高温环境对肉仔鸡血液生化指标、热应激蛋白（HSP72）转录及肉品质的影响
|
摘要
本研究通过两个试验，以28～50日龄健康AA商品肉用公鸡为试验对象，以有效温度(ET)为指标研究了持续日变高温对肉仔鸡生产性能、血液代谢产物、血清酶活性、胴体品质、肉品感观性状、组织过氧化状态、肝脏HSP72mRNA含量的影响，结果表明热应激降低肉鸡的生产性能，对肉品质有不利影响。
在高温环境对肉仔鸡生产性能、血液代谢产物和肉品质影响的研究中，选择270只28日龄AA肉用公鸡，随机分为3组，每组6个重复，每个重复15只鸡，分别饲养于三个环境控制舱中。采用配对试验设计，3个试验组均采食同一日粮。各组有效温度分别为：持续日变高温组为28.8℃～36.5℃～28.8℃，适温组和适温配对组均为21.2℃；高温组和适温组鸡自由采食，配对组鸡喂给高温组前一天的饲料采食量。于试验后第0、7、14和21天各重复称重，采血测定血清中葡萄糖(Glu)、尿酸(UA)、甘油三脂(TG)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)含量，试验第21天测定鸡的胴体品质和肉质。试验结果表明：①热应激显著降低肉鸡的采食量和生长速度，降低饲料转化率，而且热应激对肉鸡生长速度和饲料转化率的影响不完全依赖于采食量的下降。与适温组和适温限饲组相比，高温组热暴露三周平均日增重分别降低39.05％(P＜0.01)和14.22％(P＜0.01)，料肉比分别增加25.64％(P＜0.01)和15.29％(P＜0.01)。高温组日均采食量较适温组降低24.24％(P＜0.01)。②热应激显著增加血糖含量，后又降低；随热暴露时间的延长，血清中甘油三脂呈下降趋势，第三周时高温组血清甘油三酯含量较其他两组显著降低(P＜0.05)。三组血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白含量均无显著变化(P＞0.05)；与适温组相比，高温组尿酸随热暴露时间的延长而增加，但三周均无显著差异(P＞0.05)，与配对组相比，高温组热暴露三周均显著升高。③同适温组相比，高温组肉鸡有较高的屠宰率(P＜0.05)、全净膛率、半净膛率、腿肌率及腹脂率(P＜0.01)。同配对组相比，高温组有较高的全净膛率(P＜0.05)、半净膛率(P＜0.01)，较高的腿肌率和腹脂率(P＜0.01)，而其他指标则无显著差异(P＞0.05)。④高温环境显著影响鸡肌肉一些感观指标。同适温组相比，高温组胸肌和腿肌L~*值、滴水损失和剪切力显著升高(P＜0.01)，腿肉色a值显著降低(P＜0.01)，胸a值、胸肌和腿肌b值、宰后15分钟及24小时的pH值影响较小，统计学分析差异不显著(P＞0.05)；同配对组比，高温组胸肌和腿肌L~*值、滴水损失和剪切力显著升高(P＜0.01)，其他指标均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。
在高温环境对肉仔鸡血清酶活性、脂质过氧化和肝脏中热应激蛋白(HSP72)转录水平动力学变化影响的研究中，选择270只28日龄AA肉用公鸡，随机分为3组，每组6个重复，每个重复15只鸡，分别饲养于三个环境控制舱中。采用配对试验设计，3个试验组均采食同一日粮。各组有效温度分别为：持续日变高温组为28.8℃～36.5℃～28.8℃，适温自由采食组和适温配对组都为21.2℃。高温组和适温组鸡自由采食，配对组鸡喂给高温组前一天的饲料采食量。于试验第2、5、8、12、15、22天每组6只鸡心脏采血后屠宰，测定肝脏和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量、血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、肌酸肌酶(CK)活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和丙二醛含量、
肝脏中HSP72mRNA含量。试验结果表明①热应激使得肉鸡血清中肌酸肌酶活性显著
升高、碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P<0 .01)、乳酸脱氢酶活性先升高后降低。②热应
激显著提高肉鸡肝脏(P<0 .01)和血清(P<0 .01)中丙二醛含量，肉中的丙二醛含量统
计学分析差异不显著(P> .05)。而且此影响也不依赖于热应激造成的采食量的降低。
③高温和限饲均导致肝脏中HSP72mRNA含量升高，在第22天高温组与适温组差异显
著(P( 0 .05)。
The main objective of this thesis is to study the effects of heat stress on the performance, carcass characteristics, meat visual quality, serum biochemical parameters, MDA concentration of tissues and HSP72mRNA of liver during the age of 28-50 days healthy Arbor Acre(AA) broilers. The results showed that: heat stress decreased the broiler's performance and had harmful effect to the meat quality.
(1) Two hundred and seventy 28-day-old AA broilers were equally divided into 3 groups to study the effect of high temperature on its performance, blood metabolic product. There were 6 replicates in each group and 15 chickens in each replication. Pair test design was adopted to test the effect of ambient temperature on broilers.One group broilers(34AL) were in diurnally high temperature(ET28.8 # -36.5 # -28.8 # ), another group broilers(22AL) fed ad libitum in neutral thermal environment (ET21.2#), the other group broilers(22PF) raised in neutral thermal(ET21.2#) but gave feed consumed by high temperature just before one day. Each replication were weighed at 0, 7, 14, 21 days and collected blood to measure the content of Glu, UA, TG, TP, ALB and GLOB. The carcass character and meat quality were measured at 21-day. The results showed: ?Heat stress decreased broilers' feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion, while these effect were not independent on the decrease of the feed intake. Compared with the 22AL
group and 22PF group, ADG of the high temperature group with 3 weeks decreased 39.05% and 14.22%(P<0.01) respectively, feed conversion increased 25.64% and 15.29% (P<0.01) respectively. Comparing to the neutral group, feed intake of the high temperature decreased 24.24%( P<0.01). (2) High temperature increased the serum Glu content significantly but subsequently decreased it. With the long time under the high temperature, the serum TG had the downward trend. The TG content of the high temperature of 3-week decreased significantly (P<0.05), but the serum TP, ALB and GLOB had no obvious change (P>.05). Compared with 22AL group, the UA content increased with the long time of high temperature, but there had no significant difference during the three weeks. Compared with 22AL but feed limited group, the serum indicator all increased obviously after the three weeks high temperature. (3) It was found that compared to 22AL group, high temperature increased the broiler chicks' slaughter weight rate, full net carcas
s rate, semi net carcass rate, leg muscle rate and abdominal fat rate significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the
22PF group, the high temperature group had higher full net carcass rate (P<0.05), semi net carcass rate (P<0.01), leg muscle rate and abdominal fat rate (P<0.01), while the other indicator had no significant difference(P>0.05). (4) High temperature had obvious influence on some muscular sensation indicator. Compared with 22 AL group, high ambient temperature enhanced significantly the value of L*, drip loss and shear value of breast and thigh meat (P<0.01), while a value of leg meat decreased significantly (P<0.01), but breast a value, breast and leg b value, the Ph value of 15min and 24h after slaughter were not significant affected (P>0.05). The others indicator had not significant difference.
