生物质炭催化重整热解焦油技术研究
摘要
生物质能的利用是解决能源问题的重要途径,气化技术是生物质利用的最有效的技术,气化气内焦油含量高是生物质气化技术大范围推广的技术瓶颈。生物质炭是生物质热解过程的产物,采用生物质炭作为焦油裂解催化剂具有潜在的优势。水蒸汽在高温下对焦油具有重整作用。将生物质炭催化裂解技术和水蒸汽重整技术结合起来是降低焦油含量的有效手段。
第一、本文综述了国内外关于焦油催化裂解和蒸汽重整研究的进展,主要包括各种催化剂的性能、操作条件对催化性能的影响、催化剂积炭和再生、蒸汽的重整作用和催化重整机理等,提出了采用生物质炭作为焦油的催化剂并结合焦油水蒸汽重整的技术路线。
第二、在实验室规模的实验台上,研究了焦油的催化重整性能。通过对焦油转化率、热解产物和热解气组分进行的研究可知:焦油的催化重整技术能促进可凝结相产量的降低和气相产量的增加,焦油转化率最高时可达96.1%。热解气组分的变化表现可燃成分的增加。氢气含量变化最明显,最高可以达到热解气体积的50.2%。从实验结果可知:催化裂解温度和S/C对催化性能影响较大,氮气流量的影响相对较小,催化裂解区长度和蒸汽加入方式也具有一定的影响;不同实验条件下生物质炭的微观结构也发生了变化。
第三、通过实验方法对两种生物质炭的气化性能进行了研究,包括生物质炭的气化率和气化气组分随温度的变化。实验结果表明:气化温度对炭气化率具有重要影响,随着气化温度的升高,炭气化率升高,但上升趋势不断变缓。在实验温度条件下,炭气化率最高不超过30.0%。生物质炭气化的气体产量也会随着温度的升高而增加,气化气组分也有较大变化。经过计算可知,炭气化反应的产气量一般为生物质热解总产气量的20.0%左右。
第四、在实验的基础上,对焦油催化重整反应和生物质炭气化反应的动力学进行了研究,通过回归方法得到了反应的一阶整体动力学模型,并通过模拟数据和实验数据的对比,对模型的正确性进行了验证。在此基础上,给出焦油催化重整过程的整体动力学模型,并对不同条件下的催化重整过程进行模拟。
第五、在实验和理论分析的基础上,提出了以焦油的生物质炭催化重整为基础的新型生物质气化系统,从理论上对该系统的质能平衡进行了研究,尤其探讨了此系统的炭平衡和余热利用问题。
The use of biomass energy is an important way in solving the energy problem and gasification technology is the most effective technology at present. The high tar concentration in pyrolysis gas is the bottleneck of biomass gasification technology for large-scale extension. Biomass char is a product of the pyrolysis process of biomass and can be used as catalyst in tar cracking. Steam at high temperature has the function of tar reforming. The combination of biomass char catalytic cracking technology with steam reforming technology is an effective technical means in eliminating tar.
Firstly, the progress of catalytic cracking and steam reforming of tar nowadays were reviewed, including the performances of various catalysts, the effects of operating conditions on catalytic performance, catalyst coking and regeneration, the effect of steam reforming and mechanism of catalytic reforming. On the basis, the technical route was proposed, combining biomass char catalyst technology with steam reforming technology in tar degradation.
Secondly, by laboratory-scale experiment, the catalytic reforming performances of tar were studied. And from the studies of tar conversion rate, pyrolysis products and pyrolysis gas composition, it was known that the reforming technology would promote production of condensed phase reduced and gas production increased, with maximum tar conversion rate up to 96.1%. The combustible components increased in pyrolysis gas, in which change of hydrogen content was the most significant, up to 50.2% of pyrolysis gas volume. From the results of experiments, it was known that catalytic cracking temperature and S/C had greater impact on the catalytic properties while that of nitrogen flow was relatively small. The length of catalytic cracking zone and steam addition method also had a certain effect. And under different experimental conditions, the microstructure of biomass char also changed.
Thirdly, the gasification performances of two kinds of biomass char by experiment method were studied, including conversion rate and gasification gas component with temperature. And experimental results showed that gasification temperature had important effect on the conversion rate. With the increasing of gasification temperature, carbon conversion rate increased, but the trend slowed down. In the range of experimental temperature, char conversion rate was no more than 30.0%. The gas yields of biomass char gasification increased with the increasing of temperature and gas component were also changed significantly. In addition, experimental results also indicated that gas output of char gasification was about 20.0% of general gas output.
Fourthly, on the basis of experiment, the kinetics of tar catalytic reforming and biomass char gasification were studied and the first order kinetic model was obtained by regression method. Through the comparison of simulation data and experimental data, the model was proved to be correct. So, the general kinetic model of tar catalytic reforming was proposed to simulate the tar catalytic reforming process under different conditions.
Finally, on the basis of experimental and theoretical analysis, the new biomass gasification system of combination biomass carbon catalyst and tar steam reforming was put forward. And the mass and energy balance of system were analyzed, especially the carbon balance and waste heat utilization of the system was studied.
第一、本文综述了国内外关于焦油催化裂解和蒸汽重整研究的进展,主要包括各种催化剂的性能、操作条件对催化性能的影响、催化剂积炭和再生、蒸汽的重整作用和催化重整机理等,提出了采用生物质炭作为焦油的催化剂并结合焦油水蒸汽重整的技术路线。
第二、在实验室规模的实验台上,研究了焦油的催化重整性能。通过对焦油转化率、热解产物和热解气组分进行的研究可知:焦油的催化重整技术能促进可凝结相产量的降低和气相产量的增加,焦油转化率最高时可达96.1%。热解气组分的变化表现可燃成分的增加。氢气含量变化最明显,最高可以达到热解气体积的50.2%。从实验结果可知:催化裂解温度和S/C对催化性能影响较大,氮气流量的影响相对较小,催化裂解区长度和蒸汽加入方式也具有一定的影响;不同实验条件下生物质炭的微观结构也发生了变化。
第三、通过实验方法对两种生物质炭的气化性能进行了研究,包括生物质炭的气化率和气化气组分随温度的变化。实验结果表明:气化温度对炭气化率具有重要影响,随着气化温度的升高,炭气化率升高,但上升趋势不断变缓。在实验温度条件下,炭气化率最高不超过30.0%。生物质炭气化的气体产量也会随着温度的升高而增加,气化气组分也有较大变化。经过计算可知,炭气化反应的产气量一般为生物质热解总产气量的20.0%左右。
第四、在实验的基础上,对焦油催化重整反应和生物质炭气化反应的动力学进行了研究,通过回归方法得到了反应的一阶整体动力学模型,并通过模拟数据和实验数据的对比,对模型的正确性进行了验证。在此基础上,给出焦油催化重整过程的整体动力学模型,并对不同条件下的催化重整过程进行模拟。
第五、在实验和理论分析的基础上,提出了以焦油的生物质炭催化重整为基础的新型生物质气化系统,从理论上对该系统的质能平衡进行了研究,尤其探讨了此系统的炭平衡和余热利用问题。
The use of biomass energy is an important way in solving the energy problem and gasification technology is the most effective technology at present. The high tar concentration in pyrolysis gas is the bottleneck of biomass gasification technology for large-scale extension. Biomass char is a product of the pyrolysis process of biomass and can be used as catalyst in tar cracking. Steam at high temperature has the function of tar reforming. The combination of biomass char catalytic cracking technology with steam reforming technology is an effective technical means in eliminating tar.
Firstly, the progress of catalytic cracking and steam reforming of tar nowadays were reviewed, including the performances of various catalysts, the effects of operating conditions on catalytic performance, catalyst coking and regeneration, the effect of steam reforming and mechanism of catalytic reforming. On the basis, the technical route was proposed, combining biomass char catalyst technology with steam reforming technology in tar degradation.
Secondly, by laboratory-scale experiment, the catalytic reforming performances of tar were studied. And from the studies of tar conversion rate, pyrolysis products and pyrolysis gas composition, it was known that the reforming technology would promote production of condensed phase reduced and gas production increased, with maximum tar conversion rate up to 96.1%. The combustible components increased in pyrolysis gas, in which change of hydrogen content was the most significant, up to 50.2% of pyrolysis gas volume. From the results of experiments, it was known that catalytic cracking temperature and S/C had greater impact on the catalytic properties while that of nitrogen flow was relatively small. The length of catalytic cracking zone and steam addition method also had a certain effect. And under different experimental conditions, the microstructure of biomass char also changed.
