现代生物礁与贵州石炭纪生物礁的对比研究
摘要
黔南地区在晚石炭世发育了大规模的生物礁,礁体规模在后生动物造架礁里尚属罕见。现代生物礁在热带海洋里广泛发育,珊瑚礁占据了绝大多数。本文以发育于紫云猴场扁平村的晚石炭世珊瑚礁和发育于中国南海和华南大陆沿岸的现代珊瑚礁为代表,对两种礁体的特征和发育演化做了对比。
扁平村珊瑚礁由四个单元组成,按照自下而上的顺序依次是：生物碎屑滩单元、点礁泥丘单元、Formitchevella定殖单元和Formitchevella统殖单元。根据礁岩中沉积物的特点,可以划分出五个沉积相带。
根据生态系统中各种生物的生活和捕食习性,划分出了处于不同营养级的生物群团,并分析了珊瑚礁群落的营养结构和营养机制。群落在礁体发育的过程中也不断演变,按照礁岩出现的旋回特征,将礁群落划分出叶状藻群落、Ivanovia cf. manchurica群落、Ivanovia cf. manchurica-Antheria群落和Fomitchevella群落。通过分析各个生物群团在造礁过程中所起的作用,划分出了不同的功能群团,它们共同作用建造了礁体。
礁群落的演化决定了礁体的生长发育,礁体的建造过程：首先形成了生物碎屑滩；然后蓝细菌、叶状藻和Ivanovia cf. manchurica群落分别作用,共同建造了下部的点礁层；接着由于环境的变化接受了一次沉积,再次形成了生物碎屑滩；之后Fomitchevella定殖该区分散发展,没有形成造礁群落；最后Fomitchevella群落迅速壮大并统殖海底,环境的再次变化导致Fomitchevella死亡,礁体的建造过程结束。
现代珊瑚礁经历了珊瑚定殖、群落繁盛、发育停滞和珊瑚礁发展等几个阶段,经历了几个生长—停滞旋回后,最终形成大型礁体并继续发育。
本文通过对两种礁体的研究,得到了礁体在形态特征、内部结构、生物学特征、造礁作用、群落演化和礁体发育等方面的异同点。现代珊瑚礁与黔南晚石炭世珊瑚礁的基本特征类似,沉积特征、造礁作用、礁体形成过程也大同小异。不同之处在于生物学特征,现代珊瑚礁群落中的生物种类更先进,生物量和分异度也更大。黔南晚石炭世珊瑚礁的几次生长停滞说明了在晚石炭世黔南地区经历了大规模的环境变化,海侵海退和气候变化的辐度要远远高于现代。
Large-scale reefs were developed in the Late-Carboniferous in south Guizhou, and the size of the reefs were rare in metazoa frame-building reef. Modern reefs are well developed in tropic sea and most of them are coral reefs.
In this paper, the Late-Carboniferous coral reef in south Guizhou and modern reefs in' South Sea of China and along Continental Coast of South China are taken for examples to show the contrast between two kinds coral reef in terms of the characteristics and evolusion.
The reef structure is, from the bottom to top, composed of four subunits:bioclastic shore, patchy reefs and mud mound, bioclastic limestone and Fomitchevella framestone. Five sedimentary facies belts are marked off according to the characteristics of the sediment in the reef rock.
Some biological groups of different trophic levels are marked off according to biotic life and predation habits, and the trophic structure and trophic mechanism of the reef community are analyzed. The community evolved all through the process of reef development. From the aspect of cycle features of the reef rock, the reef community can be divided into four subcommunities:Phylloid algae, Ivanovia cf. manchurica, Ivanovia cf. manchurica-Antheria and Fomitchevella community. Based on analysis of contribution to reef development, different functional groups are marked off, and they build the reef together.
Reef community's evolution determined reef's growth and development. The process of reef-building was:firstly the bioclastic shore was formed, then cyanobacteria, Phylloid algae and Ivanovia cf. manchurica acted respectively and built the patch-reef subunit together, and then another sediment was received due to the environmental changes and new bioclastic shore was formed, and afterwards Fomitchevella colonized and grew dispersedly and no reef-building community was formed, and at last Fomitchevella community developed rapidly and dominated the ocean floor, another environmental change resulted in Fomitchevella's death, and reef-building was over then.
The formation of modern coral reef experienced several stages:coral colonizing, community bloom, arrest of development and reef development. After some grow-detention cycles, large-scale reef was formed and kept growing.
Based on the research on these two kinds of reef, similarities and differences on morphological characteristics, internal structure, biological characteristics, reef-building mechanism, community evolution and reef development are obtained. Modern reefs and the late-Carboniferous reefs in southern Guizhou have the similar basic characteristics, and sediment features, reef-building mechanisms and reef-building processes are also alike. The only difference lies in biological features. The biologic species in modern coral reef community are more advanced and biomass and diversity are also higher. The several growth retardations of the late-Carboniferous coral reefs in southern Guizhou explain that this region went through massive environmental changes, and the degree of transgression, regression and climate changes are much higher than modern period.