(2) Two hundred and seventy 28-day-old AA broilers were equally divided into 3 groups, 6 replicates in each group and 15 chickens in each replicate to study the effect of high temperature to broilers' serum enzyme, lipid peroxidation and the active change of HSP72mRNA. Pair test design was adopted to test the effect of ambient temperature on broilers. One group broilers(36AL) were in diurnally high temperature(ET28.8#~36.5# -28.8 #), another group broilers(22AL) fed ad libitum in neutral thermal environment (ET 21.2#), the other group broilers(22PF) raised in neutral thermal(ET21.2#) but gave feed consumed by high temperature just before one day. Each group slaughtered 6 broilers at 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 22 day, and collected blood to measure the activity of AKP, CK, LDH and the content of MDA. MDA content of the liv
在高温环境对肉仔鸡生产性能、血液代谢产物和肉品质影响的研究中，选择270只28日龄AA肉用公鸡，随机分为3组，每组6个重复，每个重复15只鸡，分别饲养于三个环境控制舱中。采用配对试验设计，3个试验组均采食同一日粮。各组有效温度分别为：持续日变高温组为28.8℃～36.5℃～28.8℃，适温组和适温配对组均为21.2℃；高温组和适温组鸡自由采食，配对组鸡喂给高温组前一天的饲料采食量。于试验后第0、7、14和21天各重复称重，采血测定血清中葡萄糖(Glu)、尿酸(UA)、甘油三脂(TG)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)含量，试验第21天测定鸡的胴体品质和肉质。试验结果表明：①热应激显著降低肉鸡的采食量和生长速度，降低饲料转化率，而且热应激对肉鸡生长速度和饲料转化率的影响不完全依赖于采食量的下降。与适温组和适温限饲组相比，高温组热暴露三周平均日增重分别降低39.05％(P＜0.01)和14.22％(P＜0.01)，料肉比分别增加25.64％(P＜0.01)和15.29％(P＜0.01)。高温组日均采食量较适温组降低24.24％(P＜0.01)。②热应激显著增加血糖含量，后又降低；随热暴露时间的延长，血清中甘油三脂呈下降趋势，第三周时高温组血清甘油三酯含量较其他两组显著降低(P＜0.05)。三组血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白含量均无显著变化(P＞0.05)；与适温组相比，高温组尿酸随热暴露时间的延长而增加，但三周均无显著差异(P＞0.05)，与配对组相比，高温组热暴露三周均显著升高。③同适温组相比，高温组肉鸡有较高的屠宰率(P＜0.05)、全净膛率、半净膛率、腿肌率及腹脂率(P＜0.01)。同配对组相比，高温组有较高的全净膛率(P＜0.05)、半净膛率(P＜0.01)，较高的腿肌率和腹脂率(P＜0.01)，而其他指标则无显著差异(P＞0.05)。④高温环境显著影响鸡肌肉一些感观指标。同适温组相比，高温组胸肌和腿肌L~*值、滴水损失和剪切力显著升高(P＜0.01)，腿肉色a值显著降低(P＜0.01)，胸a值、胸肌和腿肌b值、宰后15分钟及24小时的pH值影响较小，统计学分析差异不显著(P＞0.05)；同配对组比，高温组胸肌和腿肌L~*值、滴水损失和剪切力显著升高(P＜0.01)，其他指标均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。
在高温环境对肉仔鸡血清酶活性、脂质过氧化和肝脏中热应激蛋白(HSP72)转录水平动力学变化影响的研究中，选择270只28日龄AA肉用公鸡，随机分为3组，每组6个重复，每个重复15只鸡，分别饲养于三个环境控制舱中。采用配对试验设计，3个试验组均采食同一日粮。各组有效温度分别为：持续日变高温组为28.8℃～36.5℃～28.8℃，适温自由采食组和适温配对组都为21.2℃。高温组和适温组鸡自由采食，配对组鸡喂给高温组前一天的饲料采食量。于试验第2、5、8、12、15、22天每组6只鸡心脏采血后屠宰，测定肝脏和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量、血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、肌酸肌酶(CK)活性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和丙二醛含量、
肝脏中HSP72mRNA含量。试验结果表明①热应激使得肉鸡血清中肌酸肌酶活性显著
升高、碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P<0 .01)、乳酸脱氢酶活性先升高后降低。②热应
激显著提高肉鸡肝脏(P<0 .01)和血清(P<0 .01)中丙二醛含量，肉中的丙二醛含量统
计学分析差异不显著(P> .05)。而且此影响也不依赖于热应激造成的采食量的降低。
③高温和限饲均导致肝脏中HSP72mRNA含量升高，在第22天高温组与适温组差异显
著(P( 0 .05)。
The main objective of this thesis is to study the effects of heat stress on the performance, carcass characteristics, meat visual quality, serum biochemical parameters, MDA concentration of tissues and HSP72mRNA of liver during the age of 28-50 days healthy Arbor Acre(AA) broilers. The results showed that: heat stress decreased the broiler's performance and had harmful effect to the meat quality.
(1) Two hundred and seventy 28-day-old AA broilers were equally divided into 3 groups to study the effect of high temperature on its performance, blood metabolic product. There were 6 replicates in each group and 15 chickens in each replication. Pair test design was adopted to test the effect of ambient temperature on broilers.One group broilers(34AL) were in diurnally high temperature(ET28.8 # -36.5 # -28.8 # ), another group broilers(22AL) fed ad libitum in neutral thermal environment (ET21.2#), the other group broilers(22PF) raised in neutral thermal(ET21.2#) but gave feed consumed by high temperature just before one day. Each replication were weighed at 0, 7, 14, 21 days and collected blood to measure the content of Glu, UA, TG, TP, ALB and GLOB. The carcass character and meat quality were measured at 21-day. The results showed: ?Heat stress decreased broilers' feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion, while these effect were not independent on the decrease of the feed intake. Compared with the 22AL
group and 22PF group, ADG of the high temperature group with 3 weeks decreased 39.05% and 14.22%(P<0.01) respectively, feed conversion increased 25.64% and 15.29% (P<0.01) respectively. Comparing to the neutral group, feed intake of the high temperature decreased 24.24%( P<0.01). (2) High temperature increased the serum Glu content significantly but subsequently decreased it. With the long time under the high temperature, the serum TG had the downward trend. The TG content of the high temperature of 3-week decreased significantly (P<0.05), but the serum TP, ALB and GLOB had no obvious change (P>.05). Compared with 22AL group, the UA content increased with the long time of high temperature, but there had no significant difference during the three weeks. Compared with 22AL but feed limited group, the serum indicator all increased obviously after the three weeks high temperature. (3) It was found that compared to 22AL group, high temperature increased the broiler chicks' slaughter weight rate, full net carcas
s rate, semi net carcass rate, leg muscle rate and abdominal fat rate significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the
22PF group, the high temperature group had higher full net carcass rate (P<0.05), semi net carcass rate (P<0.01), leg muscle rate and abdominal fat rate (P<0.01), while the other indicator had no significant difference(P>0.05). (4) High temperature had obvious influence on some muscular sensation indicator. Compared with 22 AL group, high ambient temperature enhanced significantly the value of L*, drip loss and shear value of breast and thigh meat (P<0.01), while a value of leg meat decreased significantly (P<0.01), but breast a value, breast and leg b value, the Ph value of 15min and 24h after slaughter were not significant affected (P>0.05). The others indicator had not significant difference.
(2) Two hundred and seventy 28-day-old AA broilers were equally divided into 3 groups, 6 replicates in each group and 15 chickens in each replicate to study the effect of high temperature to broilers' serum enzyme, lipid peroxidation and the active change of HSP72mRNA. Pair test design was adopted to test the effect of ambient temperature on broilers. One group broilers(36AL) were in diurnally high temperature(ET28.8#~36.5# -28.8 #), another group broilers(22AL) fed ad libitum in neutral thermal environment (ET 21.2#), the other group broilers(22PF) raised in neutral thermal(ET21.2#) but gave feed consumed by high temperature just before one day. Each group slaughtered 6 broilers at 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 22 day, and collected blood to measure the activity of AKP, CK, LDH and the content of MDA. MDA content of the liv
引文
[1] 汪尧春，呙于明，周毓平．肉鸡热应激与营养[J]．中国饲料，1998，9：17～19．
[2] 田允波．减缓肉鸡热应激的措施[J]．中国家禽，2000，6：33～34．
[3] 吴仲贤．生物统计[M]．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1996，11．
[4] Selye H A. Syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents[J].Nature,1936,138:32.