Thirdly, the gasification performances of two kinds of biomass char by experiment method were studied, including conversion rate and gasification gas component with temperature. And experimental results showed that gasification temperature had important effect on the conversion rate. With the increasing of gasification temperature, carbon conversion rate increased, but the trend slowed down. In the range of experimental temperature, char conversion rate was no more than 30.0%. The gas yields of biomass char gasification increased with the increasing of temperature and gas component were also changed significantly. In addition, experimental results also indicated that gas output of char gasification was about 20.0% of general gas output.
Fourthly, on the basis of experiment, the kinetics of tar catalytic reforming and biomass char gasification were studied and the first order kinetic model was obtained by regression method. Through the comparison of simulation data and experimental data, the model was proved to be correct. So, the general kinetic model of tar catalytic reforming was proposed to simulate the tar catalytic reforming process under different conditions.
Finally, on the basis of experimental and theoretical analysis, the new biomass gasification system of combination biomass carbon catalyst and tar steam reforming was put forward. And the mass and energy balance of system were analyzed, especially the carbon balance and waste heat utilization of the system was studied.
引文
[1] Keigo Matsumoto, Keiji Takeno, Toshimitsu Ichinose, el at.Gasification reaction kinetics on biomass char obtained as a by-product of gasification in an entrained-flow gasifier with steam and oxygen at 900-1000℃[J].Fuel, 2009, 88 (3):519-527.
[2] Rogner HH, Popescu A.An introduction to energy [M].In: Goldemberg J (Chair), eds. World energy assessment: energy and the challenge of sustainability. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2000.
[3]刘亚军.生物质焦油催化裂解实验及中热值气化技术应用研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
[4]王炎昌.生物质气化中焦油的催化转化[D].郑州:郑州大学,2005.
[5]骆仲泱,张冀强,姚向军.中国生物质能利用技术评价[R].2003.
[6] N. JPA, K. HAM, O. P.Behaviour of tar in biomass gasification systems:Tar related problems and their solutions[R].Novem Report No. 9919, Energy from Waste and Biomass (EWAB), The Netherlands, 1999.
[7] Milne T.A, Abatzoglou N, Evans R.J.Biomass Gasifiers Tars:Their Nature, Formation and Conversion[R].National Renewable Energy Laboratory , NREL/TP-570-25357, 1998.
[8]郭新生,梁益武,方梦祥等.焦油的催化裂解对燃气组成的影响[J].煤气与热力, 2005,25(8):5-10.
[9]李爱民,严建华,李水清等.城市垃圾在回转窑中热解:热解焦油特性研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2000,6(3):195-200.
[10] Berto Coll, Joan Salvado, Xavier Farriol et al.Steam reforming model compounds of biomass gasification tars: conversion at different operating conditions and tendency towards coke formation[J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 74(1):19-31.
[11]李大中,刘晓伟.生物质气化焦油脱除过程参数优化方法[J].节能技术,2008,26: 255-258.
[12] L.P.L.M RABOU.Biomass tar recycling and destruction in a CFB gasifier [J] . Fuel,2005,84(5):577-581.
[13] Claes Brage,Qizhuang Yu ,Guanxing Chen el at.Tar evolution prifiles obtained from gasification of biomass and coal[J].biomass and bioenergy,2000,18(5): 87-91.
[14] P.Hasler,Th. Nussbaumer.Gas claening for IC engine application from fixed bed biomass gasification [J]. biomass and bioenergy,1996,16(6): 385-395.
[15] Bui T, Loof R, Bhattacharya S C.Multi-stage reactor for thermal gasication of wood [J]. Energy,1994,19(4):397-404.
[16]孙云娟,蒋剑春.生物质气化过程中焦油的去除方法综述[J].生物质化学工程, 2006,40 (2): 31-34.
[17]杨海平,米铁,陈汉平.生物质气化中焦油的转化方法[J].煤气与热力,2004; 24(3), 122-126.
[18] Walawender WP, Ganesan S, Fan LT.Steam gasification of manure in fluid bed. Influence of limestone as bed additive[C]. eds. Symposium papers on Energy from Biomass and Wastes 5, Lake Buena Vista, 1981,517-527.
[19] Karlsson G,Ekstr?m C,Liinaki L.The development of a biomass IGCC process for power and heat production[C].In: Chartier Ph,eds. Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Vienna, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, 1994,1538-1549.
[20] RapagnàS, Jand N, Foscolo PU.Catalytic gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen rich gas [J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1998, 23(7):551-557.
[21] Narvàez I, Orío A, Aznar MP el at.Biomass gasification with air in an atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed: Effect of six operational variables on the quality of produced raw gas [J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1996,35(7):2110-2120.
[22] Olivares A, Aznar MP, Caballero MA el at.Biomass gasification: produced gas up grading by in-bed use of dolomite[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1997,36(7):5220-5226.
[23] Corella J, Aznar MP, Gil J el at.Biomass gasification in fluidised bed: where to locate the dolomite to improve gasification? [J].Energy and Fuels,1999,13(6):1122-1127.
[24] J. Gil, C Miguel A, M Juan A. et al.Biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed: Effect of the in-bed use of dolomite under different operation conditions [J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,1999,38 (11):4226-4235.
[25] P. Perez, P. M. Aznar,M. A. Caballero et al.Hot gas cleaning and upgrading with a calcined dolomite located downstream a biomass fluidized bed gasifier operating with steam-oxygen mixtures[J].Energy and Fuels,1997,11 (6):1194-1197.
[26] Pekka A. Simell, Elisa K, Hirvensalo et al.Steam Reforming of Gasification Gas Tar over Dolomite with Benzene as a Model Compound[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res,1999, 38(4):1250-1257.
[27] J. Corella, J. M. Toledo, R. Padilla.Olivine or dolomite as in-bed additive in biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed: Which is better? [J].Energy and Fuels, 2004, 18 (3):713-720.
[28] RapagnáS, Jand N, Kiennemann A et al.Steam gasification of biomass in a fluidised bed of olivine particles [J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 19(3):187-197.
[29] RapagnáS, Jand N, Foscolo PU.Utilisation of suitable catalyst for the gasification of biomass[C].In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL, eds. Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 1998, 1720-1723.
[30] Baker EG, Mudge LK, Brown MD.Methanol and ammonia from biomass [J]. Chemical Engineering Progress, 1984, 80(12):43-46.
[31] Yoshinori T, Yamaguchi T, Yamasaki K et al.Catalyst for steam gasification of wood to methanol synthesis gas[J].Industrial Engineering Chemistry Production Research Development, 1984, 23(2):225-229.
[32] Bilbao R, García L, Salvador ML et al.Steam gasification of biomass in a fluidized bed: Effect of a Ni–Al catalyst[C] .In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL, eds. Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 1998, 1708-1711.
[33] Baker EG, Mudge LK, Brown MD.Steam gasification of biomass with nickel secondary catalysts[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1987,26(2):1335-1339.
[34] Gebhard-Steven C, Dingneng W, Overend-Ralph P et al.Catalytic conditioning of synthesis gas produced by biomass gasification[J].Biomass and Bioenerg,1994, 7(1-6): 307-313.
[35] Arauzo J, Radlein D, Piskorz J.Catalytic pyrogasification of biomass: evaluation of modified Nickel catalysts [J]. Industrial and Enginering Chemistry Research, 1997, 36(1), 67-75.
[36] Sutton D, Kelleher B, Julian R.H.R.Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification [J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 73 (3), 155-173.
[37] Bangala-Denis N, Abatzogolou N, Esteban C.Steam reforming of naphthalene on Ni-Cr/A12O3 catalysts doped with MgO, TiO2 and La2O3[J].AICHE, 1998,44(4):927-936.
[38] Wang W, Padban N, Ye Z et al.Kinetics of ammonia decomposition in hot gas cleaning[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1999, 38(11):4175-82.
[39] Wang W, Padban N, Ye Z et al.Catalytic hot gas cleaning of fuel gas from an air-blown pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2000, 39(11):4075-4081.
[40] Mojtahedi W, Abbasian J.Catalytic decomposition of ammonia in a fuel gas at high temperature and pressure [J].Fuel, 1995, 74(11):1698-1703.
[41] Simell P, Kurkela E, St?hlberg P et al.Catalytic hot gas cleaning of gasification gas[J].Catalysis Today, 1996,27(1-2):55-62.
[42] Chembukulam SK, Dandge AS, Kovilur NL et al.Smokeless fuel from carbonized sawdust[J].Industrial Engineering Chemistry Production Research Development, 1981, 20 (4):714-719.
