三种植物生长调节剂对马铃薯碳代谢生理及产量品质的影响
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摘要
2011-2012年两年时间，以“荷兰212”、“费乌瑞它”（也称为荷兰七）、“早大白”、“克新13”和“大西洋”5个马铃薯品种为试验材料，通过叶面喷施2-N，N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（DTA-6）、烯效唑（S3307）和氯化胆碱（Cc）3种植物生长调节剂，比较了马铃薯不同营养器官内碳代谢产物的含量变化以及碳代谢相关酶活性变化，研究了植物生长调节剂对马铃薯碳代谢生理的调控以及对产量和品质的影响。通过本研究，初步探明植物生长调节剂对马铃薯碳代谢机理的调控，并且为马铃薯高产、优质、高效生产中施用植物生长调节剂提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.植物生长调节剂能够调控马铃薯的光合性状，其中DTA-6和Cc处理为佳，S3307处理次之。DTA-6和Cc处理能够显著提高取样后期叶绿素a及叶绿素总含量，同时三个处理都可显著提高始花期的水分利用率和盛花期的气孔导度，另外Cc处理可显著提高蒸腾速率。
2.调节剂处理对马铃薯叶片的葡萄糖含量具有提高的效应，其中Cc处理为佳，DTA-6处理次之。而对果糖含量而言，以DTA-6和S3307处理调控效应明显。
3.各处理对叶片内蔗糖合成酶活性都有提高的作用，S3307处理主要集中在块茎形成期，而Cc和DTA-6处理主要集中淀粉积累期，其中以Cc处理的效应为佳，DTA-6处理次之。同时Cc和DTA-6处理在淀粉积累期也可提高叶片内蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性，其中Cc处理的效果较好。
4.始花期喷施调节剂，各处理可提高取样后期叶片内蔗糖的含量，其中以Cc处理的效果最好，DTA-6处理的效果较弱。同时Cc处理也提高了取样后期的中性转化酶以及总转化酶活性。另外，各处理都能降低取样后期叶片内淀粉的含量，同时各处理都能降低荷兰212在取样后期叶片内的淀粉酶活性，其中以Cc处理的效果最好，DTA-6处理次之。Cc和DTA-6处理都提高了早大白叶片内的淀粉酶活性。盛花期喷施调节剂，在取样后期，各处理可降低叶片内的蔗糖含量但也都提高了果糖含量，另外DTA-6处理能够提高荷兰212转化酶及淀粉酶活性，而Cc处理则可升高克新13叶片的转化酶和淀粉酶活性。
5.各处理对运输器官内的碳代谢同化物具有调控作用。Cc处理可降低叶柄内还原糖含量，但可提高叶柄内蔗糖含量。S3307处理降低了韧皮部内还原糖的含量，同时S3307和DTA-6处理可提高韧皮部内蔗糖含量， DTA-6处理对匍匐茎的影响较大，其可降低可溶性糖含量，但是能够提高蔗糖含量，而Cc对匍匐茎内蔗糖含量的提高也有调控效应。整体来看，Cc和DTA-6处理可提高各运输器官内蔗糖含量，其中以Cc处理的效应为佳，DTA-6处理次之。
6.各处理对运输器官内的碳代谢相关酶活性具有调控作用。在取样后期，Cc和DTA-6处理可提高荷兰212叶柄内的中性转化酶活性，但也降低了早大白叶柄内的中性转化酶活性。各处理对叶柄淀粉酶活性影响不大，但都可降低取样后期韧皮部内淀粉酶总活性。Cc处理可提高荷兰212匍匐茎内中性转化酶活性，而S3307和DTA-6处理则降低早大白匍匐茎内中性转化酶活性。
7.各处理对贮藏器官内的碳代谢同化物和酶活性具有调控作用。始花期喷施调节剂，Cc和DTA-6处理能够提高取样后期荷兰212块茎内的淀粉磷酸合成酶活性，其中以Cc处理的效果为好，而各处理对早大白块茎内淀粉磷酸合成酶活性没有影响。Cc和DTA-6处理能够提高取样后期块茎内的转化酶的活性，同时Cc处理还可降低淀粉积累期块茎内淀粉酶的活性。盛花期喷施调节剂，在取样后期，各处理能够降低果糖含量，提高蔗糖和淀粉含量，其中以DTA-6处理效果较好，而S3307处理能够提高转化酶和淀粉酶的活性。
8.始花期叶面喷施调节剂，DTA-6处理能够提高荷兰212和荷兰七大薯产量，提高块茎淀粉含量，同时DTA-6处理对提高维生素C含量具有较好的作用。Cc处理能够能够提高早大白大薯产量，提高块茎淀粉含量，同时也能够提高还原糖含量。S3307处理能够提高荷兰212大薯产量。盛花期叶面喷施调节剂，DTA-6处理能够提高大西洋、早大白和克新13大薯产量，Cc处理能够提高大西洋大薯产量。
9.综合来看，DTA-6和Cc处理可提高碳代谢物质的形成，提高运输器官内蔗糖的含量，提高块茎内淀粉磷酸合成酶及转化酶的活性，并且可以降低块茎内淀粉酶的活性，对提高大薯产量及改善品质具有一定的调控效应，其中以Cc处理效果为最佳。另外，特别值得注意的是施用时期，试验结果表明始花期喷施效果较好。
During the two years of2011-2012, some field experiments were conducted with five potato（Solanum tuberosum L.）cultivars such as ‘H-212’,‘Favorita’,‘Atlantic’,‘ZDB’,‘K13’. And weused three regulators,‘Uniconazole(S3307)’,‘Choline chloride(Cc)’and ‘Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate(DTA-6)’ by foliar application on the leaves. In this study, the aim of this experiment was to comparethe change of PGRs on the activities of some enzyme such as invertase, amylase etc. in the leavespetiole,phloem, stolon and tuber of potato, investigate the differences of physiological characters suchas sucrose,starch etc. in potato plant, research the effects of PGRs on yield and quality structure. Wepreliminary want to proven the influence of PGRs on carbon metabolism by this study, and it canprovide academic theories for usage of PGRs for higher yield, better quality, and more efficiencyproduction of potato. The main results were:
1. Plant growth regulators can regulate the photosynthetic traits of potato, DTA-6and Cc treatmentare better, effect of treatment with S3307followed. The content of Chla and total chlorophyll wereincreased with DTA-6and S3307at the late sampling. while these three treatments can significantlyimprove the water use efficiency at the beginning of flowering and stomatal conductance at the periodof flowering. In addition, the Cc treatment can significantly increase the transpiration rate.
2. The content of glucose was increased in leaves with spraying plant growth regulators, Cctreatment is better, DTA-6treatment followed. For fructose, DTA-6and S3307treatment are better.
3. All these three treatments can increase the sucrose synthase activity in leaves, S3307treatment ismainly in the tuber formation stage, Cc and DTA-6treatment are mainly at the starch accumulationperiod, which Cc treatment is better, DTA-6followed. In addition, Cc and DTA-6may also improve thesucrose phosphate synthase activity in leaves at the starch accumulation period, which Cc treatment isbetter.
4. When spraying PGRs at the beginning of flowering stages, all treatments can increase the contentof sucrose in leaves at late of sampling, whereas Cc treatment is preferably, DTA-6treatment is weak.Further, Cc treatment can also improve the activities of neutral invertase and invertase at the sameperiod. In addition, all treatment can also reduce the starch content and the amylase activity in leavesof “H-212” potato, of which Cc treatment is best, DTA-6treatment is followed. In the other hand, Ccand DTA-6treatment can increase amylase activity in leaves of “ZDB” potato. And spraying PGRs atthe stages of flowering, these three treatments can increase the content of fructose in leaves at late ofsampling, but without sucrose. DTA-6treatment can increase amylase and invertase activity in leavesof “H-212” potato, as well as Cc with “K13” potato.
5. Each treatment can regulate the carbon metabolism assimilate in transport organs of potato. Thecontent of reduced sugar can be reduced by Cc treatment, but it can increase the sucrose content in thepetiole. S3307treatment has the same effect with Cc in the phloem. In addition, DTA-6treatment canreduce the content of soluble sugar, Further, both DTA-6and Cc can also increase the content of sucrose content in the stolon. As a whole, Cc and DTA-6treatment can increase the content of sucrosein the transport organs of potato, which is better to Cc treatment, DTA-6treatment is followed.