[5] Edens F W and Siegel H S. Adrenal response in high and low ACTH response lines of chicken during acute heat stress[J].General and Comparative endocrinology, 1975,25:64～73.
[6] Zimmermern R A and Snetsinger.performance and physiological responses of laying chickens housed in controlled climate environment[R]. Proc.12th Annu.Meet South Regonal Avian Envion.Physiol.Bioeng.Study Group.Atlanta.1976.
[7] Kampen M V. Physiological response of poultry to ambient temperature[J].Archiv. furExperimentelle Veterinar Medizin, 1984,38:384～391.
[8] Geraert P A,Padilha J C F, Guillaumin S.Metabolic and endocrine changesinduced by hronie heat exposure in broiler chickens:growth performance, body composition and energy retention[J].Brit.J.Nutr., 1996a,75:195～204.
[9] Geraert P A,Padilha J C F. Guillaumin S.Metabolic and endocrine changes induce by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens:biological andendocrinological variables[J].Brit.J.Nutr., 1996b,75:205～216.
[10] Dale N M and Fuller H L.Effects of diet composition on feed intake and growth of chicks under heat stress[J].Poul.Sci., 1979,58:1529～1534.
[11] Payne C G. Practical asPect of environmental temperature fou laying hens[J].World Poul.Sci.J., 1966,22:126.
[12] Yaglou C P.J.ind [J].Hyg.Toxicol., 1927,9:297～309.
[13] 山本祯纪，1975．家禽生产中的环境控制[R]．国外学者讲学材料，1991．7．
[14] Egbunike G N. The relative important of dry-and-wet-bulb temperature in the th- ermorespiratory function in the chicken[J].Zentralblatt fur Veternarmedizin,1979, A26:573～579.
[15] Hassan A and AL-Rawl B A. Relative importance of environmental temperature and humidity on the physiological performance of layers[J]. Review of AnimalPr od.Vol., 1982,ⅩⅧ,No.343～348.
[16] Henken A M, et al. Heat tolerance of one-day old chickens with special referance to conditions during transport[M]. Energy Metabolism,Farm Animals,Effect of Housing,Stress and Disease, 1987,p261～287.
[17] Zulorich J M and Deahazer J A.Estimating egg production declines at highenvir-onmental temperatures and humidities. American Society of Agri[M]. Engineers
No.90-4021,1990,P15.
[18] 林海，张子仪．肉鸡实感温度的系统模型分析及热应激下的营养生理反应[D]．北京：中国农科院博士论文，1996．
[19] Ostrowski-Meissner H T.The physiological and biochemical response of broilers exposed to short term thermal stress[J].Comp.Biochem.and Physiol., 1981,A70:1～8.
[20] Donkoh A and Kase A G.Reseponse of chicks to two diets of differing energy levels under conditions of brooding with or without supplemental heat[J].International J.of Biometerology, 1987,31:329～337
[21] Donkoh A.Ambient temperature:a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens[J].International J. of Biometerology, 1989,33:259～265.
[22] 刘春燕，王宝维，王清吉．不同程度高温对蛋鸡多项血液生化指标的影响[J]．中国家禽，1996，6：27～28．
[23] 周杰，骆先虎，檀其梅．高温对肉用仔鸡生产性能和某些血清生化指标的影响[J]．畜牧与兽医，1997，19(2)：57～59
[24] 傅玲玉，周庆堂，章怀云，等．高温对产蛋鸡的血液生化反应[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1988，(6)：11～14．
[25] 刘思当，宁章勇，谭勋，肖一红．热应激对肉仔鸡血液生化指标影响的观察[J]．中国兽医杂志，2003，39(9)：20～23．
[26] 杨全明，吴庆鹉，余振华．环境温度对肉用仔鸡尿酸排泄及氮代谢影响的研究[J]．畜牧兽医学报，1994，25(2)：109～115
[27] 刘凤华，董玉芳，于同泉，李小元．蛋鸡热应激中血液理化指标动态变化阿规律的研究[J]．家畜生态．1998，19(2)：1～5．
[28] 刘振湘，唐晓玲，曾元根．鸡热应激对鸡生产性能的影响机理[J]．中国畜牧兽医杂志，2001，20(1)：29～32
[29] 刘凤华，吴国娟，王占贺，鲁琳，刘四朝．热应激对仔鸡血清生化及免疫指标的影响[J]．北京农学院学报，2002，17(4)：51～54．
[30] 刘凤华．蛋鸡热应激中代谢指标的动态变化及相关性[J]．中国畜牧杂志，2003，39(2)：15～16．
[31] 郑卓夫．减轻家禽热应激的添加剂研究进展[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1992，28(4)：56～58
[32] 刘铀，林红英，罗东君，等．热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及内分泌机能的影响[J]．湛江海洋大学学报，1999，19(1)：61～64．
[33] Sharma M L and Gangwar P C.Effect of cooling on the plasma enzymic patterns of broilers during summer[J].Indian J. of Anim. Sci., 1986,56:194～198.
[34] Hocking P M, Marwell M H and Mtchell M A. Hematology and blood composition at two ambient temmperaturee in genetically fat and lean adult broiler breeder females fed ad libitum or throughout life[J].Br.Poult.Sci., 1994,35:799～807.
[35] 刘凤华，谢仲权，孙朝龙．高温对蛋鸡血液生化指标及生产性能的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1997，33(5)：23～25．
[36] 刘春燕，吴中红．蛋鸡耐热力生理机制及其指标的研究[D]．北京：北京农业大学硕士论文，1995．
[37] Vysotskaya R V et al. Changes in activity of lysosomal enzymes in hens during exposure to high temperature[J].Referativnyi Zhurual, 1979,58:140.
[38] Bogin E.The effect of heat stress on the levels of certain blood constituents in chickens[J].Refusa Veterinarith, 1981,38:98～104.
[39] 何世山，金小军．高温对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响[J]．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2002，29(3)：311～314．
[40] 刘铀，林红英，罗东君，等．热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及内分泌机能的影响[J]．湛江海洋大学学报，1999，19(1)：61～64．
[41] 邵莹，潘志英．热应激与喂电解质抗热应激对产蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响[J]．江西农业大学学报，1992，14(4)：346～350．
[42] 蔡玉根，梁孙仪，罗上鸿等．家禽热应激缓解物的应用[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1994，30(6)：50～51．
[43] 李绍玉．热应激对家禽的影响及缓解措施[J]．中国家禽，1998，19(5)：13～17．
[44] Gray J I and Pearson A M.Rancidity and warmedover flavour[J].Adv.Meat Rese., 1987,3:221.
[45] Asghar A, Gray J T, Buckley D J, Pearson A M and Booren A M. perspectives in warmedover flavour[J].Food Technol., 1988,42(6): 102.
[46] Ohtsuka K, Yabunaka N, Fujisawa H, Watance I and Agishi Y.Effect of thermal stress on glutathione metabolism in human erythrocytes[J].European Jounal of Applied Physiology, 1994,68:87～91.
[47] Ando M, Kamamoto K,Yamamoto S,et al.Effect of hyperthermia on glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidative damage in liver[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 1994,19:177～185.
