人工湿地技术在处理乡镇生活污水中的应用
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摘要
人工湿地系统技术是20世纪70年代发展起来的一种新型生态污水处理技术,目前在国外很多国家得到了普遍关注与应用。这种技术与传统污水生化处理技术相比,具有建设成本与运行成本低、处理效果好、兼有生态修复功能与营造生态景观等特点。人工湿地系统技术逐渐受到了人们的重视,并已经在我国南方的一些城市与农村地区得到了初步的应用,但是在贵州开展相关研究的却并不多见。国内的一些研究多为小试、中试水平,实际应用的较少,而且规模小,缺乏工程应用和运行管理经验,这就限制了人工湿地技术在贵州地区的应用。
从国家环保总局华南环境科学研究所环境工程研究设计中心引进一种新型的人工湿地碎石床处理工艺,在贵阳市白云区都拉乡进行污水处理工程示范性研究。本文从湿地工艺的选取设计,湿地植物的选种、栽培和配置出发,对湿地植物和湿地水质进行了监测,并对监测的数据进行了详细地分析,比较全面地对白云区都拉乡污水处理示范工程处理效果进行了综合评价。
1、选育并栽种于人工湿地中的多种植物是理想的湿地植物
通过近两年的选育和栽培,美人蕉、菖蒲、香根草、石菖蒲、野芋、喜旱莲子草、灯心草、水芹菜、酸模、早熟禾、欧亚旋覆花、高羊茅等植物在人工湿地中长势良好,能忍受一定程度的干旱和水淹,是理想的人工湿地植物群落建群物种,空心菜、千屈菜、白菜、萹蓄、萱草、水蓼等植物在人工湿地中也表现较好,亦可作为人工湿地植物群落构建的物种。同时,通过对湿地植物群落的构建,实际的生长效果证明:美人蕉+野芋+高羊茅群落、菖蒲+石菖蒲+高羊茅群落、香根草+美人蕉群落、美人蕉+灯心草群落等群落生物量大,净化效果明显,可以在贵阳地区推广应用。
2、水质各类生物理化指标具有明显的改善
通过对都拉乡人工湿地水质指标的监测和分析可知,人工湿地具有明显降低水体污染物总量,改善水质的功能。在三个级别的人工湿地中,一级人工湿地由于首先接触到污水,栽种其中的植物对各类污染物的吸收量较多,对水质指标的改善有显著作用,二级人工湿地对水质指标的改善仅次于一级人工湿地。
总体来说,各项水质指标达到了如下预期目的:COD_(Cr)≤50mg/L;BOD_5≤10mg/L;SS≤10mg/L;TN≤5～8mg/L;TP≤0.5mg/L。
3、合理的植物群落搭配使得人工湿地的景观效果突出
在都拉乡人工湿地的实施过程中,通过项目组的努力,人工湿地裸露的砂砾景观得到明显得改善,通过适当的植被搭配,可以改善人工湿地周边的小环境景观。湿地中栽种的美人蕉、菖蒲、旱伞草、野芋、向日葵等对当地景观的改善起到了重要作用。通过栽种葎草、千屈菜、南瓜等,改善了人工湿地池壁周边的小环境。
4、通过人工湿地的实施,产生了一定的经济效益
在人工湿地的实施中,通过在湿地中栽种小白菜、大白菜、空心菜、水芹菜、芫荽等蔬菜以及在池缘栽种南瓜、玉米等经济作物,在改善水质的同时带来了一定的经济效益。
The constructed wetland system technology is one kind of new ecology sewage treatment technology which developed in the 1970s,and at present,this technology obtained universal attention and application in many countries.Comparing with the traditional chemical treatment for sewage,this kind of processing technology has the advantage of low cost,more effect,ecological function and ecological landscape.The constructed wetland system technology has attracted more and more attention and has been applied in some southem cities and countries,but the application and research of this technology were so rare in Guizhou province.Some domestic studies mainly focused on experimental level without practical applications,moreover the scale is small.The lack of project application and operational experience has limited the application of constructed wetland technology in Guizhou area
A new constructed wetland using crushed stone bed processing were introduced from the South China Environmental science Research institute and environment engineering research center of State Environmental Protection Agency,and applied to the sewage treatment project in Baiyun District of Guiyang for its application research. In this article,considering the design of constructed wetland technology,the selection, culturing and distribution of plants,we carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the constructed wetland after analyzing the detected date of the water quality and plant.
1、All the plants that cultured at the constructed wetland were the ideal plants.
Through nearly two year plant selective breeding and cultivation,we found that Canna indica,Acorus calamus Linn,Vetiveria zizanioides(Linn.) Nash, Grassleaf Sweetfalg Rhizome,Colocasia antiquorum Schott,Alternanthera philoxeroides,Juncus effuses,Oenanthe javanica(Blume) DC,Rumex acetosa Linn, Poa annua,Inula britannica L,Festuca arundinacea grow well and can endure certain drought and flooding,these plants were the most best plants for constructed wetland,while,Ipomoea aquatica,Herba Lythri Salicariae,Brassica rapa pekinensis,Polygonum aviculare L,Hemerocallis fulva(L.) L,polygonum hydropiper L also performed well at the constructed wetland,which indicates that all those plants can apply to constructed wetland.At the same time,through the community's construction of wetland plant,the effect of actual growth proved that Canna indica + Colocasia antiquorum Schott + Festuca arundinacea,Acorus calamus Linn + Grassleaf Sweetfalg Rhizome + Festuca arundinacea,Vetiveria zizanioides(Linn.) Nash + Canna indica,Canna indica + Juncus effuses have large amount of biomass and significant effect in purification,so this combinations could be applied and intensified in the Guiyang.