6. All treatments can regulate some enzyme activities of carbon metabolism in transport organs ofpotato. At late of sampling, Cc and DTA-6can improve the neutral invertase activity in the petiole of“H-212” potato, but also reduce it of “ZDB” potato. Each treatment has little effect on the petioleamylase activity, but can reduce the activity of amylase in the phloem. In the other hand, Cc treatmentcan improve the neutral invertase activity in the stolons of “H-212” potato, S3307and DTA-6treatmentreduce it in the stolons of “ZDB” potato.
7. All treatments can regulate some enzyme activities of carbon metabolism and the content ofcarbon metabolism assimilate in storage organs of potato. When spraying PGRs at the beginning offlowering stages, Cc and DTA-6can improve the starch phosphate synthase activity in the tubers of“H-212” potato at late of sampling, in which Cc treatment is best. But each treatment has negligiblyeffect with the starch phosphate synthase activity in the tubers of “ZDB” potato. In the other hand, Ccand DTA-6treatment can improve the invertase activity in the tubers, and Cc treatment reduces theactivity of amylase in the tubers at the starch accumulation period. And spraying PGRs at the stages offlowering, these three treatments can increase the content of starch and sucrose in tubers at late ofsampling, but without fructose, which DTA-6treatment is better. S3307can increase amylase andinvertase activity in tubers of “K13” potato.
8. When spraying PGRs at the beginning of flowering stages, DTA-6can significantly increase theyield of the heavy potato with “H-212” and “H7”, and it also can improve the quality characters suchas starch, vitamin C. Cc can significantly increase the yield of the heavy potato with “ZDB”, and itcan increased the content of starch and reduced sugar in tuber. S3307can significantly increase theyield of the heavy potato with “H-212” potato. And when spraying at the stages of flowering, DTA-6can significantly increase the yield of the heavy potato with “ZDB”,“Atlantic”, and “K13”, and Cccan significantly increase the yield of the heavy potato with “Atlantic”.
9. In one words, DTA-6and Cc treatment can improve the formation of carbon metabolites andimprove the content of sucrose in the transport organs, improve the tuber starch phosphate synthaseand invertase activity, reduce the amylase activity in the tubers, they can also improve the heavypotato production and improve the quality. On the whole, we believe that Cc treatment is the best. Inaddition, the special period, it is worth noting that the application test results showed that thebeginning of flowering spraying effect is better.
1.植物生长调节剂能够调控马铃薯的光合性状，其中DTA-6和Cc处理为佳，S3307处理次之。DTA-6和Cc处理能够显著提高取样后期叶绿素a及叶绿素总含量，同时三个处理都可显著提高始花期的水分利用率和盛花期的气孔导度，另外Cc处理可显著提高蒸腾速率。
2.调节剂处理对马铃薯叶片的葡萄糖含量具有提高的效应，其中Cc处理为佳，DTA-6处理次之。而对果糖含量而言，以DTA-6和S3307处理调控效应明显。