[43] Herguido J, Corella J, González-Saiz J.Steam gasification of lignocellulosic residues in a fluidised bed at a small pilot scale: Effect of the type of feedstock [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1992, 31(5):1274-1282.
[44] García L, Salvador ML, Arauzo J et al.Catalytic steam gasification of pine sawdust: Effect of catalyst weight/biomass flow rate and steam/biomass ratios on gas production and composition [J].Energy and Fuels, 1999, 13(4):851-859.
[45] García L, Salvador ML, Arauzo J et al.CO2 as a gasifying agent for gas production from pine sawdust at low temperature using Ni/Al coprecipitated catalyst [J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 69(2):157-174.
[46] Aznar MP, Corella J, Gil J et al.Biomass gasification with steam and oxygen mixtures at pilot scale and with catalytic gas upgrading Part I: performance of the gasifier[C].In: Bridgwater AV, Boocock DGB, eds. London, Developments in thermochemical biomass conversion, 1997,1194-1208.
[47] Gil J, Aznar MP, Caballero MA et al.Biomass gasification fluidized bed at pilot scale with steam-oxygen mixtures: Product distribution for very different operating conditions [J]. Energy and Fuels, 1997, 11(6):1109-1118.
[48] Minkova V, Marinov SP, Zanzi R et al.Thermochemical treatment of biomass in a flow of steam or in a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide[J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 62(6):45-52.
[49] García L, Salvador ML, Arauzo A et al.CO2 gasification of pine sawdust: Effect of a coprecipitated Ni–Al catalyst[C].In: Kyritsis S, Beenackers AACM, Helm P, Grassi A, Chiaramonti D, eds. Seville, Proceedings of the First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 2000, 1677-1680.
[50] BridgwaterA V.Catalysis in thermal biomass conversion[J].Applied Catalysis, 1994,116 (1):5-47.
[51] Furusawa T, Tsutsumi A.Comparison of Co/MgO and Ni/MgO catalysts for the steam reforming of naphthalene as a model compound of tar derived from biomass gasification[J].Appl Catal A:General, 2005, 278(2):207-212.
[52] Jumluck Srinakruang, Kazuhiro Sato, Tharapong Vitidsant et al.A highly efficient catalyst for tar gasification with steam [J]. Catalysis Communications, 2005, 6(6): 437-440.
[53] Tomishige K, Miyazawa T, Kimura T et al. Novel catalyst with high resistance to sulfur for hot gas cleaning at low temperature by partial oxidation of tar derived from biomass [J].Catal Commun, 2005, 6(1):37-40.
[54] Zhang R, Wang Y, Brown RC.Steam reforming of tar compounds over Ni/olivine catalysts doped with CeO2[J]. Energy Convers Manage, 2007, 48(1):68-77.
[55] Tomohisa Miyazawa, Takeo Kimura, Jin Nishikawa et al.Catalytic performance of supported Ni catalysts in partial oxidation and steam reforming of tar derived from the pyrolysis of wood biomass[J].Catalysis Today, 2006, 115 (1-4) :254-262.
[56] Nishikawa J, Miyazawa T, Nakamura K et al.Promoting effect of Pt addition to Ni/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst for steam gasification of biomass[J].Catal Commun, 2008, 9 (2):195-201.
[57] Bona S, Guillén P, Alcalde JG, et al.Toluene steam reforming using coprecipitated Ni/Al catalysts modified with lanthanum or cobalt [J].Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 137(3):587-597.
[58] Baofeng Zhao, Xiaodong Zhang, Lei Chen et al.Steam reforming of toluene as model compound of biomass pyrolysis tar for hydrogen[J].biomass and bioenergy, 2010, 34 (1):140-144.
[59] Hun Ju Park, Sung Hoon Park, Jung Min Sohn et al.Steam reforming of biomass gasification tar using benzene as a model compound over various Ni supported metal oxide catalysts [J].Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101:S101-S103.
[60] Philipp Kolbitsch, Christoph Pfeifer, Hermann Hofbauer.Catalytic steam reforming of model biogas[J].Fuel, 2008, 87 (6):701-706.
[61] Z.Abu El-Rub,E.A. Bramer,G.Brem.Review of Catalysts for Tar Elimination in Biomass Gasification Processes [J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res,2004, 43(22):6911-6919.
[62]杨修春,韦亚南,李伟捷.焦油裂解用催化剂的研究进展[J].化工进展,2007, 26(3):326-331.
[63]周志军,赖开忠,周俊虎等.气化过程中焦油催化裂解的影响因素研究[J].热力发电,2005,34(11):26-31.
[64]段华超,李增喜,刘源.生物质裂解气中焦油转化催化剂的研究现状[J].工业催化,2003,11(12):1-6.
[65]韩璞,李大中,刘晓伟.生物质气化发电燃气焦油脱除方法的探讨[J].可再生能源,2008,26(l):40-45.
[66]吴创之,阴秀丽,刘平等.生物焦油裂解的技术关键[J].新能源,1998,20(7):1-5.
[67]王磊,吴创之,陈平等.生物质气化焦油在高温木炭床上的裂解试验研究[J] .可再生能源,2005(5):30-34.
[68]周劲松,王铁柱,骆仲泱,张晓东等.生物质焦油的催化裂解研究[J].燃料化学学报,2003,31(2):144-148.
[69]王铁军,常杰,吴创之等.生物质焦油裂解催化剂制备及其催化裂解性能[J] .煤炭转化,2003,26(1):89-93.
[70]豆斌林,任建兴.生物质气化发电过程中焦油蒸汽催化裂解的研究[J].上海电力学院学报,2006,22(3):233-238.
[71]王铁军,常杰,吴创之等.生物质气化焦油催化裂解特性[J].太阳能学报, 2003,24(3):376-379.
[72]侯斌,吕子安,李晓辉等.生物质热解产物中焦油的催化裂解[J].燃料化学学报,2001,29(1):70-75.
[73]骆仲泱,张晓东,周劲松等.生物质热解焦油的热裂解与催化裂解[J].高校化学工程学报,2004,18(2):163-167.
[74]周劲松,刘亚军,骆仲泱等.酸性、碱性催化剂对生物质焦油催化裂解影响分析[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(7):1047-1051.
[75]谢威,郭瓦力,周世贤等.生物质焦油在氧化钙上的催化裂解研究[J].沈阳化工学院学报,2009,14(3):205-208.
[76]张晓东,周劲松,骆仲泱等.催化裂解生物质焦油成分变化[J].燃料化学学报,2005,33(5):582-585.
[77]张晓东,骆仲泱,周劲松等.焦油催化裂化催化剂积碳失活的实验研究[J].燃料化学学报,2004,32(5):342-346.
[78]王磊,吴创之,赵增立.热解焦对生物质焦油催化裂解的影响[J].太阳能学报,2006,27(5):514-518.
[79]陈鸿伟,王晋权,庞永梅等.玉米秸秆催化热解试验研究[J].2007,25(5):19-22.
[80]于建华,袁红艳,徐绍平等.Ni-Fe/坡缕石催化水蒸气重整杏核热解焦油制氢[J].西安交通大学学报,2008,42(8):1049-1053.
[81]徐鑫,陈雷,张晓东等.生物质焦油模型化合物催化转化实验研究[J].燃料化学学报,2009,37(2):248-251.
[82] Johannes Rath, Gernot Staudinger.Cracking reactions of tar from pyrolysis of spruce wood [J].Fuel, 2001, 80(10):1379-1389.
[83]王婷婷.天然气蒸汽重整试验系统设计及PEMFC燃料电池试验研究[D].南京:东南大学,2006.
[84]杨景标,郑炯,邱燕飞等.煤焦水蒸气催化气化动力学分析[J].节能,2009,28(6):22-25.
[85]杨小风,周静,龚欣等.煤焦水蒸气气化特性及动力学研究[J].煤炭转化,2003,26(4):46-50.
[86]王明峰.板栗壳和锯末干馏热解特性研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007.
[87]张瑜.生物质裂解半焦气化实验研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2008.
[88]卢春兰,徐绍平,邓晓龙等.生物质热解半焦炭的反应性研究[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25(3):16-20.
[89]董跃、张永发、张国杰等.CH4-CO2重整反应过程中炭催化剂失重特性研究[J].化学反应工程与工艺,2009,25(1):36-40.
[90] Keigo Matsumoto, Keiji Takeno, Toshimitsu Ichinose et al.Gasification reaction kinetics on biomass char obtained as a by-product of gasification in an entrained-flow gasifier with steam and oxygen at 900-1000℃[J].Fuel,2009,88 (3):519-527.