2、The physics and chemistry index of water quality were obviously improvement.
After the analysis of the index of water quality of the constructed wetland in Dula Township,the result showed that the total pollution of water were obviously decreased and the function of the water were significantly improved.In the three ranked constructed wetlands,the effect of plant's purification in the first level wetland were more obvious than other levels as the waste water firstly poured into the first level wetland.
Overall,all the index of water quality has reached the desired goal as follows:
COD_(cr)≤50mg/L;BOD_5≤10mg/L;SS≤10mg/L;TN≤5～8mg/L;TP≤0.5mg/L.
3、The reasonable plant community arrangements could make the effect of landscape of wetland more prominent.
With the great effort of our team,not only the landscape of naked gravel of the constructed wetland were obviously improved by reasonable plant community arrangements,but also the scenery of the microenvironment were significantly changed for the better with Canna indica,Acorus calamus Linn,Cyperusalternifolius, Colocasia antiquorum Schott,Helianthus annuus cultured in the wetland.The plants such as Humulus japonicus,Herba Lythri Salicariae,Cucurbita moschata cultured in the wetland played an important role in the landscape. 4、A certain economic efficiency has produced along with the implementation of the project of the constructed wetland.
During the implementation of the project of the constructed wetland,not only a certain economic efficiency has produced by cultured Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Group, Brassica rapa pekinensis,Ipomoea aquatica,Oenanthe javanica(Blume) DC,Herba Coriandri Sativi in the wetland and Cucurbita moschata,Zea mays L along the pool wall,but also the landscape and water quality were significantly improved.
从国家环保总局华南环境科学研究所环境工程研究设计中心引进一种新型的人工湿地碎石床处理工艺,在贵阳市白云区都拉乡进行污水处理工程示范性研究。本文从湿地工艺的选取设计,湿地植物的选种、栽培和配置出发,对湿地植物和湿地水质进行了监测,并对监测的数据进行了详细地分析,比较全面地对白云区都拉乡污水处理示范工程处理效果进行了综合评价。
1、选育并栽种于人工湿地中的多种植物是理想的湿地植物
通过近两年的选育和栽培,美人蕉、菖蒲、香根草、石菖蒲、野芋、喜旱莲子草、灯心草、水芹菜、酸模、早熟禾、欧亚旋覆花、高羊茅等植物在人工湿地中长势良好,能忍受一定程度的干旱和水淹,是理想的人工湿地植物群落建群物种,空心菜、千屈菜、白菜、萹蓄、萱草、水蓼等植物在人工湿地中也表现较好,亦可作为人工湿地植物群落构建的物种。同时,通过对湿地植物群落的构建,实际的生长效果证明:美人蕉+野芋+高羊茅群落、菖蒲+石菖蒲+高羊茅群落、香根草+美人蕉群落、美人蕉+灯心草群落等群落生物量大,净化效果明显,可以在贵阳地区推广应用。
2、水质各类生物理化指标具有明显的改善
通过对都拉乡人工湿地水质指标的监测和分析可知,人工湿地具有明显降低水体污染物总量,改善水质的功能。在三个级别的人工湿地中,一级人工湿地由于首先接触到污水,栽种其中的植物对各类污染物的吸收量较多,对水质指标的改善有显著作用,二级人工湿地对水质指标的改善仅次于一级人工湿地。
总体来说,各项水质指标达到了如下预期目的:COD_(Cr)≤50mg/L;BOD_5≤10mg/L;SS≤10mg/L;TN≤5～8mg/L;TP≤0.5mg/L。
3、合理的植物群落搭配使得人工湿地的景观效果突出
在都拉乡人工湿地的实施过程中,通过项目组的努力,人工湿地裸露的砂砾景观得到明显得改善,通过适当的植被搭配,可以改善人工湿地周边的小环境景观。湿地中栽种的美人蕉、菖蒲、旱伞草、野芋、向日葵等对当地景观的改善起到了重要作用。通过栽种葎草、千屈菜、南瓜等,改善了人工湿地池壁周边的小环境。
4、通过人工湿地的实施,产生了一定的经济效益
在人工湿地的实施中,通过在湿地中栽种小白菜、大白菜、空心菜、水芹菜、芫荽等蔬菜以及在池缘栽种南瓜、玉米等经济作物,在改善水质的同时带来了一定的经济效益。
The constructed wetland system technology is one kind of new ecology sewage treatment technology which developed in the 1970s,and at present,this technology obtained universal attention and application in many countries.Comparing with the traditional chemical treatment for sewage,this kind of processing technology has the advantage of low cost,more effect,ecological function and ecological landscape.The constructed wetland system technology has attracted more and more attention and has been applied in some southem cities and countries,but the application and research of this technology were so rare in Guizhou province.Some domestic studies mainly focused on experimental level without practical applications,moreover the scale is small.The lack of project application and operational experience has limited the application of constructed wetland technology in Guizhou area
A new constructed wetland using crushed stone bed processing were introduced from the South China Environmental science Research institute and environment engineering research center of State Environmental Protection Agency,and applied to the sewage treatment project in Baiyun District of Guiyang for its application research. In this article,considering the design of constructed wetland technology,the selection, culturing and distribution of plants,we carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the constructed wetland after analyzing the detected date of the water quality and plant.
