我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区若干问题研究
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摘要
在能源可持续发展问题日益突出的今天,核电以其清洁、高效等优势重新引领了世界能源发展走向。我国顺应了世界潮流,核电发展方针由“适度发展核电”转向“积极发展核电”,力推核电建设。目前,我国所有的核电厂址均位于沿海,滨海核电站的兴建给我国近岸海域环境功能区管理带来了新课题。本文以核电站近岸海域环境功能区为研究对象,对其存在的若干问题展开了探索性的研究,以期引起学术界的广泛关注和深入探讨,从而借助理论研究的成果解决实践中的问题,使我国的近岸海域环境功能区划制度得到不断完善和发展。
本文首先总结了我国核电产业发展的历史、现状和趋势,分析了滨海核电站主要排海污染物及其影响,梳理了我国近岸海域环境功能区管理现状,在此基础上提出了我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区存在的四个主要问题：区划的时滞性问题、区划中入海污染源预测的技术方法问题、放射性核素的生态视角研究问题以及环境功能区的监管问题。本文主体围绕着上述四个问题展开,主要研究内容和研究结论如下：
首先,分析了我国目前常用的核电站入海污染源预测方法,以控制方程作为切入点,从流速和湍流两个方面对二维数模和三维数模进行了理论比较,并通过实际案例进行了分析验证。由于二维数模的流速采用深度平均从而造成表层计算结果偏小,且由于忽略了各层流速分布不均的特性以及湍流对流速和海洋混合过程的影响导致模拟精确度不高,进而影响到近岸海域环境质量评估和功能区区划结果,因此在核电站入海污染源预测中推荐使用三维数学模型。
其次,从放射性核素累积所产生的电离辐射环境风险的角度探讨了海洋生态系统中放射性核素的环境安全浓度限值问题。借鉴欧盟ERICA项目的研究成果,逆向推导了ERICA框架下评估和管理电离辐射生态环境风险的ERICA综合法的理论逻辑,选择了13类海洋生物作为参考生物,使用ERICA Tool数据库中提供的参数数据,最终计算出了海水和沉积物中63种人工放射性核素的环境安全浓度限值。
再次,针对目前我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区划的时滞性问题,系统地提出了解决方案,包括调整的原则、依据、流程以及每一阶段的目的、任务、标准和方法。具体地提出了核电站近岸海域及所在区域基础资料调查和专项资料调查的内容,以海域环境质量为核心的适用性评估因子,建立在已有的海水水质、沉积物和生物质量标准基础上的适用性评估标准,基于木桶原理和单因子评价模式的适用性评估方法,以及待调整环境功能区类别、范围和水质保护目标的确立依据。并将上述研究成果应用到我国某核电站近岸海域环境功能区的调整案例中。
最后,对我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区的监测和管理问题进行了探讨。对建立核电站近岸海域环境功能区专题性监测的必要性进行了分析,对重点监测内容进行了探讨,并提出了针对核电站环境功能区的监测方案以及近岸海域环境功能区管理的建议。
Nuclear power generation releads the tendency of energy development because of its efficiency and other advantages. Conforming to the global trend, China has changed the nuclear power development policy from moderate development to active development. All the nuclear power plants of our country are located in coastal areas at present. The construction of seaside nuclear power stations has brought some issues of environmental function zone in the offshore area. Some topics were discussed here in order to cause widespread concern and in-depth academic study. The theoretical research contributes to the solution of problems in the practice and the improvement of management of marine environment.
The thesis focuses on the four main issues of environmental function zone in the offshore area of nuclear power plant. The following contents and conclusions are included in this paper.
The history of China's nuclear power industry, the current situation and tendency are summarized. The main pollutants discharged into the sea and their effects are analysed. The management status of environmental function zone are investigated. Based on these, four issues are proposed:the time-delay of zoning, the technical issue of zoning, the ecological perspective of radionuclides, the ragulation of the environmental function zone.