扁平村珊瑚礁由四个单元组成,按照自下而上的顺序依次是：生物碎屑滩单元、点礁泥丘单元、Formitchevella定殖单元和Formitchevella统殖单元。根据礁岩中沉积物的特点,可以划分出五个沉积相带。
根据生态系统中各种生物的生活和捕食习性,划分出了处于不同营养级的生物群团,并分析了珊瑚礁群落的营养结构和营养机制。群落在礁体发育的过程中也不断演变,按照礁岩出现的旋回特征,将礁群落划分出叶状藻群落、Ivanovia cf. manchurica群落、Ivanovia cf. manchurica-Antheria群落和Fomitchevella群落。通过分析各个生物群团在造礁过程中所起的作用,划分出了不同的功能群团,它们共同作用建造了礁体。
礁群落的演化决定了礁体的生长发育,礁体的建造过程：首先形成了生物碎屑滩；然后蓝细菌、叶状藻和Ivanovia cf. manchurica群落分别作用,共同建造了下部的点礁层；接着由于环境的变化接受了一次沉积,再次形成了生物碎屑滩；之后Fomitchevella定殖该区分散发展,没有形成造礁群落；最后Fomitchevella群落迅速壮大并统殖海底,环境的再次变化导致Fomitchevella死亡,礁体的建造过程结束。
现代珊瑚礁经历了珊瑚定殖、群落繁盛、发育停滞和珊瑚礁发展等几个阶段,经历了几个生长—停滞旋回后,最终形成大型礁体并继续发育。
本文通过对两种礁体的研究,得到了礁体在形态特征、内部结构、生物学特征、造礁作用、群落演化和礁体发育等方面的异同点。现代珊瑚礁与黔南晚石炭世珊瑚礁的基本特征类似,沉积特征、造礁作用、礁体形成过程也大同小异。不同之处在于生物学特征,现代珊瑚礁群落中的生物种类更先进,生物量和分异度也更大。黔南晚石炭世珊瑚礁的几次生长停滞说明了在晚石炭世黔南地区经历了大规模的环境变化,海侵海退和气候变化的辐度要远远高于现代。
Large-scale reefs were developed in the Late-Carboniferous in south Guizhou, and the size of the reefs were rare in metazoa frame-building reef. Modern reefs are well developed in tropic sea and most of them are coral reefs.
In this paper, the Late-Carboniferous coral reef in south Guizhou and modern reefs in' South Sea of China and along Continental Coast of South China are taken for examples to show the contrast between two kinds coral reef in terms of the characteristics and evolusion.
The reef structure is, from the bottom to top, composed of four subunits:bioclastic shore, patchy reefs and mud mound, bioclastic limestone and Fomitchevella framestone. Five sedimentary facies belts are marked off according to the characteristics of the sediment in the reef rock.
Some biological groups of different trophic levels are marked off according to biotic life and predation habits, and the trophic structure and trophic mechanism of the reef community are analyzed. The community evolved all through the process of reef development. From the aspect of cycle features of the reef rock, the reef community can be divided into four subcommunities:Phylloid algae, Ivanovia cf. manchurica, Ivanovia cf. manchurica-Antheria and Fomitchevella community. Based on analysis of contribution to reef development, different functional groups are marked off, and they build the reef together.
Reef community's evolution determined reef's growth and development. The process of reef-building was:firstly the bioclastic shore was formed, then cyanobacteria, Phylloid algae and Ivanovia cf. manchurica acted respectively and built the patch-reef subunit together, and then another sediment was received due to the environmental changes and new bioclastic shore was formed, and afterwards Fomitchevella colonized and grew dispersedly and no reef-building community was formed, and at last Fomitchevella community developed rapidly and dominated the ocean floor, another environmental change resulted in Fomitchevella's death, and reef-building was over then.
The formation of modern coral reef experienced several stages:coral colonizing, community bloom, arrest of development and reef development. After some grow-detention cycles, large-scale reef was formed and kept growing.
Based on the research on these two kinds of reef, similarities and differences on morphological characteristics, internal structure, biological characteristics, reef-building mechanism, community evolution and reef development are obtained. Modern reefs and the late-Carboniferous reefs in southern Guizhou have the similar basic characteristics, and sediment features, reef-building mechanisms and reef-building processes are also alike. The only difference lies in biological features. The biologic species in modern coral reef community are more advanced and biomass and diversity are also higher. The several growth retardations of the late-Carboniferous coral reefs in southern Guizhou explain that this region went through massive environmental changes, and the degree of transgression, regression and climate changes are much higher than modern period.
引文
1. Rachel Wood. The ecological evolution of reefs[J], Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst,1998,29:179-206.
2.赵焕庭.我国生物礁的发展[J],第四纪研究,1996,(3)：253-252.
3.梅冥相,马永生,邓军,初汉民,刘智荣,张海.滇黔桂盆地及其邻区石炭纪至二叠纪层序地层格架及三级海平面变化的全球对比[J],中国地质,2005,32(1)：13-24.
4.王增吉等.中国的石炭系[M],北京：地质出版社,1990,419.
5.贵州省区域地质矿产局.贵州省区域地质志,北京：地质出版社,1987,164-194.
6.彭军,陈洪德,田景春等.川黔桂地区石炭系层序地层研究[J],沉积学报,2000,18(2)：190-197.
7.王俊达,李华梅.贵州石炭纪古纬度与铝土矿[J],地球化学,1998,27(6)：575-578.