1、All the plants that cultured at the constructed wetland were the ideal plants.
Through nearly two year plant selective breeding and cultivation,we found that Canna indica,Acorus calamus Linn,Vetiveria zizanioides(Linn.) Nash, Grassleaf Sweetfalg Rhizome,Colocasia antiquorum Schott,Alternanthera philoxeroides,Juncus effuses,Oenanthe javanica(Blume) DC,Rumex acetosa Linn, Poa annua,Inula britannica L,Festuca arundinacea grow well and can endure certain drought and flooding,these plants were the most best plants for constructed wetland,while,Ipomoea aquatica,Herba Lythri Salicariae,Brassica rapa pekinensis,Polygonum aviculare L,Hemerocallis fulva(L.) L,polygonum hydropiper L also performed well at the constructed wetland,which indicates that all those plants can apply to constructed wetland.At the same time,through the community's construction of wetland plant,the effect of actual growth proved that Canna indica + Colocasia antiquorum Schott + Festuca arundinacea,Acorus calamus Linn + Grassleaf Sweetfalg Rhizome + Festuca arundinacea,Vetiveria zizanioides(Linn.) Nash + Canna indica,Canna indica + Juncus effuses have large amount of biomass and significant effect in purification,so this combinations could be applied and intensified in the Guiyang.
2、The physics and chemistry index of water quality were obviously improvement.
After the analysis of the index of water quality of the constructed wetland in Dula Township,the result showed that the total pollution of water were obviously decreased and the function of the water were significantly improved.In the three ranked constructed wetlands,the effect of plant's purification in the first level wetland were more obvious than other levels as the waste water firstly poured into the first level wetland.
Overall,all the index of water quality has reached the desired goal as follows:
COD_(cr)≤50mg/L;BOD_5≤10mg/L;SS≤10mg/L;TN≤5～8mg/L;TP≤0.5mg/L.
3、The reasonable plant community arrangements could make the effect of landscape of wetland more prominent.
With the great effort of our team,not only the landscape of naked gravel of the constructed wetland were obviously improved by reasonable plant community arrangements,but also the scenery of the microenvironment were significantly changed for the better with Canna indica,Acorus calamus Linn,Cyperusalternifolius, Colocasia antiquorum Schott,Helianthus annuus cultured in the wetland.The plants such as Humulus japonicus,Herba Lythri Salicariae,Cucurbita moschata cultured in the wetland played an important role in the landscape. 4、A certain economic efficiency has produced along with the implementation of the project of the constructed wetland.
During the implementation of the project of the constructed wetland,not only a certain economic efficiency has produced by cultured Brassica rapa L.Chinensis Group, Brassica rapa pekinensis,Ipomoea aquatica,Oenanthe javanica(Blume) DC,Herba Coriandri Sativi in the wetland and Cucurbita moschata,Zea mays L along the pool wall,but also the landscape and water quality were significantly improved.
引文
[1]黄时达等.《人工湿地系统处理污水工艺的机理研究》科研报告,1997年6月.
[2]Huang S D,Yang Y Y,Leng B,et al."Experiemental Study on Wastewater treatment by constrncted wetland Plants".IC WS'94 Proc.764-768,1994
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[2]Huang S D,Yang Y Y,Leng B,et al."Experiemental Study on Wastewater treatment by constrncted wetland Plants".IC WS'94 Proc.764-768,1994
[3]高拯民等.《城市污水土地处理利用设计手册》.中国标准出版社.1991,3
[4]郑雅杰.人工湿地系统处理污水新模式的探讨.环境科学进展.1995,3(b):1-8
[5]杜荣赛编.《生物统计学》.高等教育出版社.1985,10
[6]许保玖等编著.《当代污水与废水处理原理》.高等教育出版社.1995,4
[7]谢嘉主编.《水污染控制原理》.成都科技大学出版社.1994,10
[8]周庆江等.人工湿地系统处理鸡粪污水的技术经济可行性.上海环境科学1993,12(8):21-24
[9]李科德.芦苇床系统净化污水的机理.中国环境科学.1995,15(2):140-144
[10]刘文兵,史建福,黄时达.人工湿地床示踪剂的研究.《四川环境》1995,14(4),11-15
[11]四川省环境保护科学研究院.《人工湿地系统(C,W,S)处理污水新工艺的跟踪监测与示范工程建设》.科研报告,2000年5月。
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