The forecasting methods of nuclear power pollutants are introduced. Based on the results of flow velocity and turbulent flow, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional mathematical model is theoretically compared, and verified by a practical case. In two-dimensional mathematical modeling, surface velocity results is smaller for it's depth-averaged,and simulation accuracy is lower for ignoring the uneven distribution of velocity and turbulent mixing process. Therefore, three-dimensional model is recommended in the prediction of nuclear power plant pollution
The environmental media concentration limits of radionuclides are calculated from the cumulative effect and the view of marine environmental risk caused by ionizing radiation. Learning from the EU's research results, and the theoretical logic of ERICA integrated method is derived backwards. Thirteen categories of marine biology are selected as reference organisms. The important parameter datas are provided by ERICA Tool database. Finally, the water and sediment's environmental media concentration limits of 63 artificial radionuclides are calculated.
The framework of adjustment of environmental function zone in the offshore area is put forward, including the principle, basis, process, purpose of each stage, standards and methods. The basic and special information of investigation are proposed, together with the assessment criteria and method. The research result is applied to a adjustment case of the environmental function zone in the offshore area of a nuclear power plant.
Finally, the monitoring and management issues are discussed. The monitoring content is analysed. The monitoring program and suggestions on informalization management are put forward. It's necessary to establish the monitoring system.
本文首先总结了我国核电产业发展的历史、现状和趋势,分析了滨海核电站主要排海污染物及其影响,梳理了我国近岸海域环境功能区管理现状,在此基础上提出了我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区存在的四个主要问题：区划的时滞性问题、区划中入海污染源预测的技术方法问题、放射性核素的生态视角研究问题以及环境功能区的监管问题。本文主体围绕着上述四个问题展开,主要研究内容和研究结论如下：
首先,分析了我国目前常用的核电站入海污染源预测方法,以控制方程作为切入点,从流速和湍流两个方面对二维数模和三维数模进行了理论比较,并通过实际案例进行了分析验证。由于二维数模的流速采用深度平均从而造成表层计算结果偏小,且由于忽略了各层流速分布不均的特性以及湍流对流速和海洋混合过程的影响导致模拟精确度不高,进而影响到近岸海域环境质量评估和功能区区划结果,因此在核电站入海污染源预测中推荐使用三维数学模型。
其次,从放射性核素累积所产生的电离辐射环境风险的角度探讨了海洋生态系统中放射性核素的环境安全浓度限值问题。借鉴欧盟ERICA项目的研究成果,逆向推导了ERICA框架下评估和管理电离辐射生态环境风险的ERICA综合法的理论逻辑,选择了13类海洋生物作为参考生物,使用ERICA Tool数据库中提供的参数数据,最终计算出了海水和沉积物中63种人工放射性核素的环境安全浓度限值。
再次,针对目前我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区划的时滞性问题,系统地提出了解决方案,包括调整的原则、依据、流程以及每一阶段的目的、任务、标准和方法。具体地提出了核电站近岸海域及所在区域基础资料调查和专项资料调查的内容,以海域环境质量为核心的适用性评估因子,建立在已有的海水水质、沉积物和生物质量标准基础上的适用性评估标准,基于木桶原理和单因子评价模式的适用性评估方法,以及待调整环境功能区类别、范围和水质保护目标的确立依据。并将上述研究成果应用到我国某核电站近岸海域环境功能区的调整案例中。
最后,对我国核电站近岸海域环境功能区的监测和管理问题进行了探讨。对建立核电站近岸海域环境功能区专题性监测的必要性进行了分析,对重点监测内容进行了探讨,并提出了针对核电站环境功能区的监测方案以及近岸海域环境功能区管理的建议。
Nuclear power generation releads the tendency of energy development because of its efficiency and other advantages. Conforming to the global trend, China has changed the nuclear power development policy from moderate development to active development. All the nuclear power plants of our country are located in coastal areas at present. The construction of seaside nuclear power stations has brought some issues of environmental function zone in the offshore area. Some topics were discussed here in order to cause widespread concern and in-depth academic study. The theoretical research contributes to the solution of problems in the practice and the improvement of management of marine environment.