3.各处理对叶片内蔗糖合成酶活性都有提高的作用，S3307处理主要集中在块茎形成期，而Cc和DTA-6处理主要集中淀粉积累期，其中以Cc处理的效应为佳，DTA-6处理次之。同时Cc和DTA-6处理在淀粉积累期也可提高叶片内蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性，其中Cc处理的效果较好。
4.始花期喷施调节剂，各处理可提高取样后期叶片内蔗糖的含量，其中以Cc处理的效果最好，DTA-6处理的效果较弱。同时Cc处理也提高了取样后期的中性转化酶以及总转化酶活性。另外，各处理都能降低取样后期叶片内淀粉的含量，同时各处理都能降低荷兰212在取样后期叶片内的淀粉酶活性，其中以Cc处理的效果最好，DTA-6处理次之。Cc和DTA-6处理都提高了早大白叶片内的淀粉酶活性。盛花期喷施调节剂，在取样后期，各处理可降低叶片内的蔗糖含量但也都提高了果糖含量，另外DTA-6处理能够提高荷兰212转化酶及淀粉酶活性，而Cc处理则可升高克新13叶片的转化酶和淀粉酶活性。
5.各处理对运输器官内的碳代谢同化物具有调控作用。Cc处理可降低叶柄内还原糖含量，但可提高叶柄内蔗糖含量。S3307处理降低了韧皮部内还原糖的含量，同时S3307和DTA-6处理可提高韧皮部内蔗糖含量， DTA-6处理对匍匐茎的影响较大，其可降低可溶性糖含量，但是能够提高蔗糖含量，而Cc对匍匐茎内蔗糖含量的提高也有调控效应。整体来看，Cc和DTA-6处理可提高各运输器官内蔗糖含量，其中以Cc处理的效应为佳，DTA-6处理次之。
6.各处理对运输器官内的碳代谢相关酶活性具有调控作用。在取样后期，Cc和DTA-6处理可提高荷兰212叶柄内的中性转化酶活性，但也降低了早大白叶柄内的中性转化酶活性。各处理对叶柄淀粉酶活性影响不大，但都可降低取样后期韧皮部内淀粉酶总活性。Cc处理可提高荷兰212匍匐茎内中性转化酶活性，而S3307和DTA-6处理则降低早大白匍匐茎内中性转化酶活性。
7.各处理对贮藏器官内的碳代谢同化物和酶活性具有调控作用。始花期喷施调节剂，Cc和DTA-6处理能够提高取样后期荷兰212块茎内的淀粉磷酸合成酶活性，其中以Cc处理的效果为好，而各处理对早大白块茎内淀粉磷酸合成酶活性没有影响。Cc和DTA-6处理能够提高取样后期块茎内的转化酶的活性，同时Cc处理还可降低淀粉积累期块茎内淀粉酶的活性。盛花期喷施调节剂，在取样后期，各处理能够降低果糖含量，提高蔗糖和淀粉含量，其中以DTA-6处理效果较好，而S3307处理能够提高转化酶和淀粉酶的活性。
8.始花期叶面喷施调节剂，DTA-6处理能够提高荷兰212和荷兰七大薯产量，提高块茎淀粉含量，同时DTA-6处理对提高维生素C含量具有较好的作用。Cc处理能够能够提高早大白大薯产量，提高块茎淀粉含量，同时也能够提高还原糖含量。S3307处理能够提高荷兰212大薯产量。盛花期叶面喷施调节剂，DTA-6处理能够提高大西洋、早大白和克新13大薯产量，Cc处理能够提高大西洋大薯产量。
9.综合来看，DTA-6和Cc处理可提高碳代谢物质的形成，提高运输器官内蔗糖的含量，提高块茎内淀粉磷酸合成酶及转化酶的活性，并且可以降低块茎内淀粉酶的活性，对提高大薯产量及改善品质具有一定的调控效应，其中以Cc处理效果为最佳。另外，特别值得注意的是施用时期，试验结果表明始花期喷施效果较好。
During the two years of2011-2012, some field experiments were conducted with five potato（Solanum tuberosum L.）cultivars such as ‘H-212’,‘Favorita’,‘Atlantic’,‘ZDB’,‘K13’. And weused three regulators,‘Uniconazole(S3307)’,‘Choline chloride(Cc)’and ‘Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate(DTA-6)’ by foliar application on the leaves. In this study, the aim of this experiment was to comparethe change of PGRs on the activities of some enzyme such as invertase, amylase etc. in the leavespetiole,phloem, stolon and tuber of potato, investigate the differences of physiological characters suchas sucrose,starch etc. in potato plant, research the effects of PGRs on yield and quality structure. Wepreliminary want to proven the influence of PGRs on carbon metabolism by this study, and it canprovide academic theories for usage of PGRs for higher yield, better quality, and more efficiencyproduction of potato. The main results were:
1. Plant growth regulators can regulate the photosynthetic traits of potato, DTA-6and Cc treatmentare better, effect of treatment with S3307followed. The content of Chla and total chlorophyll wereincreased with DTA-6and S3307at the late sampling. while these three treatments can significantlyimprove the water use efficiency at the beginning of flowering and stomatal conductance at the periodof flowering. In addition, the Cc treatment can significantly increase the transpiration rate.
