银杏黄酮类化合物的NMR指纹图谱分析及定量研究
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摘要
银杏叶中主要活性物质有两类:黄酮类化合物(flavonoides)及萜内酯化合物(ginkgolides)。银杏黄酮类化合物大约有40余种,通常都以糖甙形式存在,其甙元以槲皮素(quercetin)、山萘酚(kaempferol)、异鼠李素(isohamnetin)为主,标准化银杏叶提取物(GBE)由德国科学家提出,现在国内外制药行业所用GBE的质量亦以黄酮甙含量≥24%,内酯含量≥6%,为其质量控制指标。1992-1993年Hasler等开发了定性定量测定5种银杏黄酮甙元的方法,将银杏叶提取物中的黄酮水解成甙元后,以三种甙元单体成为检测和监控银杏黄酮总甙的控制指标。本论文利用核磁共振技术对用以GBE为原料经酸水解后的产物进行了一系列的指纹图谱分析。试验结果表明:
     1.银杏黄酮的水解产物中主要甙元为槲皮素、山萘酚、异鼠李素。它们的结构具有非常相似的结构特征,本文考察了槲皮素、山萘酚和异鼠李素这三种纯甙元的~1H-NMR谱特征,从它们的化学位移、自旋系统、偶合常数等方面得到了这3个黄酮甙元的典型的指纹特征,并根据这三种黄酮甙元的结构特点及~1H-NMR谱特征,推测了它们在以DMSO-D_6作溶剂时在一定的化学位移范围内的指纹谱图特征。
     2.研究了以GBE为原料时的最优化的水解条件;并通过紫外光谱仪、红外光谱仪和核磁共振仪对GBE、槲皮素标准品及其酸水解后的样品进行检测,得出如下结论:紫外测定快速、方便,但它提供的信息太少,不能显示化合物的精细结构;红外谱图相对紫外谱图来说提供的信息要多,但也不能把所有的信息充分表现出来,尤其是对酸水解后的样品的红外谱图和槲皮素标准品的红外谱图比较几乎差不多,但当用核磁共振仪来检测时就能把含量小的山萘酚和异鼠李素辩别出来,所以核磁共振仪是目前确定有机物结构时最重要和最有效
    
    湖南师范人学化学化工学院2004届硕士研究生学位论文
    的手段和方法。
     3.利用核磁共振一维、二维’H一’HcosY、HMQc、H五江Bc、多
    脉冲DEPT实验对GBE的水解完全后的产物进行了指纹解析。经指
    纹分析确定了GBE的水解产物中主要为棚皮素、山蔡酚、异鼠李素
    这三种贰元,这是近年来国内外首次对银杏黄酮贰元混合物作出指纹
    特征分析。
     4.根据’H~NMR图谱上的积分求出了经酸水解后的GBE成分中
    三者的相对百分含量:榭皮素为88.71%;山蔡酚为 6.35%;异鼠李素
    为4.94%。这是近年来国内外首次利用银杏黄酮贰元’H-NMR谱图中
    无干扰特征指纹峰对各组分进行定量分析。
Flavonoides and ginkgolides are the most important active materials in gingko leaves. For flavonoides, which consist of more than forty glycosides, quercetin, kaempferol and isohamnetin are the main elements. Standardized gingko bilobal extractant (GBE) was brought forward by a Germany scientist. The criteria for the regular GBE in medical industry include two aspects: the content of flavonoides is more than 24 percent and inner-ester 6 percent. During the year 1992 to 1993, Hasler developed a qualitative-quantitative method to determine the contents of five flavonoide glycosides and the contents of the above-mentioned three monomers are the criteria for the production of flavonoides.
    1.Quercetin, kaempferol and isohamnetin, the main product of the hydrolysis of flavonoides, are very similar in their structure. The three glycosides' chemical shifts, self-spin systems and coupling constants in their NMR spectra are thoroughly investigated and their fingerprint spectra characteristics, especially at the special chemical shift range in the DMSO-D6 solvent system, are confirmed or speculated.
    2.An optimized hydrolysis procedure of GBE's flavonoides is achieved through the ultraviolet spectra, infrared spectra and NMR spectra analysis of GBE and quercetin and their hydrolysis products. The ultraviolet method is speedy and convenient but less precise with few spectra signals. Though with more spectra signals, the infrared method cannot distinguish quercetin from its acidic hydrolysis product. While little kaempferol and isohamnetin can be discerned in the NMR spectra which is the most important and efficient method for the structural analysis of organic compounds.
    
    
    
    
    3. NMR's one and two dimension 'H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 'H-'H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and multi-pulse DEPT spectra are applied to the fingerprint analysis of GBE's flavonoides. The fingerprint technique confirmed that dissociative quercetin, aempferol and isorhamnetin are the major products of GBE's flavonoides mixture, which for the first time develops a useful method for the fingerprint and quantitative analysis of GBE' s Flavonoides mixture.
    4. According to the integral curves of 'H-NMR spectra, the relative content of quercetin, kaempferol and isohamnetin is 88.71%, 6.35% and 4.94% respectively after the hydrolysis of GBE, which is the initial quantitative analysis of GBE's flavonoides mixture utilizing 'H-NMR method.
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