8.王成文.晚石炭世腕足动物古生物地理区形成机制—环境控制论[J],吉林地质,1994,13(2)：13-21.
9.王鸿祯等.中国古生代珊瑚分类演化及生物古地理[M],科学出版社,1989.
10.秦建华,吴应林,颜仰基,朱总发.南盘江盆地海西—印支期沉积构造演化[J],地质学报,1996,70(2)：99-107.
11.赵自强,丁启秀.中南区区域地层[M],武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1996,71-123.
12.刘宝珺,许效松,潘杏南等.中国南方古大陆沉积地壳演化与成矿[M],北京：科学出版社,1993,1-288.
13.刘宝珺,许效松.中国南方岩相古地理图集(震旦纪—三叠纪)[M],北京：科学出版社,1993,126-144.
14.曾允孚,张锦泉,刘文均等.中国南方泥盆纪岩相古地里与成矿作用[M],北京：地质出版社,1994,1-120.
15.陈宏明,吴祥和等.中国南方石炭纪岩相古地理与成矿作用[M],北京：地质出版社,1994,1-118.
16.冯增昭,杨玉卿,鲍志东.中国南方石炭纪岩相古地理[J],古地理学报,1999,1(1)：76-86.
17.焦大庆,马永生,邓军等.黔桂地区石炭纪层序地层格架及古地理演化[J],现代地质,2003,17(3)：294-302.
18.巩恩普,关长庆,孙宝亮等.黔南地区石炭纪大型珊瑚礁研究[J],中国科学(D辑),2003,33(7)：644-649.
19.张正华,王治华,李昌全.黔南二叠纪地层[M],贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988.
20. Flugel E. Microfacies analysis of Limestone [J], Berlin Heideberg New York:Spring-Verlag,1982, 1-555.
21.余素玉.化石碳酸岩微相[M],北京：地质出版社,1989,204-207.
22.孙宝亮,巩恩普,关长庆,姚玉增,张永利.贵州紫云扁平村石炭纪珊瑚礁剖面微相分析与沉积相[J],沉积学报,2007,6(3)：351-357.
23.梅幂相,孟庆芬,易定红等.黔桂地区石炭系层序地层格架及海平面变化[J],地球学报,2004,25(1)：39-46.
24. Wilson J L. Carbonate facies in geological history, Berlin Heideberg New York:Spring-Verlag,1975, 1-471.
25.安晓华.珊瑚礁及其生态系统的特征[J],海洋环保,2003,(3)：19-21.
26. West R R. Temporal changes in Carboniferous reef mound communities, Palaios,1988,3:152-169.
27.戎嘉余,詹仁斌.奥陶纪末集群灭绝后腕足动物复苏的主要源泉—论先驱型生物的分类[J],中国科学(D辑),1999,29(3)：232-239.
28. Sorauf J E, Pedder A E H. Late Devonian rugose corals and the Frasnian-Famennian crisis[J], Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1986,23(9):1265-1287.
29. Sorauf J E. Rugosa and the Frasnian-Famennian extinction event:a progress report[J], Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologits,1989,8:327-338.
30.廖卫华.泥盆纪最早期和最晚期珊瑚群研究的进展—兼论泥盆纪珊瑚的绝灭、复苏及其底栖组合[J],古生物学报,1997,36(2)：143-150.
31.廖卫华.中国晚泥盆世F/F生物集群灭绝事件及其后的生物复苏的研究[J],中国科学(D辑),2001,31(8)：663-667.
32.巩恩普.中国石炭纪生物礁基本特征及其发育规律[D],东北大学出版社,1995.
33.张永利,巩恩普,关长庆等.贵州紫云石炭纪叶状藻礁：藻类繁盛的标志[J],沉积学报,2007,25(3)：177-182.
34.李庆来,谢康和,曾国熙.陕西秦岭海槽晚石炭世三里峡生物礁研究[J],浙江大学学报(自然科学版),1999,33(1)：90-94.
35.王治平.中国中、晚石炭世四射珊瑚组合及古生物地理[J],地质学报,1988,(4)：279-288.
36.郭胜哲.辽宁省东部及南部中晚石炭世珊瑚化石[J],中国地质科学院沈阳地质矿产研究所所刊.1987,15：99-113.
37.关长庆,巩恩普,张永利等.黔南晚石炭世造礁珊瑚Ivanovia cf. manchurica古生态特征及成礁机制探讨[J],地质论评,2006,52(2)：178-183.
38.巩恩普,张永利,关长庆等.黔南石炭纪生物礁造礁群落的基本特征[J],地质学报,2007,81(9)：1183-1194.
39. Burne R V, Moore L S. Microbialites:organosedimentary deposits of benthic microbial communities[J], Palaios,1987,2:241-254.
40.关长庆,巩恩普,张永利,孙宝亮,陈鹤,郭建华,李群.贵州南部晚石炭世一种新的生物礁类型[J].地质论评,2007,53(4)：433-439.
41. Turpaeva, E. P.,1948. Food interrelationships of dominant species in marine benthic biocoenoses, p:137-148. In:Nikitin, B. N. (ed):Transa, Inst. Oceanol., Mar. Biol. USSR Acad. Sci. Press 20. (Published in U. S. by Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci., Wash. D. C)
42.陈国华,黄良民,王汉奎等.珊瑚礁生态系统初级生产力研究进展[J],生态学报,2004,24(12)：2863-2869.