[91] Fagbemi L, Khezami L, Capart R, Pyrolysis products from different biomasses:applicatlon to the thermal cracking of tar[J].Applied Energy, 2001,69(4):293-306.
[92]陈冠益,方梦祥,J.Andriesl等.生物质热解制煤气的动力学研究[J].太阳能学报,2003,24(3):380-385.
[93] Pekka A S, Jukka K L, Bredenberg J B.Catalytic purification of tarry fuel gas with carbonate rocks and ferrous materials[J].Fuel, 1992, 71(2):211-218.
[94]阎维平,陈吟颖.生物质混合物与褐煤共热解特性的试验研究[J].动力工程, 2006,26(6):865-871.
[95] Bazardorj Bayarsaikhan, Jun-ichiro Hayashi, Taihei Shimada et al.Kinetics of steam gasification of nascent char from rapid pyrolysis of a Victorian brown coal[J].Fuel, 2005, 84 (12-13):1612-1621.
[96]胡冠,徐绍平,刘淑琴.生物质催化气化制氢催化剂研究进展[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25 (B10):161-164.
[97]孟光范,赵保峰,张晓东等.生物质二次裂解制取氢气的研究[J].太阳能学报,2009,30(6),837-841.
[98]罗思义,肖波,郭献军.城市生活垃圾水蒸气催化热解的实验研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(8):43-47.
[99]郭秀兰,黄鹤,周强等.生物质焦油裂解催化剂研究进展[J].可再生能源,2004(1):9-13.
[100] Fonseca A, Assaf E M.Production of the hydrogen by methane steam reforming over nickel catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite precursors[J].Journal of Power Sources,2005,142(1-2):154-159.
[101] Kinoshita C.M,Wang Y,Zhou J.Tar Formation Under Different Biomass Gasification Conditions[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1994,29(2): 169-181.
[102] Simell P A, HirvensaloE K.Steam Reforming of Gasification Gas Tar over Dolomite with Benzene as a Model Compoud[J].Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,1999,38(4):1250-1257.
[103] L. Garcia,M.L. Salvador,J. Arauzo et al.CO2 as a gasifying agent for gas production from pine sawdust at low temperatures using a Ni/Al coprecipitated catalyst [J].Fuel,Processing Technology,2001,69(2):157-174.
[104]黄艳琴,阴秀丽,吴创之等.稻秆半焦与CO2气化反应特性的研究[J].燃料化学学报,2009,37(3):289-295.
[105] M.Eneinar,Juan F.Gonzaíez,JJ Rodríguez et al.Catalysed and uncatalysed steam gasifieation of eucalyptus char influence of variables and kinetie study[J].Fuel,2001,80(14):2025-2036.
[106] H Haykiri-Acma, S Yaman, S Kucukbayrak.Gasification of biomass chars in steam-nitrogen mixture[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(7-8): 1004-1013.
[107] Yasushi Sekine, Kiyohiro Ishikawa, Eiichi Kikuchi et al.Reactivity and structural change of coal char during steam gasifieation[J].Fuel,2006,85(2):122-126.
[108] Chen G,Yu Q,Sjoestroem K.Reactivity of char from pyrolysis of birch wood[J].J Anal Appl Pyrolysis,1997,40(41):491-499.
[109] E. Cetin,B. Moghtaderi,R. Gupta et al.Influence of pyrolysis conditions on the structure and gasification reactivity of biomass chars [J] .Fuel,2004,83(16):2139-2150.
[110]张瑜,邹志祥,闵凡飞等.生物质半焦CO2气化反应活性的实验研究[J].煤炭转化,2008,33(5):579-582.
[111]赵辉,周劲松,曹小伟等.生物质半焦高温水蒸汽气化反应动力学的研究[J] .动力工程,2008,28(3):453-458.
[112]曹小伟.生物质气流床气化特性及半焦气化动力学研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2007.
[113] Wen-Yang Wen,Edward Cain.Catalytic pyrolysis of coal tar in a fixed bed reactor [J].Ind.Eng.Chem. Proeess Des.Dev,1984,23:627-637.
[114] Alberto Orio,Jose Corella,Ian Narvaez.Performance of difference dolomites on hot raw gas cleaning from biomass gasification with air [J].Ind. Eng. Ch. Res,1997,36(9):3800-3808.
[115] Deigado J.,Aznar M.P.,Corella J. Biomass gasification with steam in fluidized bed:effectiveness of CaO,MgO and CaO-MgO for hot raw gas cleaning [J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1997,36(5):1535-1543.
[116] Ian Narváez,JoséCorella,Alberto Orío.Fresh Tar (from a Biomass Gasifier) Elimination over a Commercial Steam-Reforming Catalyst: Kinetics and Effect of Different Variables of Operation[J].Ind.Eng.ChemRes,1997,36(2):317-327.
[117] Miguel A.Caballero,Maria P. Aznar,Javier Gil et al.Commercial steam reforming catalysts to improve biomass gasification with steam-oxygen mixture.1:Hot gas upgrading by the catalytic reactor [J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res,1997,36(12):5227-5239.
[118] LidenA.G,Berruti F.,Scott D.S.A kinetic model for the production of liquids from the flash pyrolysis of biomass[J].Chem.Eng.Comm,1988,65(1):207-221.
[119] Lede J.The cyclone: a multifunctional reactor for the fast pyrolysis of biomass [J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2000,39(4):893-903.
[120] J.Rath,G Steiner,M.G. Wolfinger et al.Tar cracking from fast pyrolysis of large beech wood particles [J].Journal of Analytieal And Applied Pyrolysis,2002,62(1):83-92.
[121] J. Corella, J.M. Toledo, M.P. Aznar.Improving the modeling of the kinetics of the catalytic tar elimination in biomass gasification[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res,2002,41(14):3351-3356.
[122] Sang Jun Yoon, Young-Chan Choi, Jae-Goo Lee.Hydrogen production from biomass tar by catalytic steam reforming[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2010, 51 (1):42-47.
[123] Dariusz Swierczynski, Claire Courson, Alain Kiennemann.Study of steam reforming of toluene used as model compound of tar produced by biomass gasification[J].Chemical Engineering and Processing,2008,47 (3):508-513.
[124]王铁柱.生物质焦油催化裂解实验研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2003.
[125]刘亚军.生物质焦油催化裂解实验及中热值气化技术研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2004.
[126]吕鹏梅,常杰,吴创之等.生物质快速催化裂解的反应动力学[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(5):647-653.
[127] Zhao H, Draelants DJ, Baron GV.Performance of a nickel-activated candle filter for naphthalene cracking in synthetic biomass gasification gas[J].Ind Eng Chem Res, 2000, 39(9):3195-201.
[128] Chunshan Li, Daisuke Hirabayashi, Kenzi Suzuki.Development of new nickel based catalyst for biomass tar steam reforming producing H2-rich syngas[J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90 (6): 790-796.
[129] T.Yamaguchi, K.Yamasaki, O. Yoshida et al.Deactivation and regeneration of catalyst for steam gasification of wood to methanol synthesis gas[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev,1986,25 (2):239-243.
[130] Philipp Morf,Philipp Hasler,Thomas Nussbaumer.Mechanisms and kinetics of homogeneous secondary reactions of tar from continuous pyrolysis of wood chips[J].Fuel,2002,81(7):843-853.
[131]张晓东.生物质热解气化及热解焦油催化裂解机理研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2003.
[132]韦杰,董长青,杨勇平.生物质气化气中焦油催化裂解模型[J].可再生能源, 2007, 25(5):35-39.
[133] D.?wierczyński, S. Libs, C. Courson et al.Steam reforming of tar from a biomass gasification process over Ni/olivine catalyst using toluene as a model compound[J].Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2007, 74(3-4):211-222.
[134]王鹏,文芳,步学朋等.煤焦与CO2及水蒸气气化反应的研究[J].煤气与热力,2005,25(3):1-6.
[135] Miehiel J.Croeneveld,W.RM Van Swaaij.Gasification of Char Particles with CO2 and H2O[J].Chemical Engineering Seienee,1980,35: 307-313.
[136] Nicholas Standish, Ahmad Fuad Azmi Tanjung. Gasification of single wood charcoal particles in CO2 [J] . Fuel, 1988, 67(5):666-672.
[137] T Kojima, P Assavadakorn, T Furusawa, Measurement and evaluation of gasification kinetics of sawdust char with steam in an experimental fluidized bed[J].Fuel processing Technology, 1993, 36(1-3): 201-207.
