the value of ecosystem services [J].Ecological Economics,2002,41:421～429.
205.Hubbell S P,et al.Local neighborhood effects on long-term survival of individual trees in a Neotropical forest [J].Ecological Research,2001a,(16):859～875.
206.Hubbell S P.The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography [M].NJ,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2001b.
207.Hueting R.Moet de natuur worden gekwantificeerd? (Should Nature be quantified?)[J].Economical Statistische Berichten,1970,55(2730):80～84.
208.J.M.McClure,R.K.Kolka and A.White.Effect of Forest Harvesting Best Management Practices on Coarse Woody Debris Distribution in Stream and Riparian Zones in three Appala Chian Watersheds.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:245-261,2004.
209.Jacobs M.Environmental valuation,deliberative democracy and public decision-making.In:Foster,J.ed.Valuing Nature:Economics,Ethics and Environment.London:Rutledge,1997.
210.Jansson A M,Hammer M,Folke C,et al,eds.Investing in Natural Capital [M].The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability,Washington DC:Island Press,1994.
211.Janzen D H.Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests [J].Am.Nat.,1970:104,501～528.
212.Jeffrey R.Bedell,Ph.D.,Neal L.Cohen,M.D.and Ann Sullivan,M.D...Case Management:The Current Best Practices and the Next Generation of Innovation.Community Mental Health Journal,Vol.36,No.2,April 2000.
213.Jerry L.Michael.Best Management Practices for Silviculture Chemicals and the Science behind Them.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:95-117,2004.
214.Katherine C Ewel.The need for interdisciplinary collaboration [J].Nature Resource,Ecosystems,2001,(4):716~722.
215.Keiter R.Ecosystems and the law:Toward an integrated approach [J].Ecol Appl,1998,8(2):332～341.
216.King RT.Wildlife and man [J].New York Conservationist,1966,20(6):8~11.
217.Knetsch L Jack,Davis RK.Comparisons of Methods for Recreation Evaluation.In:Allen V Kneese,Stephen C,Smith eds.Water Research.The Johns Hopkins University Press.1996.
218.Kochummen K M.et al.Floristic composition of the Pasoh Forest Reserve,a low land rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia [J].Trop.For.Sci.,1990,(3):1～13.
219.Lackey RT.Seven pillars of ecosystem management.Draft,1995,(3):13.
220.Lahde E,Laiho O,and Norokorpi Y.Diversity oriented Silviculture in boreal zone of Europe [J].Forest Ecological Management,1999,118:223～243.
221.Leopold A.A sandy county almanac and sketches from here and there [M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1949.
222.Liu JG and Diamond J.China's Environment in a Globalizing World [J].Nature,2005,(435):1179～1186.
223.Lubchenco J,Olson AM,Brubaker LB et al.The sustainable biosphere initiative:An ecological research agenda [J].Ecology,1991,72(2):371～412.
224.Ludwig D,Hilborn R and Walters C.Uncertainty,resource exploitation,and conservation:Lessons from history [J].Science,1993,(260):17～36.
225.Ludwig D.Uncertainty,resource exploitation,and conservation:Lessons from history.Ecol Appl,1993,(3):547～549.
226.M.A.Arthur,G B.Colt harp and D.L.Brown.Effects of Best Management Practices on Forest Stream water Quality in Eastern Kentucky.Volume 34,Number 3,June,1998,pages 481～495.
227.MacArthur R H and MacArthur G W.On bird species diversity [J].Ecology,1961,42:594～598.
228.MacArthur R H.Patterns of species diversity [J].Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1965,40:510～533.
229.Malone CR.Ecosystem management:Status of the Federal initiative [J].Bull Ecol Soc Amer,1995,76(3):158～161.
230.McNeely JA,Miller KR,Reid WV,et al.Conserving the world's Biological Diversity. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,World Resources Institute,Conservation International,World Wildlife Fund US and the World Bank,Gland,Switzerland and Washington,DC:1990.
231.McNeely,JA[美],等著：薛达元,等译．保护世界的生物多样性．北京：中国环境科学出版社,1991,17～32．
232.Michael J Scott.Valuation of ecological resources and functions [J].Environmental Management,2004,22(1):49~68.
233.Michael J.Phillips and Charles R.Blinn.Best Management Practices Compliance Monitoring Approaches for Forestry in the Eastern United States.Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:263-274,2004.