43.赵卫东,宋金明,李鹏程等.珊瑚礁生态系统的协同营养模式[J],中国科学基金,2001,(1)：32-35.
44.安晓华.珊瑚礁及其生态系统的特征[J],海洋环保,2003,(3)：19-21.
45. Longman. M. W. A process approach to recognise facies of reef complexes[J], Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Miner. Spec. Publ.1981,30:9-40.
46.关长庆.黔南晚石炭世生物礁类型及其生长发育特征[D],东北大学学位论文,2007.
47. Riding R. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J], Earth-Science Reviews,2002,58(1-2):163-231.
48. Folk R. L. Practical petrographic classification of limestones[J], Am. Assoc. Petrol Geologists Bull., 1959,43:1-38.
49. Folk R L. Spectral subdivision of limestone type[J], In:Ham W E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Mem.,1962,1:62-84.
50. Dunham R J. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture[J], In:Ham W E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Mem.,1962,1:108-121.
51. Embry A F, Klovan J E. A late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, Northwest Territories[J], Can. Petrol. Geology bull.,1971,19:730-781.
52. Klement K W. Practical classification of reefs and banks, bioherms and biostromes[J], Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bull.,1967,51:167-168.
53. Tsien H H. Ancient reefs and reef carbonates[J], Proc.4th Intern. Coral Reef Symp.,1981,1: 601-609.
54. Tsien H H. Organisms:their ecology and function in carbonate construction[J], Palaeontographica American,1984,54:415-420.
55. Cuffey R J. Expanded reef-rock textural classification and the geologic history of bryozoan reefs[J], Geology,1985,13:307-310.
56. Insalaco E. The descriptive nomenclature and classification of growth fabrics in fossil scleractinian reefs[J], Sediment Geol.,1998,118:159-186.
57. Fan Jiasong, Righy J K. Upper Carboniferous phylloid algal mounds in southern Guizhou, China[J], Brigham Young University Geology,1994,6:27-33.
58. James N P. Structure and stratigraphy of modern and ancient reefs[J], In:Scholle P A. (ed.), Carbonate sedimentology and petrology in the collection short course in Geol., Am. Geophys. Union. Washington D C. USA.,1989,4:1-40.
59.赵焕庭.中国现代珊瑚礁研究[J],世界科技研究与发展,1998,20(4)：98-105.
60.王丽荣,赵焕庭.珊瑚礁生态系的一般特点[J],生态学杂志,2001,20(6)：41-45.
61. Dabinsky, Z. (eds). Ecosystems of the World 25. Coral Reefs[C]. Amsterdam:Elsevier Science Publishers,1990.
62.曾昭璇,梁景芬,丘世钧.中国珊瑚礁地貌研究[M],广州：广东人民出版社,1997,149-164.
61.钟晋梁,陈欣树,张乔民等.南沙群岛珊瑚礁地貌研究[M],北京：科学出版社,1999,42-43.
63. Smith S V. Coral reef area and contributions of reefs to Proeesses and resources of the world's oeean[J], Nature,1978,273(5659):225-226.
64.安晓华.中国珊瑚礁及其生态系统综合分析与研究[D],中国海洋大学学位论文,2003.
65.唐质灿,孙建章.造礁石珊瑚[J],大自然,2008,1：18-20.
66.齐文同.石珊瑚目的早期系统发育和系统分类研究[J],地球科学进展,2007,22(10)：1094-1098.
67. Cuif J P. Argument pour une relation phyletique entre les Madreporaires paleozoques et ceux du Trias Implications systmetique de l'analyse microstructural des Madreporaires triassiques [J], M eoires de la Societe Geologie de France n. s,1977.56(129):1-54.
68. Oliver Jr, W A. Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the scleractinia[J], Paleontological Society Papers,1996,1:107-134.
69. Ezaki Y. Paleontological and phylogenetic implications of a new scleractiniamorph genus from Permian sponges reefs, South China[J], Palaeontology,2000,43(2):199-217.
70. Stanley G D Jr, FautinD G.. The origins ofmodern corals[J], Science,2001,291:1913-1914.
71.赵焕庭,宋朝景,王丽荣等.雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁初步观察[J],海洋通报,2001,20(2)：87-90.
72.赵焕庭,王丽荣,宋朝景等.雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚岸礁的特征[J],海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(2)：35-40.
73.赵焕庭,王丽荣,宋朝景.徐闻县西部珊瑚礁的分布与保护[J],热带地理,2006,26(3)：202-206.
74.陈俊仁等.南海北部-20米古海岸线之研究[J],中国第四纪海岸线学术讨论会论文集,海洋出版社：1985：233.
75.叶维强,黎广钊,庞衍军等.北部湾涠洲岛珊瑚礁海岸及第四纪沉积特征[J],海洋科学,1988(6)：13-17.
76.王国忠,全青松,吕炳全.南海涠洲岛区现代沉积环境和沉积作用演化[J],海洋地质与第四纪地质,1991,11(1)：69-81.