[48] Aoyagi Y, Ohnishi T, Itoh S and Nalaya T.Effect of heat stress and Lasorbicacid-2-phosphate magnesium on plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration and on liver protein carbonyl concentration in chicks[J].Japa. Poul.Sci., 1997,34(1):63～66.
[49] 李绍玉，张敏红，张子仪，闫慎飞，杜荣，王克领，魏凤仙．热应激对肉用仔鸡生产性能及生理生化指标的影响[J]．华北农学报，2000，15(3)：140～144．
[50] Ritossa F.A new puffing pattern induced by temperature shock and DNP in Drosophila[J].Experientia, 1962,18:571～573.
[51] Tissieres A,et al. Protein synthesis in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster: relation to chromosome puffs[J]. J. Mol. Bio1.,1974,84:389～398.
[52] Marber M S,et al. Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kDa heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury[J].J Clin Invest, 1995,95:1446～1456.
[53] Guttman S D,Glover C V C,Allis C D,Gorovsky M A.Heat shock,deciliationand release from anoxia induce the synthesis of the same polypeptides in starved T.Pyriformis [J] .Cell, 1980.22:299～307.
[54] Hahn G M,Li G C.Thermotolerance and heat shock proteins in mammaliancells [J].Radiat Res,1982,92:452～457.
[55] Weitzel G, Pilatus U,Rensing L.Similar dose response of heat shock proteinsynthesis and intracellular pH change in yeast[J].Exp Cell Res, 1985,159: 252～256.
[56] Sciandra J J,Subjeck J R.The effect of glucose on protein synthesis and thermos ensitivity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem[J],1983,258:12091～12093.
[57] Barbe M F, Tytell M, Gower D J, Welch W J. Hyperthermia protects against light damage in the rat retina[J]. Science, 1988,241 : 1817～1820.
[58] Craig E A.The heat shock reponse.CRC Crit.Rev.Biochem, 1985,18:239～280.
[59] Li G C and Lzszlo A.Thermotolerance in mammalian cells:A possible role from heat shock proteins[M]. Changes in Eukaryotic Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress B G Atkinson and Walden D B,ed.Academic Press Inc.,Orlando,FL. 1985,p227～254
[60] Lindquist,S.,and E.A.Craig.The heat shock proteins[J].Ann.Rev.Genet.,1988,22:631～637.
[61] Hahn G M and Li G C.Thermotolerance,thermoresistance,and thermosensitization [M]. Stress proteins in Biology and Medicine.R.I.Morimoto,A.Tissieres,and C.Geo-rgopoulos,ed.Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cole SpringHarbor, NY. 1990, p79～100
[62] Lindquist S.The heat shock responses.Ann.Rev.Biochem., 1986,55:1151～1191.
[63] Li G C.Elevated levels of 70,000 dalton heat shock protein in transiently thermotolerance Chinese hamster fibroblasts and in their stable heat resistant variants. Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys., 1985,11:165～177.
[64] Li G C and Mak J K.Re-induction of hsp70 synthesis:an assay for thermotolerance [J] .Int. J.Hyperthermia, 1989,5:389～403.
[65] Wick G et al.Atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease due to an immune reaction against heat-shock protein 60[J].Herz,2000 Mar,25(2):87～90.Review.
[66] 张明，刘立思．热休克蛋白60与肿瘤关系的研究进展[J]．国外医学分子生物学分册．2003，25(2)：105～108．
[67] Galeal J,Latchman D S,Katz D R.The role of 90Kda heat shock protein incycle control and differentiation of the monoblastoid cell line U937[J]. Exp cell Res, 1996,226(2):243.
[68] Udono H,Srivastava P K.Comaparison of tumor-specific immunogenicities ofstres-sinduced proteins gP96,hsp90,and hsp70[J]. J Immunol, 1994,152:5398～5403.
[69] Li Z H and Srivastava P K.Tumor rejection antigen gp96/grp94 is an ATPase:i
mplication for profolding and antigen presentation[J].The EMBO.Journal,1993,12: 3143～3151.
[70] Nieland T J, Tan M C, Moonevan M M, Koning F, et al. Isolation of an immunodominant viral PePtide that is endogenously bound to the stress protein GP96/GRP94[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 1996,93:6135～6139.
[71] Srivastava P K,Deleo A B and Old LJ. Tumor rejection antigens of chemically induced sarcomas of nibred mice[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. 1986,83:3407～3411.
[72] Srivastava P K and Heike M. Tumor-specific immunogenicity of stress-induced proteins:convergence of ewo evolutionary pathways of antigen presentation[M]. Semn Immunol,1991:57～64.
[73] Srivastava P K and Maki R G. Stress-induced proteins in immune response to cancer[J].Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol., 1991,167:109～123.
[74] Cho S S,Lucas J J,Roh E J,et al.Distribution of transferring binding proteinimmuoreactivity in the chicken central and peripheral nervous system[J].J.Comp.Neurol., 1997,382:260～271.
[75] 李燕．鸡热应激蛋白108特性与功能初步研究[D]．南京：南京农业大学博士论文，2002．
[76] Gabrief J E, et al. Effect of acute heat stress on heat shock protein 70 messager RNA and on heat shock protein expression on the liver of broilers[J]. Br.Poult. Sci., 1996,37: 443～449.
[77] Hofmann K.The concept of meat quality:definition and application[J].Fleischwirts-chaft, 1987,17:44～49.
[78] 张开城．肉类的风味化学[M]．食品科学，1991，4：1～4．
[79] Barbut.S.Production of pale soft exudative meat in broiler chickens[J].British Poulry Sci., 1997,38:355～358.
[80] Osman,A M and Tanios.The effect of heat on intestinal and pancreatic level of amylase and maltase of laying hens and broiler[J].Compa.Biochem.and Physiol.75A: 565.
[81] Kunst U,Pingel H and Lengerken G V. The effect of high temperature on carcass composition and meat quality of duck[J].World Poul. Misset, 1996,12(12):27～28.
[82] Froning G W, Babji A S and Mather F B.The effect of preslaughter temperature, stress,struggle and anesthetization on color and texture characteristics of turkey muscle [J].Poul. Sci., 1978,57:630～633.
[83] Wood D F and Richards F. Effect of some antemorten stressors on postmorten aspects of chicken broiler pectoralis muscle[J].Poul.Sci., 1975,54:528～531.
[84] Mckee J S and Harrison P C. Effect of supplemental ascorbic acid on theperfor mance of broiler chickens exposed to multiple concurrent stressors[J].Poultry Sci., 1995,74:1772-1785.
[85] Northcutt O K,Foegeding E A and Edens F W.Water holding properties of thermally
preorditived chicken breast and leg meat[J].Poul.Sci.,1994,73:308～316.
[86] Mckee S R and Sams A R.The effect of seasonal heat stress on vigor acceptant and the incidence of pale exdutive turkey meat[J].Poul Sci., 1997,76:1616～1620.
[87] McCurdy R D,et al.Seasonal effect on pale soft exudative(PSE) occurrence in young turkey breast meat[J].Food Res.Int., 1996,29:363～366.
[88] Buckley D J,Morrissey P A,Gray G I.Influence of dietary vitamin E on theoxidative stability and meat quality of pig meat[J]. J.Anim.Sci., 1995,73:3122～3130.
[89] Austic R E.Feeding poultry in hot and cold climates[M] in:YOUSSEF, M.(Ed.) Stress Physioligy in Livestock,3,Poultry, 1985,P 123-126(Boca Raton,FL,CRC Press).
[90] Teeter R G.Smith M O,Owens F N and Arp S C. Chronic heat stress andrespiratory alkalosis:occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks[J].Poul.Sci., 1985,64:1060～1064.