234.Mitchell R C,Carson R T.Using surveys to value public goods:the contingent valuation method [M].Washington,D.C.:Resources for the Future,1989.
235.Moberg F and Folke C.Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems [J]Ecol Econ.,1999,29(2):215～233.
236.Myers Norman.The greenhouse effect:a tropical forestry response [J].Biomass,1990,18:73～78.
237.Newmark WD.Legal and biotic boundaries of Western North American national parks:A problem of congruence [J].Bioll Conserv,1985,33:197～208.
238.Norton BG Improving ecological communication:the role of ecologists in environmental policy formation.Ecol Appl,1998,8(2):350～364.
239.Odum E P,Odum H T.Nature areas as necessary components of man's total environment.In:Transactions of the 37~(th)North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference,Wildlife Management Institute,Washington,D C,1972,(37):178～189.
240.Odum EP.Basic Ecology.CBC College Publishing,1983.
241.Oregon Department of Forestry.Oregon forest practices monitor.2005,Vol.3,No.I.
242.Overbay,J.C.Ecosystem management.In taking an ecological approach to management.USDA.Forest Service Publication WoWSA-3.1992,3～5.
243.Pastor J.Ecosystem management,ecological risk,and public policy [J].Bioscience,1995,45(4):286～288.
244.Pearce D W.Assessing the returns of economy and to society from investments in forestry [A].Whiteman A (Ed.).Forestry Expansion[C].Forestry Commission,Edinburgh,1990.
245.Pearce D W.Blueprint 4:Capturing global environmental value [M].London:Earthscan,1995.
246.Pearce D.Cost-benefit analysis and environment policy [J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy,1998,14:84～100.
247.Rapport D J,Gaudet C,Karr J R,et al.Evaluating landscape health:integrating societal goals and biophysical process [J],Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53:1～15.
248.Richard Condit,et al.Spatial pattern in the distribution of tropical tree species [J].Science,2000,5(288):1414～1418.
249.Sagoff M.Aggregation and deliberation in valuing environmental public goods:a look beyond contingent valuation [J].Ecological Economics,1998,24:213～230.
250.Simpson RD.Economic analysis and ecosystems:some concepts and issues [J].Ecol Appl,1998,8(2):342~349.
251.Society of American Foresters.Sustaining long term forest health and productivity.Society of American Foresters,Bethesda,Mary land,USA.1993.
252.Spash C L.The concerted action on environmental valuation in Europe (EVE):an introduction.Environmental Valuation in Europe (EVE).Cambridge Research for the Environment,U K,2000.
253.Stanley TR Jr.Ecosystem management and the arrogance of humanism.ConserBiol,1995,(9):255~262.
254.Swank WT and Van Lear DH.Ecosystem perspectives of multiple-use management [J].Ecol Appl,1992,2(3):219～220.
255.Swift M.J.,Heal O.W.,Anderson J.M.Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems [M].Blackwell,Oxford,1978.
256.Titus D B.Using tropical forestry to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide [J].Ambio,1992,19(5):230～236.
257.UNEP.Guidelines for country studies on biological diversity,Nairobi,Kenya:UNEP,1993.
258.Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Lubchenco J,et al.Human domination of earth's ecosystems.Science,1997,277:494～499.
259.Von Gadow K,Hui G Y.Characterizing forest spatial structure and diversity [A].Proceedings of the SUFOR International Workshop“Sustainable Forestry in Temperate Region” [C].Sweden:Lund University,2002.
260.W.Michael aust and Charles R.Blinn.Forestry Best Management Practices for timber harvesting and site preparation in the eastern United States:an overview of water quality and productivity research during the past 20 years (1982-2002).Water,Air,and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:5-36,2004.
261.Webb C O and D R Peart.Seedling density dependence promotes coexistence of Bornean rainforest trees [J].Ecology,1999,(80):2006-2017.
262.Westman W.How much are nature's Services worth [J].Science,1977,197:960～964.
263.Wilson M A,Carpenter,S R.Economic valuation of freshwater ecosystem services in the United States 1971-1997 [J].Ecological Application,1999,9(3):772~783.
264.Wilson M A,Howarth R.Discourse-based valuation of ecosystem services:establishing fair outcomes through group deliberation [J].Ecological economics,2002,41:431～443.
265.Wood CA.Ecosystem Management:Achieving the new land ethic.Renewable Natural Resources Journal,1994,(12):6～12.