[138] S. Dasappa, P.J. Paul, H.S. Mukunda et al.The gasification of wood-char spheres in CO2-N2 mixtures: analysis and experiments [J].Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, 49(2):223-232.
[139] Ashish Bhat, J. V. Ram Bheemarasetti, T. Rajeswara Rao.Kinetics of rice husk char gasification.Energy Conversion and Management, 2001, 42(18): 2061-2069
[140] Siddhartha Gaurab; T. R. Raoa; T. B. Reedab et al.Kinetics of corncob char gasification in carbon dioxide[J].Petroleum Science and Technology, 1992, 10 (9):1461-1499.
[141] F. Marquez-Montesinosa, T. Corderob, J. Rodr?g?uez-Mirasolb et al.CO2 and steam gasification of agrapefruit skin char [J].Fuel, 2002, 81(4): 423-429.
[142] M Barrio, B Gobel, H Risnes et al.Steam gasification of wood char and the effect of hydrogen inhibition on the chemical kinetics[R].Norwrgian University of Scieneeand Technology, 2004.
[143]米铁,陈汉平,唐汝江等.生物质半焦气化的反应动力学[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(6):766-781.
[144]李爱民,刘连芳,李润东.生物质热解半焦产率及特性的实验研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):214-216.
[145] I.Matsui, D Kunii, T Furusawa.Study of ehar gasifieation by carbon dioxide.1. Kinetie study by thermo gravimetric analysis [J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Researeh, 1987, 26 (1):91-95.
[146]周静,周志杰,龚欣等.煤焦二氧化碳气化动力学模型研究[J].煤炭转化,2002,25(4):66-69.
[147]钟雪晴,林驹.福建无烟粉煤和纸浆黑液水蒸气催化气化动力学研究[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):931-935.
[148]杨景标,蔡宁生,李振山.几种金属催化褐煤焦水蒸气气化的实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(26):7-12.
[149] Miura K, Aimi M, Naito T et al.Steam gasification of carbon: Effect of several metals on the rate of gasification and the rates of CO and CO2 formation[J].Fuel, 1986, 65(3):407-411.
[150]向银花,王洋,张建民等.部分气化焦的水蒸气气化动力学[J].化工学报,54(3), 2003,368-375.
[151] Tae-Wahn Kwon,Sang D. Kim,David P.C. Fung.Reaction kinetics of char—CO2 gasification [J].Fuel, 1988, 67(4):530-535.
[152] Kazuteru Osafune, Harry Marshb.Gasification kinetics of coal chars in carbon dioxide[J].Fuel, 1988, 67(3):384-388.
[153] Li Shufen,Sun Ruizheng.Kinetic studies of a lignite char pressurized gasification with CO2, H2 and steam [J]. Fuel, March 1994, 73(3):413-416.
[154] S.C. Bhattacharya, A. H. Md. Mizanur Rahman Siddique, Hoang-Luong Pham . A study on wood gasification for low-tar gas production[J].Energy, 1999, 24(4):285-296.
[155] Henriksen U, Christensen O. Gasification of straw in a two-stage 50 kW gasifer [C].In: Chartier PH, eds. Vienna, Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, 1994:1568-1578.
[156] Ulrik Henriksena, Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Torben Kvist Jensen et al.The design, construction and operation of a 75 kW two-stage gasifier[J].Energy,2006,31(10-11):1542-1553.
[157] Brandt P, Larsen E, Henriksen U.High tar reduction in a two-stage gasifier[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2000, 14(4):816-819.
[158] Susanto H, Beenackers AACM.A moving-bed gasifier with internal recycle of pyrolysis gas [J].Fuel, 1996, 75(11):1334-139.
[159] Zschetzche A, Hofbauer H, Schmidt A.Biomass gasification in an internal circulating fuidised bed[C].In: Chartier Ph, eds. Vienna, Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, 1994:1771-1777.
[160] Fercher E, Hofbauer H, Fleck T et al.Two years experience with the FICFB-gasification process[C].In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL, eds. Wurzburg, Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 1998, 280-283.
[161] AMCunliffe, PTWalliams.Infiuenee of Proeess Condition on the Rate of Aetivation of Chars Derived from Pyrolysis of Used Tires[J].EnergyFuels, 1999,13(1):166-175.
[162]李水清,姚强,陈超等.固体废物拟稳态连续式热解过程的质能平衡[J].工程热物理学报,2007,28(1):153-156. [163 Sehmidt H,Kaminsky W.Pyrolysis of Oil Sludge in a Fluidized Bed Reaetor[J]. Chemosphere,2001,45(3):285-290.
[164] You Zhanping, You Shijun, Li Xianli et al.Biogas power plants waste heat utilization researches[C].eds. Wuhan, 2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2478-2481.
[165] Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Ulrik Henriksen, Torben K. Jensen et al.Validation of a Continuous Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Operation of a Two-Stage Biomass Gasifier[J].Energy Fuels, 2006, 20 (6):2672-2680.
[2] Rogner HH, Popescu A.An introduction to energy [M].In: Goldemberg J (Chair), eds. World energy assessment: energy and the challenge of sustainability. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2000.
[3]刘亚军.生物质焦油催化裂解实验及中热值气化技术应用研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
[4]王炎昌.生物质气化中焦油的催化转化[D].郑州:郑州大学,2005.
[5]骆仲泱,张冀强,姚向军.中国生物质能利用技术评价[R].2003.
[6] N. JPA, K. HAM, O. P.Behaviour of tar in biomass gasification systems:Tar related problems and their solutions[R].Novem Report No. 9919, Energy from Waste and Biomass (EWAB), The Netherlands, 1999.
[7] Milne T.A, Abatzoglou N, Evans R.J.Biomass Gasifiers Tars:Their Nature, Formation and Conversion[R].National Renewable Energy Laboratory , NREL/TP-570-25357, 1998.
[8]郭新生,梁益武,方梦祥等.焦油的催化裂解对燃气组成的影响[J].煤气与热力, 2005,25(8):5-10.
[9]李爱民,严建华,李水清等.城市垃圾在回转窑中热解:热解焦油特性研究[J].燃烧科学与技术,2000,6(3):195-200.
[10] Berto Coll, Joan Salvado, Xavier Farriol et al.Steam reforming model compounds of biomass gasification tars: conversion at different operating conditions and tendency towards coke formation[J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 74(1):19-31.
[11]李大中,刘晓伟.生物质气化焦油脱除过程参数优化方法[J].节能技术,2008,26: 255-258.
[12] L.P.L.M RABOU.Biomass tar recycling and destruction in a CFB gasifier [J] . Fuel,2005,84(5):577-581.
[13] Claes Brage,Qizhuang Yu ,Guanxing Chen el at.Tar evolution prifiles obtained from gasification of biomass and coal[J].biomass and bioenergy,2000,18(5): 87-91.
[14] P.Hasler,Th. Nussbaumer.Gas claening for IC engine application from fixed bed biomass gasification [J]. biomass and bioenergy,1996,16(6): 385-395.
[15] Bui T, Loof R, Bhattacharya S C.Multi-stage reactor for thermal gasication of wood [J]. Energy,1994,19(4):397-404.
[16]孙云娟,蒋剑春.生物质气化过程中焦油的去除方法综述[J].生物质化学工程, 2006,40 (2): 31-34.
[17]杨海平,米铁,陈汉平.生物质气化中焦油的转化方法[J].煤气与热力,2004; 24(3), 122-126.
[18] Walawender WP, Ganesan S, Fan LT.Steam gasification of manure in fluid bed. Influence of limestone as bed additive[C]. eds. Symposium papers on Energy from Biomass and Wastes 5, Lake Buena Vista, 1981,517-527.
[19] Karlsson G,Ekstr?m C,Liinaki L.The development of a biomass IGCC process for power and heat production[C].In: Chartier Ph,eds. Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Vienna, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, 1994,1538-1549.
[20] RapagnàS, Jand N, Foscolo PU.Catalytic gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen rich gas [J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1998, 23(7):551-557.
[21] Narvàez I, Orío A, Aznar MP el at.Biomass gasification with air in an atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed: Effect of six operational variables on the quality of produced raw gas [J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1996,35(7):2110-2120.
[22] Olivares A, Aznar MP, Caballero MA el at.Biomass gasification: produced gas up grading by in-bed use of dolomite[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1997,36(7):5220-5226.
[23] Corella J, Aznar MP, Gil J el at.Biomass gasification in fluidised bed: where to locate the dolomite to improve gasification? [J].Energy and Fuels,1999,13(6):1122-1127.