[91] Daghir N J.Nutrient requrement of poultry at high temperaturee. In poultry production in hot climate.Ed by Daghir[J].CAB International. 1995,101～123.
[92] Smith M O.Parts yield of broiler reared under cycling high temperatures[J].Poul. Sci.,1993a,72:1146～1150.
[93] Smith M O.Nutrient content of carvcass ports from broilers rearedunder cycling high temperature[J].Poul.Sci., 1993b,72:2166～2171.
[94] Barott H G and Pingle E M.The effect of temperature of environment during the period from 18 to 32 days of age[J]. J.Nutr.,1950,41:25～30.
[95] Ota H and Garrer H L.Studies on the growth of baby chicks to frying chickens in the poultry calorimeters[R]. Proc.Annu.Mtg.Amer.Soc.Agric.Eng. MinneaPolis, MN.1954.
[96] Prince R P, Wheeler W C, Junnila W A, Potter L M and Singsen E P. Effects of temperature on feed consumption and weight gain in broiler performance[J]. Connect.Agric. Exp. Sta.,Prog.Rep.,1960,33.
[97] Howes J R, Grub W and Rollo C A. The effects of constant high temperature regimes upon broiler growth, feed efficiency, body composition and carcass quailty[J]. Poult.Sci.,1962,41:1652.
[98] Deaton J W, Reece F N and Mcnaughton J L.The effect of temperatureduring the growing Period on broiler performance[J]. Poult.Sci., 1978,57:1070～1074.
[99] Leenstra F and Cahaner A.Genotype by environment interactions using fast-growing, lean or fat broiler chickens, originating from the Netherlands and Israel, raised at normal or low temperature[J]. Poult.Sci., 1991,70:2028～2039.
[100] Howlider M A R and Rose S P.Temperature and the growth of broilers[J]. World's Poult.Sci.,1987,43:228～237.
[101] Siegel H S and Latimer J W.Interaction of high temperature and salmonella pullorum antigen concentration on serum agglutinin and corticosteroid responses in White Rock Chickens[J]. Poult.Sci. 1984,63:2483～2491.
[102] 林海．环境温度与日粮营养水平对蛋用鸡脂肪代谢影响的研究[D]．泰安：山东农业大学硕士毕业论文，1988．
[103] McNally E H and SPicknall H H. Meat yield from live dressed eviscerated Rhode Island Red males of broilers,fryer and roaster weights[J].Poul. Sci., 1949,28:562～567.
[104] Schmidt M O,Formica S D and Fritz J C.Effect of fasting prior to slaugher on yield of broilers[J].Poul.Sci., 1964,43:931～934.
[105] Moran E T Jr and Orr H I.A characteristic of chicken broiler as a function of sex and age, live performance, processing, grade and cooking yields[J]. Food Technol. 1969,23:91～98
[106] Moran E T Jr and Orr H I.Ifluence of strain on the yield of commercial parts from the chicken broiler carcass [J].Poul. Sci., 1970,49:725～729.
[107] Bouwkamp E L,Bigbee D E and Swabeck C J.Strain influences on broiler parts yield[J] .Poul. Sci., 1973,52:1517～1523.
[108] Izat A L, Reiber M A, Adams M H, et al.Comparison of different anticoccidials on processing characteristics and parts yield of broiler chickens[J].Poul.Sci., 1991,77:475～480.
[109] Bilgili S F, Moran E T Jr and Acar N. Strain-cross responsee of heavy male broilers to dietary lysine in finisher feed:live performance an further processing yield[J].Poul.Sci., 1992,71:850～858.
[110] Holsheimer J P and Veerkamp E H. Effect of dietary energy, protein and lysine content on performance and yields of two strains of male broiler chicks[J].Poul.Sci.,1992,71:872～879.
[111] Renden J A, Biligili S F and Kincaid S A. Effect of photoschedule and strain cross on broiler performance[J].Poul.Sci., 1992,51:2021～2025.
[112] Howlider M A R and Rose S P. Rearing temperature and the meat yield of broiler[J].Brit.Poul.Sci.,1989,30:61～67.
[113] Tawfik E S, Osman A M A, Ristic M,et al. Einflus der stalltemperatur auf mastleistung,schlachtkorper wert and Fleischbeschaffenheit von Broiler unters schiedlichen alters and geschlechts. 2. mitteilung:schla chtkorperwert[J].Arch.fur Geflugelkunde, 1989,53:235～244.
[114] Ain Baziz H A,.Geraert P A,Pahiha J C F and Guillaumin S. Chronic heat exposure enhances fat deposition and modifies muscle and fat partition in broiler carcass[J].Poul.Sci., 1996,75:505～513.
[115] Swian S and Farrell D J.Effect of different temperature regiments on bodycom position and carry over effects of energy metabolism of growing chicks[J].Poul. Sci., 1975,54:513.
[116] Husseiny E L O and Creger C R.The effect of ambient temperature on carcass energy gain in chicks[J].Poul.Sci., 1980,59:2307～2311.
[117] Ain Baziz H A,Geraert P A,Pahiha J C F and Guillaumin S.Effect of hightem-perature and dietary composition on growth,body composition and energy retention in broilers[R].Proceedings of the Ⅷth European Poultry Conference.1990, Vol.1:626～629.Dira de Barcelona: World's Poultry Science Association Spanish Branch.
[118] Sonaiya E B.Fatty acid composition of broiler abdominal fat as influenced by temperature,diet,age and sex[J].Brit.Poul.Sci.,1988,29:589～595.
[119] Keshavarz K and Fuller H L. The influence of widely fluctuating temperature on heat production and energeticefficiency of broiler[J].Poul. Sci., 1980,59:2121-2128.
[120] 李绍玉，张子仪．热应激对肉仔鸡生产性能何产品品质的影响及核黄素抗应激效果的研究[D]．北京：中国农科院博士论文，1999．
[121] 孙玉民，罗明．畜禽肉品学[M]．济南：山东科学技术出版社，1993．
[122] Fletcher D L.Relationship of breast meat color variation to muscle pH and texture[J].Poult.Sci., 1995,74:120.
[123] 杨彩梅，陈安国，刘金松．肌肉生长和禽肉品质的关系[J]．中国家禽．1999，21(12)：34～35．
[124] Fletcher D L. Broiler breast meat color variation,pH,and texture[J].Poult.Sci.,1999, 78:1323～1327.
[125] Qiao M,Fletcher D L,Smith D P, et al.The effect of broiler breastmeat color on pH moisture,water-hoding capacity and emulsification capacity[J].Poult.Sci.,2001. 80:676～680.
[126] 于福清．维生素E、硒对熟化及贮存过程中牛肉氧化稳定性的影响[D]．北京：中国农业科学院硕士研究生学位论文．2001．
[127] 刘春燕，吴中红，高令美，等．蛋鸡耐热力与血清酶活性的关系[J]，动物营养学报，2000，12(4)：28～30．
[128] 李绍玉．热应激对家禽的影响及缓解措施[J]．中国家禽，1999．21(6)：6～9．
[129] 王小龙，高得仪，陈万芳等．兽医临床病理学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1995、144～146．
[130] Slater T F. Free radical mechanisms in tissue in injury[J]. The Biochemical Journal,1984,222:1～15.
[131] Collins A,Duthie S and Ross M.Micronutrients and oxidative stress in the etiology of cancer[J].Proceeding of the Nutrition Society, 1994,53:67～75.
[132] Zimarino V, Wu G. Heat stroke pathophysiology:the energy depletion model[J]. Nature, 1987,327:727～730.
[133] Zulkifli I,et al.The effect of early age feed restriction on heat shock protein 70 response in heat-stressed female broiler chickens[J]. Br.Poult. Sci.,2002,43:141～145.