77.赵焕庭,张乔民,宋朝景等.华南海岸和南海诸岛地貌与环境[M],北京：科学出版社,1999.
78.宋朝景,赵焕庭,王丽荣.华南大陆沿岸珊瑚礁的特点与分析[J],热带地理,2007,27(4)：294-299.
79. ZouR L, ZhangY L, XieY K. An encological study of reef corals around Weizhou Island[M], Beijing: China Ocean Press,1988:201-211.
80.卢伙胜,何秀玲,陈春亮等.广东徐闻西部沿岸海区“珊瑚类”的物种及其分布[J],台湾海峡,2003,22(4)：445-448.
81.蔡爱智,李星元.海南岛南岸珊瑚礁的若干特点[J],海洋与湖沼,1964,6(2)：205-218.
82.Д .B.纳鸟莫夫,颜京松,黄明显.海南岛珊瑚礁的主要类型[J],海洋与湖沼,1960,3(3)： 157-176.
83.赵焕庭,张乔民,宋朝景等.华南海岸和南海诸岛地貌与环境[M],北京：科学出版社,1999.
84.赵焕庭,温孝胜,孙宗勋,郑德延,袁家义.南沙群岛珊瑚礁自然特征[J],海洋学报,1996,18(5)：61-70.
85.赵焕庭.南沙群岛自然地理[M],北京：科学出版社,1996.
86.王国忠,吕炳全,全松青.海南岛和西沙群岛现代珊瑚礁基本沉积相带[J],石油与天然气地质,1982,3(3)：211-222.
87.莫永杰.涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁的沉积特征[J],广西科学院学报,1988,4(2)：54-59.
88.赵焕庭,宋朝景,朱袁智.南沙群岛“危险地带”腹地珊瑚礁的地貌与现代沉积特征[J],第四纪研究,1992,(4)：368-377.
89.赵美霞,余克服,张乔民.珊瑚礁区的生物多样性及其生态功能[J],生态学报,2006,26(1)：186-194.
90. Moberg F, Folke C. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems[J], Ecological Economics, 1999,29:215-233.
91. Bellwood D R, HughesTP, Folke C, et al. Confronting the coral reef crisis[J], Nature,2004,429: 827-833.
92. Yu K F, Liao W H, ZhuYZ. The biological composition in Nanyong 2th Well[J], In:The Cenozoic geology of YongShu Reef in Nansha Islands. Beijing:Scientific Press,1997.
93. Muller P G., D'Elia C F. Interactions between corals and their symbiotic algae[J], In:Birkeland C. ed. Life and death of coral reefs. NewYork:Chapmanand Hall,1997.
94. McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA. Changes in Kenya coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation[J], Hydrobiologia,1988,166:269-276.
95. Roberts C M. Effects of fishing on the ecosystem structure of coral reefs[J], Conserv Biol,1995, 9(5):988-995.
96. Sorokin Y I. Aspects of tropic relations, productivity and energy balance in reef ecosystem[J], In: Dubinsky Z. ed. Ecosystem of the world 25:Coral Reefs. Elsevier, NewYork,1990,401-410.
97. Peterson C H, Lubchenco J. On the value ofmarine ecosystemto society[J], In:Daily G C. ed. Nature's services. Society Dependent on Natural Ecosystems Island Press. NewYork,1997,114-194.
98.李淑,余克服.珊瑚礁白化研究进展[J],生态学报,2007,27(5)：2059-2069.
99. Rowan R, KnowltonN, Baker A, etal. Landscape ecology ofalgal symbionts creates variation in episodes of bleaching[J], Nature,1997,388:265-269.
100. Trench R K. The Cell Biology of Plant-Animal Symbioses[J], Ann. Rev. Plant Physiology,1979, 30:485-531.
101.宋金明,赵卫东,李鹏程,吕晓霞.南沙珊瑚礁生态系的碳循环[J],海洋与湖沼,2003,34(6)：586-592.
102.赵卫东,宋金明,李鹏程,牟晓真.珊瑚礁生态系的协同营养模式[J],中国科学基金,2001：32-35.
103.施棋,赵美霞,张乔民,王汉奎,王丽荣.海南三亚鹿回头造礁石珊瑚生长变化与人类活动的影响[J],生态学报,2007,27(9)：3316-3323.
104.赵希涛,张景文,李桂英.海南岛南岸全新世珊瑚礁的发育[J],地质科学,1983,(2)：150-159.
105.黄德银,施祺,张叶春,吕金玲.海南岛鹿回头造礁珊瑚的14C年代及珊瑚礁的发育演化[J],海洋通报,2004,23(6)：31-37.
106.王国忠.南海珊瑚礁区沉积学[M],北京：海洋出版社,2001,48-73.
107.施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民.中国全新世大暖期的气候波动与重要事件[J],中国科学(B缉),1992,(12)：1300-1308.
2.赵焕庭.我国生物礁的发展[J],第四纪研究,1996,(3)：253-252.
3.梅冥相,马永生,邓军,初汉民,刘智荣,张海.滇黔桂盆地及其邻区石炭纪至二叠纪层序地层格架及三级海平面变化的全球对比[J],中国地质,2005,32(1)：13-24.
4.王增吉等.中国的石炭系[M],北京：地质出版社,1990,419.