[24] J. Gil, C Miguel A, M Juan A. et al.Biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed: Effect of the in-bed use of dolomite under different operation conditions [J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,1999,38 (11):4226-4235.
[25] P. Perez, P. M. Aznar,M. A. Caballero et al.Hot gas cleaning and upgrading with a calcined dolomite located downstream a biomass fluidized bed gasifier operating with steam-oxygen mixtures[J].Energy and Fuels,1997,11 (6):1194-1197.
[26] Pekka A. Simell, Elisa K, Hirvensalo et al.Steam Reforming of Gasification Gas Tar over Dolomite with Benzene as a Model Compound[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res,1999, 38(4):1250-1257.
[27] J. Corella, J. M. Toledo, R. Padilla.Olivine or dolomite as in-bed additive in biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed: Which is better? [J].Energy and Fuels, 2004, 18 (3):713-720.
[28] RapagnáS, Jand N, Kiennemann A et al.Steam gasification of biomass in a fluidised bed of olivine particles [J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 19(3):187-197.
[29] RapagnáS, Jand N, Foscolo PU.Utilisation of suitable catalyst for the gasification of biomass[C].In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL, eds. Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 1998, 1720-1723.
[30] Baker EG, Mudge LK, Brown MD.Methanol and ammonia from biomass [J]. Chemical Engineering Progress, 1984, 80(12):43-46.
[31] Yoshinori T, Yamaguchi T, Yamasaki K et al.Catalyst for steam gasification of wood to methanol synthesis gas[J].Industrial Engineering Chemistry Production Research Development, 1984, 23(2):225-229.
[32] Bilbao R, García L, Salvador ML et al.Steam gasification of biomass in a fluidized bed: Effect of a Ni–Al catalyst[C] .In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL, eds. Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 1998, 1708-1711.
[33] Baker EG, Mudge LK, Brown MD.Steam gasification of biomass with nickel secondary catalysts[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1987,26(2):1335-1339.
[34] Gebhard-Steven C, Dingneng W, Overend-Ralph P et al.Catalytic conditioning of synthesis gas produced by biomass gasification[J].Biomass and Bioenerg,1994, 7(1-6): 307-313.
[35] Arauzo J, Radlein D, Piskorz J.Catalytic pyrogasification of biomass: evaluation of modified Nickel catalysts [J]. Industrial and Enginering Chemistry Research, 1997, 36(1), 67-75.
[36] Sutton D, Kelleher B, Julian R.H.R.Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification [J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 73 (3), 155-173.
[37] Bangala-Denis N, Abatzogolou N, Esteban C.Steam reforming of naphthalene on Ni-Cr/A12O3 catalysts doped with MgO, TiO2 and La2O3[J].AICHE, 1998,44(4):927-936.
[38] Wang W, Padban N, Ye Z et al.Kinetics of ammonia decomposition in hot gas cleaning[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1999, 38(11):4175-82.
[39] Wang W, Padban N, Ye Z et al.Catalytic hot gas cleaning of fuel gas from an air-blown pressurized fluidized-bed gasifier[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2000, 39(11):4075-4081.
[40] Mojtahedi W, Abbasian J.Catalytic decomposition of ammonia in a fuel gas at high temperature and pressure [J].Fuel, 1995, 74(11):1698-1703.
[41] Simell P, Kurkela E, St?hlberg P et al.Catalytic hot gas cleaning of gasification gas[J].Catalysis Today, 1996,27(1-2):55-62.
[42] Chembukulam SK, Dandge AS, Kovilur NL et al.Smokeless fuel from carbonized sawdust[J].Industrial Engineering Chemistry Production Research Development, 1981, 20 (4):714-719.
[43] Herguido J, Corella J, González-Saiz J.Steam gasification of lignocellulosic residues in a fluidised bed at a small pilot scale: Effect of the type of feedstock [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1992, 31(5):1274-1282.
[44] García L, Salvador ML, Arauzo J et al.Catalytic steam gasification of pine sawdust: Effect of catalyst weight/biomass flow rate and steam/biomass ratios on gas production and composition [J].Energy and Fuels, 1999, 13(4):851-859.
[45] García L, Salvador ML, Arauzo J et al.CO2 as a gasifying agent for gas production from pine sawdust at low temperature using Ni/Al coprecipitated catalyst [J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 69(2):157-174.
[46] Aznar MP, Corella J, Gil J et al.Biomass gasification with steam and oxygen mixtures at pilot scale and with catalytic gas upgrading Part I: performance of the gasifier[C].In: Bridgwater AV, Boocock DGB, eds. London, Developments in thermochemical biomass conversion, 1997,1194-1208.
[47] Gil J, Aznar MP, Caballero MA et al.Biomass gasification fluidized bed at pilot scale with steam-oxygen mixtures: Product distribution for very different operating conditions [J]. Energy and Fuels, 1997, 11(6):1109-1118.
[48] Minkova V, Marinov SP, Zanzi R et al.Thermochemical treatment of biomass in a flow of steam or in a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide[J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 62(6):45-52.
[49] García L, Salvador ML, Arauzo A et al.CO2 gasification of pine sawdust: Effect of a coprecipitated Ni–Al catalyst[C].In: Kyritsis S, Beenackers AACM, Helm P, Grassi A, Chiaramonti D, eds. Seville, Proceedings of the First World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 2000, 1677-1680.
[50] BridgwaterA V.Catalysis in thermal biomass conversion[J].Applied Catalysis, 1994,116 (1):5-47.
[51] Furusawa T, Tsutsumi A.Comparison of Co/MgO and Ni/MgO catalysts for the steam reforming of naphthalene as a model compound of tar derived from biomass gasification[J].Appl Catal A:General, 2005, 278(2):207-212.
[52] Jumluck Srinakruang, Kazuhiro Sato, Tharapong Vitidsant et al.A highly efficient catalyst for tar gasification with steam [J]. Catalysis Communications, 2005, 6(6): 437-440.
[53] Tomishige K, Miyazawa T, Kimura T et al. Novel catalyst with high resistance to sulfur for hot gas cleaning at low temperature by partial oxidation of tar derived from biomass [J].Catal Commun, 2005, 6(1):37-40.
[54] Zhang R, Wang Y, Brown RC.Steam reforming of tar compounds over Ni/olivine catalysts doped with CeO2[J]. Energy Convers Manage, 2007, 48(1):68-77.
[55] Tomohisa Miyazawa, Takeo Kimura, Jin Nishikawa et al.Catalytic performance of supported Ni catalysts in partial oxidation and steam reforming of tar derived from the pyrolysis of wood biomass[J].Catalysis Today, 2006, 115 (1-4) :254-262.
[56] Nishikawa J, Miyazawa T, Nakamura K et al.Promoting effect of Pt addition to Ni/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst for steam gasification of biomass[J].Catal Commun, 2008, 9 (2):195-201.
[57] Bona S, Guillén P, Alcalde JG, et al.Toluene steam reforming using coprecipitated Ni/Al catalysts modified with lanthanum or cobalt [J].Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 137(3):587-597.
[58] Baofeng Zhao, Xiaodong Zhang, Lei Chen et al.Steam reforming of toluene as model compound of biomass pyrolysis tar for hydrogen[J].biomass and bioenergy, 2010, 34 (1):140-144.
[59] Hun Ju Park, Sung Hoon Park, Jung Min Sohn et al.Steam reforming of biomass gasification tar using benzene as a model compound over various Ni supported metal oxide catalysts [J].Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101:S101-S103.
[60] Philipp Kolbitsch, Christoph Pfeifer, Hermann Hofbauer.Catalytic steam reforming of model biogas[J].Fuel, 2008, 87 (6):701-706.
[61] Z.Abu El-Rub,E.A. Bramer,G.Brem.Review of Catalysts for Tar Elimination in Biomass Gasification Processes [J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res,2004, 43(22):6911-6919.
[62]杨修春,韦亚南,李伟捷.焦油裂解用催化剂的研究进展[J].化工进展,2007, 26(3):326-331.
[63]周志军,赖开忠,周俊虎等.气化过程中焦油催化裂解的影响因素研究[J].热力发电,2005,34(11):26-31.
[64]段华超,李增喜,刘源.生物质裂解气中焦油转化催化剂的研究现状[J].工业催化,2003,11(12):1-6.
[65]韩璞,李大中,刘晓伟.生物质气化发电燃气焦油脱除方法的探讨[J].可再生能源,2008,26(l):40-45.
[66]吴创之,阴秀丽,刘平等.生物焦油裂解的技术关键[J].新能源,1998,20(7):1-5.