[134] Gabrief J E, et al. 1996. Effect of acute heat stress on heat shock protein 70 messager RNA and on heat shock protein expression on the liver of broilers[J].
[J]. Br.Poult.Sci.,37:443～449.
[135] Yahav S,et al. Effect of acqucition of improved thermotolerance on the induction of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens [J]. Poult.Sci., 1997,76:1428～1434.
[136] Wang S, Edens F W. Heat conditioning induces heat shock proteins in broiler chickens and turkey poults[J]. Poult.Sci., 1998,77:1635～1645.
[137] Craig E, Gross C A.Is hsp 70 the cellular thermometer[J]? Trends Biochem. Sci.,1991,16:35～40.
[138] Zulkifli I,et al. Effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on heterphil/lymphocyte ratios,heat shock protein 70 expression and body temperatureof heat-stressed broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology,2003,28:217～222.
[139] 徐建华，等．高温、噪声、振动复合因素对热应激蛋白70合成的影响[J]．中华航海医学杂志，1998，5(3)：146～149．
[140] 汤平涛，等．高温、烟碱及其联合作用对大鼠肝热应激蛋白70合成与分布的影响[J]．中华劳动卫生职业病杂志，1998，6(2)：81～84．
[2] 田允波．减缓肉鸡热应激的措施[J]．中国家禽，2000，6：33～34．
[3] 吴仲贤．生物统计[M]．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1996，11．
[4] Selye H A. Syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents[J].Nature,1936,138:32.
[5] Edens F W and Siegel H S. Adrenal response in high and low ACTH response lines of chicken during acute heat stress[J].General and Comparative endocrinology, 1975,25:64～73.
[6] Zimmermern R A and Snetsinger.performance and physiological responses of laying chickens housed in controlled climate environment[R]. Proc.12th Annu.Meet South Regonal Avian Envion.Physiol.Bioeng.Study Group.Atlanta.1976.
[7] Kampen M V. Physiological response of poultry to ambient temperature[J].Archiv. furExperimentelle Veterinar Medizin, 1984,38:384～391.
[8] Geraert P A,Padilha J C F, Guillaumin S.Metabolic and endocrine changesinduced by hronie heat exposure in broiler chickens:growth performance, body composition and energy retention[J].Brit.J.Nutr., 1996a,75:195～204.
[9] Geraert P A,Padilha J C F. Guillaumin S.Metabolic and endocrine changes induce by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens:biological andendocrinological variables[J].Brit.J.Nutr., 1996b,75:205～216.
[10] Dale N M and Fuller H L.Effects of diet composition on feed intake and growth of chicks under heat stress[J].Poul.Sci., 1979,58:1529～1534.
[11] Payne C G. Practical asPect of environmental temperature fou laying hens[J].World Poul.Sci.J., 1966,22:126.
[12] Yaglou C P.J.ind [J].Hyg.Toxicol., 1927,9:297～309.
[13] 山本祯纪，1975．家禽生产中的环境控制[R]．国外学者讲学材料，1991．7．
[14] Egbunike G N. The relative important of dry-and-wet-bulb temperature in the th- ermorespiratory function in the chicken[J].Zentralblatt fur Veternarmedizin,1979, A26:573～579.
[15] Hassan A and AL-Rawl B A. Relative importance of environmental temperature and humidity on the physiological performance of layers[J]. Review of AnimalPr od.Vol., 1982,ⅩⅧ,No.343～348.
[16] Henken A M, et al. Heat tolerance of one-day old chickens with special referance to conditions during transport[M]. Energy Metabolism,Farm Animals,Effect of Housing,Stress and Disease, 1987,p261～287.
[17] Zulorich J M and Deahazer J A.Estimating egg production declines at highenvir-onmental temperatures and humidities. American Society of Agri[M]. Engineers
No.90-4021,1990,P15.
[18] 林海，张子仪．肉鸡实感温度的系统模型分析及热应激下的营养生理反应[D]．北京：中国农科院博士论文，1996．
[19] Ostrowski-Meissner H T.The physiological and biochemical response of broilers exposed to short term thermal stress[J].Comp.Biochem.and Physiol., 1981,A70:1～8.
[20] Donkoh A and Kase A G.Reseponse of chicks to two diets of differing energy levels under conditions of brooding with or without supplemental heat[J].International J.of Biometerology, 1987,31:329～337
[21] Donkoh A.Ambient temperature:a factor affecting performance and physiological response of broiler chickens[J].International J. of Biometerology, 1989,33:259～265.
[22] 刘春燕，王宝维，王清吉．不同程度高温对蛋鸡多项血液生化指标的影响[J]．中国家禽，1996，6：27～28．
[23] 周杰，骆先虎，檀其梅．高温对肉用仔鸡生产性能和某些血清生化指标的影响[J]．畜牧与兽医，1997，19(2)：57～59
[24] 傅玲玉，周庆堂，章怀云，等．高温对产蛋鸡的血液生化反应[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1988，(6)：11～14．
[25] 刘思当，宁章勇，谭勋，肖一红．热应激对肉仔鸡血液生化指标影响的观察[J]．中国兽医杂志，2003，39(9)：20～23．
[26] 杨全明，吴庆鹉，余振华．环境温度对肉用仔鸡尿酸排泄及氮代谢影响的研究[J]．畜牧兽医学报，1994，25(2)：109～115
[27] 刘凤华，董玉芳，于同泉，李小元．蛋鸡热应激中血液理化指标动态变化阿规律的研究[J]．家畜生态．1998，19(2)：1～5．
[28] 刘振湘，唐晓玲，曾元根．鸡热应激对鸡生产性能的影响机理[J]．中国畜牧兽医杂志，2001，20(1)：29～32
[29] 刘凤华，吴国娟，王占贺，鲁琳，刘四朝．热应激对仔鸡血清生化及免疫指标的影响[J]．北京农学院学报，2002，17(4)：51～54．
[30] 刘凤华．蛋鸡热应激中代谢指标的动态变化及相关性[J]．中国畜牧杂志，2003，39(2)：15～16．
[31] 郑卓夫．减轻家禽热应激的添加剂研究进展[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1992，28(4)：56～58
[32] 刘铀，林红英，罗东君，等．热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及内分泌机能的影响[J]．湛江海洋大学学报，1999，19(1)：61～64．
[33] Sharma M L and Gangwar P C.Effect of cooling on the plasma enzymic patterns of broilers during summer[J].Indian J. of Anim. Sci., 1986,56:194～198.
[34] Hocking P M, Marwell M H and Mtchell M A. Hematology and blood composition at two ambient temmperaturee in genetically fat and lean adult broiler breeder females fed ad libitum or throughout life[J].Br.Poult.Sci., 1994,35:799～807.
[35] 刘凤华，谢仲权，孙朝龙．高温对蛋鸡血液生化指标及生产性能的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1997，33(5)：23～25．
[36] 刘春燕，吴中红．蛋鸡耐热力生理机制及其指标的研究[D]．北京：北京农业大学硕士论文，1995．
[37] Vysotskaya R V et al. Changes in activity of lysosomal enzymes in hens during exposure to high temperature[J].Referativnyi Zhurual, 1979,58:140.
[38] Bogin E.The effect of heat stress on the levels of certain blood constituents in chickens[J].Refusa Veterinarith, 1981,38:98～104.