5.贵州省区域地质矿产局.贵州省区域地质志,北京：地质出版社,1987,164-194.
6.彭军,陈洪德,田景春等.川黔桂地区石炭系层序地层研究[J],沉积学报,2000,18(2)：190-197.
7.王俊达,李华梅.贵州石炭纪古纬度与铝土矿[J],地球化学,1998,27(6)：575-578.
8.王成文.晚石炭世腕足动物古生物地理区形成机制—环境控制论[J],吉林地质,1994,13(2)：13-21.
9.王鸿祯等.中国古生代珊瑚分类演化及生物古地理[M],科学出版社,1989.
10.秦建华,吴应林,颜仰基,朱总发.南盘江盆地海西—印支期沉积构造演化[J],地质学报,1996,70(2)：99-107.
11.赵自强,丁启秀.中南区区域地层[M],武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1996,71-123.
12.刘宝珺,许效松,潘杏南等.中国南方古大陆沉积地壳演化与成矿[M],北京：科学出版社,1993,1-288.
13.刘宝珺,许效松.中国南方岩相古地理图集(震旦纪—三叠纪)[M],北京：科学出版社,1993,126-144.
14.曾允孚,张锦泉,刘文均等.中国南方泥盆纪岩相古地里与成矿作用[M],北京：地质出版社,1994,1-120.
15.陈宏明,吴祥和等.中国南方石炭纪岩相古地理与成矿作用[M],北京：地质出版社,1994,1-118.
16.冯增昭,杨玉卿,鲍志东.中国南方石炭纪岩相古地理[J],古地理学报,1999,1(1)：76-86.
17.焦大庆,马永生,邓军等.黔桂地区石炭纪层序地层格架及古地理演化[J],现代地质,2003,17(3)：294-302.
18.巩恩普,关长庆,孙宝亮等.黔南地区石炭纪大型珊瑚礁研究[J],中国科学(D辑),2003,33(7)：644-649.
19.张正华,王治华,李昌全.黔南二叠纪地层[M],贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1988.
20. Flugel E. Microfacies analysis of Limestone [J], Berlin Heideberg New York:Spring-Verlag,1982, 1-555.
21.余素玉.化石碳酸岩微相[M],北京：地质出版社,1989,204-207.
22.孙宝亮,巩恩普,关长庆,姚玉增,张永利.贵州紫云扁平村石炭纪珊瑚礁剖面微相分析与沉积相[J],沉积学报,2007,6(3)：351-357.
23.梅幂相,孟庆芬,易定红等.黔桂地区石炭系层序地层格架及海平面变化[J],地球学报,2004,25(1)：39-46.
24. Wilson J L. Carbonate facies in geological history, Berlin Heideberg New York:Spring-Verlag,1975, 1-471.
25.安晓华.珊瑚礁及其生态系统的特征[J],海洋环保,2003,(3)：19-21.
26. West R R. Temporal changes in Carboniferous reef mound communities, Palaios,1988,3:152-169.
27.戎嘉余,詹仁斌.奥陶纪末集群灭绝后腕足动物复苏的主要源泉—论先驱型生物的分类[J],中国科学(D辑),1999,29(3)：232-239.
28. Sorauf J E, Pedder A E H. Late Devonian rugose corals and the Frasnian-Famennian crisis[J], Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1986,23(9):1265-1287.
29. Sorauf J E. Rugosa and the Frasnian-Famennian extinction event:a progress report[J], Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologits,1989,8:327-338.
30.廖卫华.泥盆纪最早期和最晚期珊瑚群研究的进展—兼论泥盆纪珊瑚的绝灭、复苏及其底栖组合[J],古生物学报,1997,36(2)：143-150.
31.廖卫华.中国晚泥盆世F/F生物集群灭绝事件及其后的生物复苏的研究[J],中国科学(D辑),2001,31(8)：663-667.
32.巩恩普.中国石炭纪生物礁基本特征及其发育规律[D],东北大学出版社,1995.
33.张永利,巩恩普,关长庆等.贵州紫云石炭纪叶状藻礁：藻类繁盛的标志[J],沉积学报,2007,25(3)：177-182.
34.李庆来,谢康和,曾国熙.陕西秦岭海槽晚石炭世三里峡生物礁研究[J],浙江大学学报(自然科学版),1999,33(1)：90-94.
35.王治平.中国中、晚石炭世四射珊瑚组合及古生物地理[J],地质学报,1988,(4)：279-288.
36.郭胜哲.辽宁省东部及南部中晚石炭世珊瑚化石[J],中国地质科学院沈阳地质矿产研究所所刊.1987,15：99-113.
37.关长庆,巩恩普,张永利等.黔南晚石炭世造礁珊瑚Ivanovia cf. manchurica古生态特征及成礁机制探讨[J],地质论评,2006,52(2)：178-183.
38.巩恩普,张永利,关长庆等.黔南石炭纪生物礁造礁群落的基本特征[J],地质学报,2007,81(9)：1183-1194.
39. Burne R V, Moore L S. Microbialites:organosedimentary deposits of benthic microbial communities[J], Palaios,1987,2:241-254.