The thesis focuses on the four main issues of environmental function zone in the offshore area of nuclear power plant. The following contents and conclusions are included in this paper.
The history of China's nuclear power industry, the current situation and tendency are summarized. The main pollutants discharged into the sea and their effects are analysed. The management status of environmental function zone are investigated. Based on these, four issues are proposed:the time-delay of zoning, the technical issue of zoning, the ecological perspective of radionuclides, the ragulation of the environmental function zone.
The forecasting methods of nuclear power pollutants are introduced. Based on the results of flow velocity and turbulent flow, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional mathematical model is theoretically compared, and verified by a practical case. In two-dimensional mathematical modeling, surface velocity results is smaller for it's depth-averaged,and simulation accuracy is lower for ignoring the uneven distribution of velocity and turbulent mixing process. Therefore, three-dimensional model is recommended in the prediction of nuclear power plant pollution
The environmental media concentration limits of radionuclides are calculated from the cumulative effect and the view of marine environmental risk caused by ionizing radiation. Learning from the EU's research results, and the theoretical logic of ERICA integrated method is derived backwards. Thirteen categories of marine biology are selected as reference organisms. The important parameter datas are provided by ERICA Tool database. Finally, the water and sediment's environmental media concentration limits of 63 artificial radionuclides are calculated.
The framework of adjustment of environmental function zone in the offshore area is put forward, including the principle, basis, process, purpose of each stage, standards and methods. The basic and special information of investigation are proposed, together with the assessment criteria and method. The research result is applied to a adjustment case of the environmental function zone in the offshore area of a nuclear power plant.
Finally, the monitoring and management issues are discussed. The monitoring content is analysed. The monitoring program and suggestions on informalization management are put forward. It's necessary to establish the monitoring system.
引文
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1 Hosseini (2008)在其发表的文章《Transfer of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems-Default concentration ratio for aquatic biota in the Erica Tool》中详细列出了这149篇文献。
2 其原文为：Ei and Yi are energy and yield of the discrete energy radiations per decay of the radionuclide。
3 根据我国《核电厂环境辐射防护规定》(GB 6249—1986),核电厂周围应设置非居住区,非居住区的半径以反应堆为中心不得小于0.5km；在非居住区周围应设置限制区,限制区的半径以反应堆为中心一般不得小于5km。
4 《核电厂环境辐射防护规定》、《环境核辐射监测规定》要求,核设施投料运行前,要对特定区域环境中已存在的辐射水平、环境介质中放射性核素的含量等进行全面调查,即环境放射性本底辐射水平的调查,至少要求获得两年的调查数据。
5 依据我国《近岸海域环境监测规范》,当以站位数来确定海水主要水质类别时,如果某一类别的站位数所占比例达到50%以上,则该区域海水以该水质类别为主。
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1 Hosseini (2008)在其发表的文章《Transfer of radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems-Default concentration ratio for aquatic biota in the Erica Tool》中详细列出了这149篇文献。
2 其原文为：Ei and Yi are energy and yield of the discrete energy radiations per decay of the radionuclide。
3 根据我国《核电厂环境辐射防护规定》(GB 6249—1986),核电厂周围应设置非居住区,非居住区的半径以反应堆为中心不得小于0.5km；在非居住区周围应设置限制区,限制区的半径以反应堆为中心一般不得小于5km。
4 《核电厂环境辐射防护规定》、《环境核辐射监测规定》要求,核设施投料运行前,要对特定区域环境中已存在的辐射水平、环境介质中放射性核素的含量等进行全面调查,即环境放射性本底辐射水平的调查,至少要求获得两年的调查数据。
5 依据我国《近岸海域环境监测规范》,当以站位数来确定海水主要水质类别时,如果某一类别的站位数所占比例达到50%以上,则该区域海水以该水质类别为主。