[67]王磊,吴创之,陈平等.生物质气化焦油在高温木炭床上的裂解试验研究[J] .可再生能源,2005(5):30-34.
[68]周劲松,王铁柱,骆仲泱,张晓东等.生物质焦油的催化裂解研究[J].燃料化学学报,2003,31(2):144-148.
[69]王铁军,常杰,吴创之等.生物质焦油裂解催化剂制备及其催化裂解性能[J] .煤炭转化,2003,26(1):89-93.
[70]豆斌林,任建兴.生物质气化发电过程中焦油蒸汽催化裂解的研究[J].上海电力学院学报,2006,22(3):233-238.
[71]王铁军,常杰,吴创之等.生物质气化焦油催化裂解特性[J].太阳能学报, 2003,24(3):376-379.
[72]侯斌,吕子安,李晓辉等.生物质热解产物中焦油的催化裂解[J].燃料化学学报,2001,29(1):70-75.
[73]骆仲泱,张晓东,周劲松等.生物质热解焦油的热裂解与催化裂解[J].高校化学工程学报,2004,18(2):163-167.
[74]周劲松,刘亚军,骆仲泱等.酸性、碱性催化剂对生物质焦油催化裂解影响分析[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(7):1047-1051.
[75]谢威,郭瓦力,周世贤等.生物质焦油在氧化钙上的催化裂解研究[J].沈阳化工学院学报,2009,14(3):205-208.
[76]张晓东,周劲松,骆仲泱等.催化裂解生物质焦油成分变化[J].燃料化学学报,2005,33(5):582-585.
[77]张晓东,骆仲泱,周劲松等.焦油催化裂化催化剂积碳失活的实验研究[J].燃料化学学报,2004,32(5):342-346.
[78]王磊,吴创之,赵增立.热解焦对生物质焦油催化裂解的影响[J].太阳能学报,2006,27(5):514-518.
[79]陈鸿伟,王晋权,庞永梅等.玉米秸秆催化热解试验研究[J].2007,25(5):19-22.
[80]于建华,袁红艳,徐绍平等.Ni-Fe/坡缕石催化水蒸气重整杏核热解焦油制氢[J].西安交通大学学报,2008,42(8):1049-1053.
[81]徐鑫,陈雷,张晓东等.生物质焦油模型化合物催化转化实验研究[J].燃料化学学报,2009,37(2):248-251.
[82] Johannes Rath, Gernot Staudinger.Cracking reactions of tar from pyrolysis of spruce wood [J].Fuel, 2001, 80(10):1379-1389.
[83]王婷婷.天然气蒸汽重整试验系统设计及PEMFC燃料电池试验研究[D].南京:东南大学,2006.
[84]杨景标,郑炯,邱燕飞等.煤焦水蒸气催化气化动力学分析[J].节能,2009,28(6):22-25.
[85]杨小风,周静,龚欣等.煤焦水蒸气气化特性及动力学研究[J].煤炭转化,2003,26(4):46-50.
[86]王明峰.板栗壳和锯末干馏热解特性研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007.
[87]张瑜.生物质裂解半焦气化实验研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2008.
[88]卢春兰,徐绍平,邓晓龙等.生物质热解半焦炭的反应性研究[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25(3):16-20.
[89]董跃、张永发、张国杰等.CH4-CO2重整反应过程中炭催化剂失重特性研究[J].化学反应工程与工艺,2009,25(1):36-40.
[90] Keigo Matsumoto, Keiji Takeno, Toshimitsu Ichinose et al.Gasification reaction kinetics on biomass char obtained as a by-product of gasification in an entrained-flow gasifier with steam and oxygen at 900-1000℃[J].Fuel,2009,88 (3):519-527.
[91] Fagbemi L, Khezami L, Capart R, Pyrolysis products from different biomasses:applicatlon to the thermal cracking of tar[J].Applied Energy, 2001,69(4):293-306.
[92]陈冠益,方梦祥,J.Andriesl等.生物质热解制煤气的动力学研究[J].太阳能学报,2003,24(3):380-385.
[93] Pekka A S, Jukka K L, Bredenberg J B.Catalytic purification of tarry fuel gas with carbonate rocks and ferrous materials[J].Fuel, 1992, 71(2):211-218.
[94]阎维平,陈吟颖.生物质混合物与褐煤共热解特性的试验研究[J].动力工程, 2006,26(6):865-871.
[95] Bazardorj Bayarsaikhan, Jun-ichiro Hayashi, Taihei Shimada et al.Kinetics of steam gasification of nascent char from rapid pyrolysis of a Victorian brown coal[J].Fuel, 2005, 84 (12-13):1612-1621.
[96]胡冠,徐绍平,刘淑琴.生物质催化气化制氢催化剂研究进展[J].林产化学与工业,2005,25 (B10):161-164.
[97]孟光范,赵保峰,张晓东等.生物质二次裂解制取氢气的研究[J].太阳能学报,2009,30(6),837-841.
[98]罗思义,肖波,郭献军.城市生活垃圾水蒸气催化热解的实验研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(8):43-47.
[99]郭秀兰,黄鹤,周强等.生物质焦油裂解催化剂研究进展[J].可再生能源,2004(1):9-13.
[100] Fonseca A, Assaf E M.Production of the hydrogen by methane steam reforming over nickel catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite precursors[J].Journal of Power Sources,2005,142(1-2):154-159.
[101] Kinoshita C.M,Wang Y,Zhou J.Tar Formation Under Different Biomass Gasification Conditions[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,1994,29(2): 169-181.
[102] Simell P A, HirvensaloE K.Steam Reforming of Gasification Gas Tar over Dolomite with Benzene as a Model Compoud[J].Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,1999,38(4):1250-1257.
[103] L. Garcia,M.L. Salvador,J. Arauzo et al.CO2 as a gasifying agent for gas production from pine sawdust at low temperatures using a Ni/Al coprecipitated catalyst [J].Fuel,Processing Technology,2001,69(2):157-174.
[104]黄艳琴,阴秀丽,吴创之等.稻秆半焦与CO2气化反应特性的研究[J].燃料化学学报,2009,37(3):289-295.
[105] M.Eneinar,Juan F.Gonzaíez,JJ Rodríguez et al.Catalysed and uncatalysed steam gasifieation of eucalyptus char influence of variables and kinetie study[J].Fuel,2001,80(14):2025-2036.
[106] H Haykiri-Acma, S Yaman, S Kucukbayrak.Gasification of biomass chars in steam-nitrogen mixture[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(7-8): 1004-1013.
[107] Yasushi Sekine, Kiyohiro Ishikawa, Eiichi Kikuchi et al.Reactivity and structural change of coal char during steam gasifieation[J].Fuel,2006,85(2):122-126.
[108] Chen G,Yu Q,Sjoestroem K.Reactivity of char from pyrolysis of birch wood[J].J Anal Appl Pyrolysis,1997,40(41):491-499.
[109] E. Cetin,B. Moghtaderi,R. Gupta et al.Influence of pyrolysis conditions on the structure and gasification reactivity of biomass chars [J] .Fuel,2004,83(16):2139-2150.
[110]张瑜,邹志祥,闵凡飞等.生物质半焦CO2气化反应活性的实验研究[J].煤炭转化,2008,33(5):579-582.
[111]赵辉,周劲松,曹小伟等.生物质半焦高温水蒸汽气化反应动力学的研究[J] .动力工程,2008,28(3):453-458.
[112]曹小伟.生物质气流床气化特性及半焦气化动力学研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2007.
[113] Wen-Yang Wen,Edward Cain.Catalytic pyrolysis of coal tar in a fixed bed reactor [J].Ind.Eng.Chem. Proeess Des.Dev,1984,23:627-637.
[114] Alberto Orio,Jose Corella,Ian Narvaez.Performance of difference dolomites on hot raw gas cleaning from biomass gasification with air [J].Ind. Eng. Ch. Res,1997,36(9):3800-3808.
[115] Deigado J.,Aznar M.P.,Corella J. Biomass gasification with steam in fluidized bed:effectiveness of CaO,MgO and CaO-MgO for hot raw gas cleaning [J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1997,36(5):1535-1543.
[116] Ian Narváez,JoséCorella,Alberto Orío.Fresh Tar (from a Biomass Gasifier) Elimination over a Commercial Steam-Reforming Catalyst: Kinetics and Effect of Different Variables of Operation[J].Ind.Eng.ChemRes,1997,36(2):317-327.