40.关长庆,巩恩普,张永利,孙宝亮,陈鹤,郭建华,李群.贵州南部晚石炭世一种新的生物礁类型[J].地质论评,2007,53(4)：433-439.
41. Turpaeva, E. P.,1948. Food interrelationships of dominant species in marine benthic biocoenoses, p:137-148. In:Nikitin, B. N. (ed):Transa, Inst. Oceanol., Mar. Biol. USSR Acad. Sci. Press 20. (Published in U. S. by Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci., Wash. D. C)
42.陈国华,黄良民,王汉奎等.珊瑚礁生态系统初级生产力研究进展[J],生态学报,2004,24(12)：2863-2869.
43.赵卫东,宋金明,李鹏程等.珊瑚礁生态系统的协同营养模式[J],中国科学基金,2001,(1)：32-35.
44.安晓华.珊瑚礁及其生态系统的特征[J],海洋环保,2003,(3)：19-21.
45. Longman. M. W. A process approach to recognise facies of reef complexes[J], Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Miner. Spec. Publ.1981,30:9-40.
46.关长庆.黔南晚石炭世生物礁类型及其生长发育特征[D],东北大学学位论文,2007.
47. Riding R. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J], Earth-Science Reviews,2002,58(1-2):163-231.
48. Folk R. L. Practical petrographic classification of limestones[J], Am. Assoc. Petrol Geologists Bull., 1959,43:1-38.
49. Folk R L. Spectral subdivision of limestone type[J], In:Ham W E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Mem.,1962,1:62-84.
50. Dunham R J. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture[J], In:Ham W E. (ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Mem.,1962,1:108-121.
51. Embry A F, Klovan J E. A late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, Northwest Territories[J], Can. Petrol. Geology bull.,1971,19:730-781.
52. Klement K W. Practical classification of reefs and banks, bioherms and biostromes[J], Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists Bull.,1967,51:167-168.
53. Tsien H H. Ancient reefs and reef carbonates[J], Proc.4th Intern. Coral Reef Symp.,1981,1: 601-609.
54. Tsien H H. Organisms:their ecology and function in carbonate construction[J], Palaeontographica American,1984,54:415-420.
55. Cuffey R J. Expanded reef-rock textural classification and the geologic history of bryozoan reefs[J], Geology,1985,13:307-310.
56. Insalaco E. The descriptive nomenclature and classification of growth fabrics in fossil scleractinian reefs[J], Sediment Geol.,1998,118:159-186.
57. Fan Jiasong, Righy J K. Upper Carboniferous phylloid algal mounds in southern Guizhou, China[J], Brigham Young University Geology,1994,6:27-33.
58. James N P. Structure and stratigraphy of modern and ancient reefs[J], In:Scholle P A. (ed.), Carbonate sedimentology and petrology in the collection short course in Geol., Am. Geophys. Union. Washington D C. USA.,1989,4:1-40.
59.赵焕庭.中国现代珊瑚礁研究[J],世界科技研究与发展,1998,20(4)：98-105.
60.王丽荣,赵焕庭.珊瑚礁生态系的一般特点[J],生态学杂志,2001,20(6)：41-45.
61. Dabinsky, Z. (eds). Ecosystems of the World 25. Coral Reefs[C]. Amsterdam:Elsevier Science Publishers,1990.
62.曾昭璇,梁景芬,丘世钧.中国珊瑚礁地貌研究[M],广州：广东人民出版社,1997,149-164.
61.钟晋梁,陈欣树,张乔民等.南沙群岛珊瑚礁地貌研究[M],北京：科学出版社,1999,42-43.
63. Smith S V. Coral reef area and contributions of reefs to Proeesses and resources of the world's oeean[J], Nature,1978,273(5659):225-226.
64.安晓华.中国珊瑚礁及其生态系统综合分析与研究[D],中国海洋大学学位论文,2003.
65.唐质灿,孙建章.造礁石珊瑚[J],大自然,2008,1：18-20.
66.齐文同.石珊瑚目的早期系统发育和系统分类研究[J],地球科学进展,2007,22(10)：1094-1098.
67. Cuif J P. Argument pour une relation phyletique entre les Madreporaires paleozoques et ceux du Trias Implications systmetique de l'analyse microstructural des Madreporaires triassiques [J], M eoires de la Societe Geologie de France n. s,1977.56(129):1-54.
68. Oliver Jr, W A. Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the scleractinia[J], Paleontological Society Papers,1996,1:107-134.
69. Ezaki Y. Paleontological and phylogenetic implications of a new scleractiniamorph genus from Permian sponges reefs, South China[J], Palaeontology,2000,43(2):199-217.
70. Stanley G D Jr, FautinD G.. The origins ofmodern corals[J], Science,2001,291:1913-1914.
71.赵焕庭,宋朝景,王丽荣等.雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚礁初步观察[J],海洋通报,2001,20(2)：87-90.
72.赵焕庭,王丽荣,宋朝景等.雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚岸礁的特征[J],海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(2)：35-40.
73.赵焕庭,王丽荣,宋朝景.徐闻县西部珊瑚礁的分布与保护[J],热带地理,2006,26(3)：202-206.
74.陈俊仁等.南海北部-20米古海岸线之研究[J],中国第四纪海岸线学术讨论会论文集,海洋出版社：1985：233.