[39] 何世山，金小军．高温对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响[J]．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2002，29(3)：311～314．
[40] 刘铀，林红英，罗东君，等．热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及内分泌机能的影响[J]．湛江海洋大学学报，1999，19(1)：61～64．
[41] 邵莹，潘志英．热应激与喂电解质抗热应激对产蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响[J]．江西农业大学学报，1992，14(4)：346～350．
[42] 蔡玉根，梁孙仪，罗上鸿等．家禽热应激缓解物的应用[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1994，30(6)：50～51．
[43] 李绍玉．热应激对家禽的影响及缓解措施[J]．中国家禽，1998，19(5)：13～17．
[44] Gray J I and Pearson A M.Rancidity and warmedover flavour[J].Adv.Meat Rese., 1987,3:221.
[45] Asghar A, Gray J T, Buckley D J, Pearson A M and Booren A M. perspectives in warmedover flavour[J].Food Technol., 1988,42(6): 102.
[46] Ohtsuka K, Yabunaka N, Fujisawa H, Watance I and Agishi Y.Effect of thermal stress on glutathione metabolism in human erythrocytes[J].European Jounal of Applied Physiology, 1994,68:87～91.
[47] Ando M, Kamamoto K,Yamamoto S,et al.Effect of hyperthermia on glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidative damage in liver[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 1994,19:177～185.
[48] Aoyagi Y, Ohnishi T, Itoh S and Nalaya T.Effect of heat stress and Lasorbicacid-2-phosphate magnesium on plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration and on liver protein carbonyl concentration in chicks[J].Japa. Poul.Sci., 1997,34(1):63～66.
[49] 李绍玉，张敏红，张子仪，闫慎飞，杜荣，王克领，魏凤仙．热应激对肉用仔鸡生产性能及生理生化指标的影响[J]．华北农学报，2000，15(3)：140～144．
[50] Ritossa F.A new puffing pattern induced by temperature shock and DNP in Drosophila[J].Experientia, 1962,18:571～573.
[51] Tissieres A,et al. Protein synthesis in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster: relation to chromosome puffs[J]. J. Mol. Bio1.,1974,84:389～398.
[52] Marber M S,et al. Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kDa heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury[J].J Clin Invest, 1995,95:1446～1456.
[53] Guttman S D,Glover C V C,Allis C D,Gorovsky M A.Heat shock,deciliationand release from anoxia induce the synthesis of the same polypeptides in starved T.Pyriformis [J] .Cell, 1980.22:299～307.
[54] Hahn G M,Li G C.Thermotolerance and heat shock proteins in mammaliancells [J].Radiat Res,1982,92:452～457.
[55] Weitzel G, Pilatus U,Rensing L.Similar dose response of heat shock proteinsynthesis and intracellular pH change in yeast[J].Exp Cell Res, 1985,159: 252～256.
[56] Sciandra J J,Subjeck J R.The effect of glucose on protein synthesis and thermos ensitivity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem[J],1983,258:12091～12093.
[57] Barbe M F, Tytell M, Gower D J, Welch W J. Hyperthermia protects against light damage in the rat retina[J]. Science, 1988,241 : 1817～1820.
[58] Craig E A.The heat shock reponse.CRC Crit.Rev.Biochem, 1985,18:239～280.
[59] Li G C and Lzszlo A.Thermotolerance in mammalian cells:A possible role from heat shock proteins[M]. Changes in Eukaryotic Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress B G Atkinson and Walden D B,ed.Academic Press Inc.,Orlando,FL. 1985,p227～254
[60] Lindquist,S.,and E.A.Craig.The heat shock proteins[J].Ann.Rev.Genet.,1988,22:631～637.
[61] Hahn G M and Li G C.Thermotolerance,thermoresistance,and thermosensitization [M]. Stress proteins in Biology and Medicine.R.I.Morimoto,A.Tissieres,and C.Geo-rgopoulos,ed.Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cole SpringHarbor, NY. 1990, p79～100
[62] Lindquist S.The heat shock responses.Ann.Rev.Biochem., 1986,55:1151～1191.
[63] Li G C.Elevated levels of 70,000 dalton heat shock protein in transiently thermotolerance Chinese hamster fibroblasts and in their stable heat resistant variants. Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys., 1985,11:165～177.
[64] Li G C and Mak J K.Re-induction of hsp70 synthesis:an assay for thermotolerance [J] .Int. J.Hyperthermia, 1989,5:389～403.
[65] Wick G et al.Atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease due to an immune reaction against heat-shock protein 60[J].Herz,2000 Mar,25(2):87～90.Review.
[66] 张明，刘立思．热休克蛋白60与肿瘤关系的研究进展[J]．国外医学分子生物学分册．2003，25(2)：105～108．
[67] Galeal J,Latchman D S,Katz D R.The role of 90Kda heat shock protein incycle control and differentiation of the monoblastoid cell line U937[J]. Exp cell Res, 1996,226(2):243.
[68] Udono H,Srivastava P K.Comaparison of tumor-specific immunogenicities ofstres-sinduced proteins gP96,hsp90,and hsp70[J]. J Immunol, 1994,152:5398～5403.
[69] Li Z H and Srivastava P K.Tumor rejection antigen gp96/grp94 is an ATPase:i
mplication for profolding and antigen presentation[J].The EMBO.Journal,1993,12: 3143～3151.
[70] Nieland T J, Tan M C, Moonevan M M, Koning F, et al. Isolation of an immunodominant viral PePtide that is endogenously bound to the stress protein GP96/GRP94[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 1996,93:6135～6139.
[71] Srivastava P K,Deleo A B and Old LJ. Tumor rejection antigens of chemically induced sarcomas of nibred mice[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. 1986,83:3407～3411.
[72] Srivastava P K and Heike M. Tumor-specific immunogenicity of stress-induced proteins:convergence of ewo evolutionary pathways of antigen presentation[M]. Semn Immunol,1991:57～64.
[73] Srivastava P K and Maki R G. Stress-induced proteins in immune response to cancer[J].Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol., 1991,167:109～123.
[74] Cho S S,Lucas J J,Roh E J,et al.Distribution of transferring binding proteinimmuoreactivity in the chicken central and peripheral nervous system[J].J.Comp.Neurol., 1997,382:260～271.
[75] 李燕．鸡热应激蛋白108特性与功能初步研究[D]．南京：南京农业大学博士论文，2002．
[76] Gabrief J E, et al. Effect of acute heat stress on heat shock protein 70 messager RNA and on heat shock protein expression on the liver of broilers[J]. Br.Poult. Sci., 1996,37: 443～449.
[77] Hofmann K.The concept of meat quality:definition and application[J].Fleischwirts-chaft, 1987,17:44～49.
[78] 张开城．肉类的风味化学[M]．食品科学，1991，4：1～4．
[79] Barbut.S.Production of pale soft exudative meat in broiler chickens[J].British Poulry Sci., 1997,38:355～358.
[80] Osman,A M and Tanios.The effect of heat on intestinal and pancreatic level of amylase and maltase of laying hens and broiler[J].Compa.Biochem.and Physiol.75A: 565.
[81] Kunst U,Pingel H and Lengerken G V. The effect of high temperature on carcass composition and meat quality of duck[J].World Poul. Misset, 1996,12(12):27～28.
[82] Froning G W, Babji A S and Mather F B.The effect of preslaughter temperature, stress,struggle and anesthetization on color and texture characteristics of turkey muscle [J].Poul. Sci., 1978,57:630～633.
[83] Wood D F and Richards F. Effect of some antemorten stressors on postmorten aspects of chicken broiler pectoralis muscle[J].Poul.Sci., 1975,54:528～531.
[84] Mckee J S and Harrison P C. Effect of supplemental ascorbic acid on theperfor mance of broiler chickens exposed to multiple concurrent stressors[J].Poultry Sci., 1995,74:1772-1785.