2. The content of glucose was increased in leaves with spraying plant growth regulators, Cctreatment is better, DTA-6treatment followed. For fructose, DTA-6and S3307treatment are better.
3. All these three treatments can increase the sucrose synthase activity in leaves, S3307treatment ismainly in the tuber formation stage, Cc and DTA-6treatment are mainly at the starch accumulationperiod, which Cc treatment is better, DTA-6followed. In addition, Cc and DTA-6may also improve thesucrose phosphate synthase activity in leaves at the starch accumulation period, which Cc treatment isbetter.
4. When spraying PGRs at the beginning of flowering stages, all treatments can increase the contentof sucrose in leaves at late of sampling, whereas Cc treatment is preferably, DTA-6treatment is weak.Further, Cc treatment can also improve the activities of neutral invertase and invertase at the sameperiod. In addition, all treatment can also reduce the starch content and the amylase activity in leavesof “H-212” potato, of which Cc treatment is best, DTA-6treatment is followed. In the other hand, Ccand DTA-6treatment can increase amylase activity in leaves of “ZDB” potato. And spraying PGRs atthe stages of flowering, these three treatments can increase the content of fructose in leaves at late ofsampling, but without sucrose. DTA-6treatment can increase amylase and invertase activity in leavesof “H-212” potato, as well as Cc with “K13” potato.
5. Each treatment can regulate the carbon metabolism assimilate in transport organs of potato. Thecontent of reduced sugar can be reduced by Cc treatment, but it can increase the sucrose content in thepetiole. S3307treatment has the same effect with Cc in the phloem. In addition, DTA-6treatment canreduce the content of soluble sugar, Further, both DTA-6and Cc can also increase the content of sucrose content in the stolon. As a whole, Cc and DTA-6treatment can increase the content of sucrosein the transport organs of potato, which is better to Cc treatment, DTA-6treatment is followed.
6. All treatments can regulate some enzyme activities of carbon metabolism in transport organs ofpotato. At late of sampling, Cc and DTA-6can improve the neutral invertase activity in the petiole of“H-212” potato, but also reduce it of “ZDB” potato. Each treatment has little effect on the petioleamylase activity, but can reduce the activity of amylase in the phloem. In the other hand, Cc treatmentcan improve the neutral invertase activity in the stolons of “H-212” potato, S3307and DTA-6treatmentreduce it in the stolons of “ZDB” potato.
7. All treatments can regulate some enzyme activities of carbon metabolism and the content ofcarbon metabolism assimilate in storage organs of potato. When spraying PGRs at the beginning offlowering stages, Cc and DTA-6can improve the starch phosphate synthase activity in the tubers of“H-212” potato at late of sampling, in which Cc treatment is best. But each treatment has negligiblyeffect with the starch phosphate synthase activity in the tubers of “ZDB” potato. In the other hand, Ccand DTA-6treatment can improve the invertase activity in the tubers, and Cc treatment reduces theactivity of amylase in the tubers at the starch accumulation period. And spraying PGRs at the stages offlowering, these three treatments can increase the content of starch and sucrose in tubers at late ofsampling, but without fructose, which DTA-6treatment is better. S3307can increase amylase andinvertase activity in tubers of “K13” potato.
8. When spraying PGRs at the beginning of flowering stages, DTA-6can significantly increase theyield of the heavy potato with “H-212” and “H7”, and it also can improve the quality characters suchas starch, vitamin C. Cc can significantly increase the yield of the heavy potato with “ZDB”, and itcan increased the content of starch and reduced sugar in tuber. S3307can significantly increase theyield of the heavy potato with “H-212” potato. And when spraying at the stages of flowering, DTA-6can significantly increase the yield of the heavy potato with “ZDB”,“Atlantic”, and “K13”, and Cccan significantly increase the yield of the heavy potato with “Atlantic”.
9. In one words, DTA-6and Cc treatment can improve the formation of carbon metabolites andimprove the content of sucrose in the transport organs, improve the tuber starch phosphate synthaseand invertase activity, reduce the amylase activity in the tubers, they can also improve the heavypotato production and improve the quality. On the whole, we believe that Cc treatment is the best. Inaddition, the special period, it is worth noting that the application test results showed that thebeginning of flowering spraying effect is better.
引文
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