75.叶维强,黎广钊,庞衍军等.北部湾涠洲岛珊瑚礁海岸及第四纪沉积特征[J],海洋科学,1988(6)：13-17.
76.王国忠,全青松,吕炳全.南海涠洲岛区现代沉积环境和沉积作用演化[J],海洋地质与第四纪地质,1991,11(1)：69-81.
77.赵焕庭,张乔民,宋朝景等.华南海岸和南海诸岛地貌与环境[M],北京：科学出版社,1999.
78.宋朝景,赵焕庭,王丽荣.华南大陆沿岸珊瑚礁的特点与分析[J],热带地理,2007,27(4)：294-299.
79. ZouR L, ZhangY L, XieY K. An encological study of reef corals around Weizhou Island[M], Beijing: China Ocean Press,1988:201-211.
80.卢伙胜,何秀玲,陈春亮等.广东徐闻西部沿岸海区“珊瑚类”的物种及其分布[J],台湾海峡,2003,22(4)：445-448.
81.蔡爱智,李星元.海南岛南岸珊瑚礁的若干特点[J],海洋与湖沼,1964,6(2)：205-218.
82.Д .B.纳鸟莫夫,颜京松,黄明显.海南岛珊瑚礁的主要类型[J],海洋与湖沼,1960,3(3)： 157-176.
83.赵焕庭,张乔民,宋朝景等.华南海岸和南海诸岛地貌与环境[M],北京：科学出版社,1999.
84.赵焕庭,温孝胜,孙宗勋,郑德延,袁家义.南沙群岛珊瑚礁自然特征[J],海洋学报,1996,18(5)：61-70.
85.赵焕庭.南沙群岛自然地理[M],北京：科学出版社,1996.
86.王国忠,吕炳全,全松青.海南岛和西沙群岛现代珊瑚礁基本沉积相带[J],石油与天然气地质,1982,3(3)：211-222.
87.莫永杰.涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁的沉积特征[J],广西科学院学报,1988,4(2)：54-59.
88.赵焕庭,宋朝景,朱袁智.南沙群岛“危险地带”腹地珊瑚礁的地貌与现代沉积特征[J],第四纪研究,1992,(4)：368-377.
89.赵美霞,余克服,张乔民.珊瑚礁区的生物多样性及其生态功能[J],生态学报,2006,26(1)：186-194.
90. Moberg F, Folke C. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems[J], Ecological Economics, 1999,29:215-233.
91. Bellwood D R, HughesTP, Folke C, et al. Confronting the coral reef crisis[J], Nature,2004,429: 827-833.
92. Yu K F, Liao W H, ZhuYZ. The biological composition in Nanyong 2th Well[J], In:The Cenozoic geology of YongShu Reef in Nansha Islands. Beijing:Scientific Press,1997.
93. Muller P G., D'Elia C F. Interactions between corals and their symbiotic algae[J], In:Birkeland C. ed. Life and death of coral reefs. NewYork:Chapmanand Hall,1997.
94. McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA. Changes in Kenya coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation[J], Hydrobiologia,1988,166:269-276.
95. Roberts C M. Effects of fishing on the ecosystem structure of coral reefs[J], Conserv Biol,1995, 9(5):988-995.
96. Sorokin Y I. Aspects of tropic relations, productivity and energy balance in reef ecosystem[J], In: Dubinsky Z. ed. Ecosystem of the world 25:Coral Reefs. Elsevier, NewYork,1990,401-410.
97. Peterson C H, Lubchenco J. On the value ofmarine ecosystemto society[J], In:Daily G C. ed. Nature's services. Society Dependent on Natural Ecosystems Island Press. NewYork,1997,114-194.
98.李淑,余克服.珊瑚礁白化研究进展[J],生态学报,2007,27(5)：2059-2069.
99. Rowan R, KnowltonN, Baker A, etal. Landscape ecology ofalgal symbionts creates variation in episodes of bleaching[J], Nature,1997,388:265-269.
100. Trench R K. The Cell Biology of Plant-Animal Symbioses[J], Ann. Rev. Plant Physiology,1979, 30:485-531.
101.宋金明,赵卫东,李鹏程,吕晓霞.南沙珊瑚礁生态系的碳循环[J],海洋与湖沼,2003,34(6)：586-592.
102.赵卫东,宋金明,李鹏程,牟晓真.珊瑚礁生态系的协同营养模式[J],中国科学基金,2001：32-35.
103.施棋,赵美霞,张乔民,王汉奎,王丽荣.海南三亚鹿回头造礁石珊瑚生长变化与人类活动的影响[J],生态学报,2007,27(9)：3316-3323.
104.赵希涛,张景文,李桂英.海南岛南岸全新世珊瑚礁的发育[J],地质科学,1983,(2)：150-159.
105.黄德银,施祺,张叶春,吕金玲.海南岛鹿回头造礁珊瑚的14C年代及珊瑚礁的发育演化[J],海洋通报,2004,23(6)：31-37.
106.王国忠.南海珊瑚礁区沉积学[M],北京：海洋出版社,2001,48-73.
107.施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民.中国全新世大暖期的气候波动与重要事件[J],中国科学(B缉),1992,(12)：1300-1308.