[117] Miguel A.Caballero,Maria P. Aznar,Javier Gil et al.Commercial steam reforming catalysts to improve biomass gasification with steam-oxygen mixture.1:Hot gas upgrading by the catalytic reactor [J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res,1997,36(12):5227-5239.
[118] LidenA.G,Berruti F.,Scott D.S.A kinetic model for the production of liquids from the flash pyrolysis of biomass[J].Chem.Eng.Comm,1988,65(1):207-221.
[119] Lede J.The cyclone: a multifunctional reactor for the fast pyrolysis of biomass [J].Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2000,39(4):893-903.
[120] J.Rath,G Steiner,M.G. Wolfinger et al.Tar cracking from fast pyrolysis of large beech wood particles [J].Journal of Analytieal And Applied Pyrolysis,2002,62(1):83-92.
[121] J. Corella, J.M. Toledo, M.P. Aznar.Improving the modeling of the kinetics of the catalytic tar elimination in biomass gasification[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res,2002,41(14):3351-3356.
[122] Sang Jun Yoon, Young-Chan Choi, Jae-Goo Lee.Hydrogen production from biomass tar by catalytic steam reforming[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2010, 51 (1):42-47.
[123] Dariusz Swierczynski, Claire Courson, Alain Kiennemann.Study of steam reforming of toluene used as model compound of tar produced by biomass gasification[J].Chemical Engineering and Processing,2008,47 (3):508-513.
[124]王铁柱.生物质焦油催化裂解实验研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2003.
[125]刘亚军.生物质焦油催化裂解实验及中热值气化技术研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2004.
[126]吕鹏梅,常杰,吴创之等.生物质快速催化裂解的反应动力学[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(5):647-653.
[127] Zhao H, Draelants DJ, Baron GV.Performance of a nickel-activated candle filter for naphthalene cracking in synthetic biomass gasification gas[J].Ind Eng Chem Res, 2000, 39(9):3195-201.
[128] Chunshan Li, Daisuke Hirabayashi, Kenzi Suzuki.Development of new nickel based catalyst for biomass tar steam reforming producing H2-rich syngas[J].Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90 (6): 790-796.
[129] T.Yamaguchi, K.Yamasaki, O. Yoshida et al.Deactivation and regeneration of catalyst for steam gasification of wood to methanol synthesis gas[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev,1986,25 (2):239-243.
[130] Philipp Morf,Philipp Hasler,Thomas Nussbaumer.Mechanisms and kinetics of homogeneous secondary reactions of tar from continuous pyrolysis of wood chips[J].Fuel,2002,81(7):843-853.
[131]张晓东.生物质热解气化及热解焦油催化裂解机理研究[D].杭州,浙江大学,2003.
[132]韦杰,董长青,杨勇平.生物质气化气中焦油催化裂解模型[J].可再生能源, 2007, 25(5):35-39.
[133] D.?wierczyński, S. Libs, C. Courson et al.Steam reforming of tar from a biomass gasification process over Ni/olivine catalyst using toluene as a model compound[J].Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2007, 74(3-4):211-222.
[134]王鹏,文芳,步学朋等.煤焦与CO2及水蒸气气化反应的研究[J].煤气与热力,2005,25(3):1-6.
[135] Miehiel J.Croeneveld,W.RM Van Swaaij.Gasification of Char Particles with CO2 and H2O[J].Chemical Engineering Seienee,1980,35: 307-313.
[136] Nicholas Standish, Ahmad Fuad Azmi Tanjung. Gasification of single wood charcoal particles in CO2 [J] . Fuel, 1988, 67(5):666-672.
[137] T Kojima, P Assavadakorn, T Furusawa, Measurement and evaluation of gasification kinetics of sawdust char with steam in an experimental fluidized bed[J].Fuel processing Technology, 1993, 36(1-3): 201-207.
[138] S. Dasappa, P.J. Paul, H.S. Mukunda et al.The gasification of wood-char spheres in CO2-N2 mixtures: analysis and experiments [J].Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, 49(2):223-232.
[139] Ashish Bhat, J. V. Ram Bheemarasetti, T. Rajeswara Rao.Kinetics of rice husk char gasification.Energy Conversion and Management, 2001, 42(18): 2061-2069
[140] Siddhartha Gaurab; T. R. Raoa; T. B. Reedab et al.Kinetics of corncob char gasification in carbon dioxide[J].Petroleum Science and Technology, 1992, 10 (9):1461-1499.
[141] F. Marquez-Montesinosa, T. Corderob, J. Rodr?g?uez-Mirasolb et al.CO2 and steam gasification of agrapefruit skin char [J].Fuel, 2002, 81(4): 423-429.
[142] M Barrio, B Gobel, H Risnes et al.Steam gasification of wood char and the effect of hydrogen inhibition on the chemical kinetics[R].Norwrgian University of Scieneeand Technology, 2004.
[143]米铁,陈汉平,唐汝江等.生物质半焦气化的反应动力学[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(6):766-781.
[144]李爱民,刘连芳,李润东.生物质热解半焦产率及特性的实验研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):214-216.
[145] I.Matsui, D Kunii, T Furusawa.Study of ehar gasifieation by carbon dioxide.1. Kinetie study by thermo gravimetric analysis [J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Researeh, 1987, 26 (1):91-95.
[146]周静,周志杰,龚欣等.煤焦二氧化碳气化动力学模型研究[J].煤炭转化,2002,25(4):66-69.
[147]钟雪晴,林驹.福建无烟粉煤和纸浆黑液水蒸气催化气化动力学研究[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):931-935.
[148]杨景标,蔡宁生,李振山.几种金属催化褐煤焦水蒸气气化的实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(26):7-12.
[149] Miura K, Aimi M, Naito T et al.Steam gasification of carbon: Effect of several metals on the rate of gasification and the rates of CO and CO2 formation[J].Fuel, 1986, 65(3):407-411.
[150]向银花,王洋,张建民等.部分气化焦的水蒸气气化动力学[J].化工学报,54(3), 2003,368-375.
[151] Tae-Wahn Kwon,Sang D. Kim,David P.C. Fung.Reaction kinetics of char—CO2 gasification [J].Fuel, 1988, 67(4):530-535.
[152] Kazuteru Osafune, Harry Marshb.Gasification kinetics of coal chars in carbon dioxide[J].Fuel, 1988, 67(3):384-388.
[153] Li Shufen,Sun Ruizheng.Kinetic studies of a lignite char pressurized gasification with CO2, H2 and steam [J]. Fuel, March 1994, 73(3):413-416.
[154] S.C. Bhattacharya, A. H. Md. Mizanur Rahman Siddique, Hoang-Luong Pham . A study on wood gasification for low-tar gas production[J].Energy, 1999, 24(4):285-296.
[155] Henriksen U, Christensen O. Gasification of straw in a two-stage 50 kW gasifer [C].In: Chartier PH, eds. Vienna, Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, 1994:1568-1578.
[156] Ulrik Henriksena, Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Torben Kvist Jensen et al.The design, construction and operation of a 75 kW two-stage gasifier[J].Energy,2006,31(10-11):1542-1553.
[157] Brandt P, Larsen E, Henriksen U.High tar reduction in a two-stage gasifier[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2000, 14(4):816-819.
[158] Susanto H, Beenackers AACM.A moving-bed gasifier with internal recycle of pyrolysis gas [J].Fuel, 1996, 75(11):1334-139.
[159] Zschetzche A, Hofbauer H, Schmidt A.Biomass gasification in an internal circulating fuidised bed[C].In: Chartier Ph, eds. Vienna, Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry, 1994:1771-1777.
[160] Fercher E, Hofbauer H, Fleck T et al.Two years experience with the FICFB-gasification process[C].In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL, eds. Wurzburg, Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, 1998, 280-283.
[161] AMCunliffe, PTWalliams.Infiuenee of Proeess Condition on the Rate of Aetivation of Chars Derived from Pyrolysis of Used Tires[J].EnergyFuels, 1999,13(1):166-175.
[162]李水清,姚强,陈超等.固体废物拟稳态连续式热解过程的质能平衡[J].工程热物理学报,2007,28(1):153-156. [163 Sehmidt H,Kaminsky W.Pyrolysis of Oil Sludge in a Fluidized Bed Reaetor[J]. Chemosphere,2001,45(3):285-290.
[164] You Zhanping, You Shijun, Li Xianli et al.Biogas power plants waste heat utilization researches[C].eds. Wuhan, 2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2478-2481.
[165] Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Ulrik Henriksen, Torben K. Jensen et al.Validation of a Continuous Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Operation of a Two-Stage Biomass Gasifier[J].Energy Fuels, 2006, 20 (6):2672-2680.