[85] Northcutt O K,Foegeding E A and Edens F W.Water holding properties of thermally
preorditived chicken breast and leg meat[J].Poul.Sci.,1994,73:308～316.
[86] Mckee S R and Sams A R.The effect of seasonal heat stress on vigor acceptant and the incidence of pale exdutive turkey meat[J].Poul Sci., 1997,76:1616～1620.
[87] McCurdy R D,et al.Seasonal effect on pale soft exudative(PSE) occurrence in young turkey breast meat[J].Food Res.Int., 1996,29:363～366.
[88] Buckley D J,Morrissey P A,Gray G I.Influence of dietary vitamin E on theoxidative stability and meat quality of pig meat[J]. J.Anim.Sci., 1995,73:3122～3130.
[89] Austic R E.Feeding poultry in hot and cold climates[M] in:YOUSSEF, M.(Ed.) Stress Physioligy in Livestock,3,Poultry, 1985,P 123-126(Boca Raton,FL,CRC Press).
[90] Teeter R G.Smith M O,Owens F N and Arp S C. Chronic heat stress andrespiratory alkalosis:occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks[J].Poul.Sci., 1985,64:1060～1064.
[91] Daghir N J.Nutrient requrement of poultry at high temperaturee. In poultry production in hot climate.Ed by Daghir[J].CAB International. 1995,101～123.
[92] Smith M O.Parts yield of broiler reared under cycling high temperatures[J].Poul. Sci.,1993a,72:1146～1150.
[93] Smith M O.Nutrient content of carvcass ports from broilers rearedunder cycling high temperature[J].Poul.Sci., 1993b,72:2166～2171.
[94] Barott H G and Pingle E M.The effect of temperature of environment during the period from 18 to 32 days of age[J]. J.Nutr.,1950,41:25～30.
[95] Ota H and Garrer H L.Studies on the growth of baby chicks to frying chickens in the poultry calorimeters[R]. Proc.Annu.Mtg.Amer.Soc.Agric.Eng. MinneaPolis, MN.1954.
[96] Prince R P, Wheeler W C, Junnila W A, Potter L M and Singsen E P. Effects of temperature on feed consumption and weight gain in broiler performance[J]. Connect.Agric. Exp. Sta.,Prog.Rep.,1960,33.
[97] Howes J R, Grub W and Rollo C A. The effects of constant high temperature regimes upon broiler growth, feed efficiency, body composition and carcass quailty[J]. Poult.Sci.,1962,41:1652.
[98] Deaton J W, Reece F N and Mcnaughton J L.The effect of temperatureduring the growing Period on broiler performance[J]. Poult.Sci., 1978,57:1070～1074.
[99] Leenstra F and Cahaner A.Genotype by environment interactions using fast-growing, lean or fat broiler chickens, originating from the Netherlands and Israel, raised at normal or low temperature[J]. Poult.Sci., 1991,70:2028～2039.
[100] Howlider M A R and Rose S P.Temperature and the growth of broilers[J]. World's Poult.Sci.,1987,43:228～237.
[101] Siegel H S and Latimer J W.Interaction of high temperature and salmonella pullorum antigen concentration on serum agglutinin and corticosteroid responses in White Rock Chickens[J]. Poult.Sci. 1984,63:2483～2491.
[102] 林海．环境温度与日粮营养水平对蛋用鸡脂肪代谢影响的研究[D]．泰安：山东农业大学硕士毕业论文，1988．
[103] McNally E H and SPicknall H H. Meat yield from live dressed eviscerated Rhode Island Red males of broilers,fryer and roaster weights[J].Poul. Sci., 1949,28:562～567.
[104] Schmidt M O,Formica S D and Fritz J C.Effect of fasting prior to slaugher on yield of broilers[J].Poul.Sci., 1964,43:931～934.
[105] Moran E T Jr and Orr H I.A characteristic of chicken broiler as a function of sex and age, live performance, processing, grade and cooking yields[J]. Food Technol. 1969,23:91～98
[106] Moran E T Jr and Orr H I.Ifluence of strain on the yield of commercial parts from the chicken broiler carcass [J].Poul. Sci., 1970,49:725～729.
[107] Bouwkamp E L,Bigbee D E and Swabeck C J.Strain influences on broiler parts yield[J] .Poul. Sci., 1973,52:1517～1523.
[108] Izat A L, Reiber M A, Adams M H, et al.Comparison of different anticoccidials on processing characteristics and parts yield of broiler chickens[J].Poul.Sci., 1991,77:475～480.
[109] Bilgili S F, Moran E T Jr and Acar N. Strain-cross responsee of heavy male broilers to dietary lysine in finisher feed:live performance an further processing yield[J].Poul.Sci., 1992,71:850～858.
[110] Holsheimer J P and Veerkamp E H. Effect of dietary energy, protein and lysine content on performance and yields of two strains of male broiler chicks[J].Poul.Sci.,1992,71:872～879.
[111] Renden J A, Biligili S F and Kincaid S A. Effect of photoschedule and strain cross on broiler performance[J].Poul.Sci., 1992,51:2021～2025.
[112] Howlider M A R and Rose S P. Rearing temperature and the meat yield of broiler[J].Brit.Poul.Sci.,1989,30:61～67.
[113] Tawfik E S, Osman A M A, Ristic M,et al. Einflus der stalltemperatur auf mastleistung,schlachtkorper wert and Fleischbeschaffenheit von Broiler unters schiedlichen alters and geschlechts. 2. mitteilung:schla chtkorperwert[J].Arch.fur Geflugelkunde, 1989,53:235～244.
[114] Ain Baziz H A,.Geraert P A,Pahiha J C F and Guillaumin S. Chronic heat exposure enhances fat deposition and modifies muscle and fat partition in broiler carcass[J].Poul.Sci., 1996,75:505～513.
[115] Swian S and Farrell D J.Effect of different temperature regiments on bodycom position and carry over effects of energy metabolism of growing chicks[J].Poul. Sci., 1975,54:513.
[116] Husseiny E L O and Creger C R.The effect of ambient temperature on carcass energy gain in chicks[J].Poul.Sci., 1980,59:2307～2311.
[117] Ain Baziz H A,Geraert P A,Pahiha J C F and Guillaumin S.Effect of hightem-perature and dietary composition on growth,body composition and energy retention in broilers[R].Proceedings of the Ⅷth European Poultry Conference.1990, Vol.1:626～629.Dira de Barcelona: World's Poultry Science Association Spanish Branch.
[118] Sonaiya E B.Fatty acid composition of broiler abdominal fat as influenced by temperature,diet,age and sex[J].Brit.Poul.Sci.,1988,29:589～595.
[119] Keshavarz K and Fuller H L. The influence of widely fluctuating temperature on heat production and energeticefficiency of broiler[J].Poul. Sci., 1980,59:2121-2128.
[120] 李绍玉，张子仪．热应激对肉仔鸡生产性能何产品品质的影响及核黄素抗应激效果的研究[D]．北京：中国农科院博士论文，1999．
[121] 孙玉民，罗明．畜禽肉品学[M]．济南：山东科学技术出版社，1993．
[122] Fletcher D L.Relationship of breast meat color variation to muscle pH and texture[J].Poult.Sci., 1995,74:120.
[123] 杨彩梅，陈安国，刘金松．肌肉生长和禽肉品质的关系[J]．中国家禽．1999，21(12)：34～35．
[124] Fletcher D L. Broiler breast meat color variation,pH,and texture[J].Poult.Sci.,1999, 78:1323～1327.
[125] Qiao M,Fletcher D L,Smith D P, et al.The effect of broiler breastmeat color on pH moisture,water-hoding capacity and emulsification capacity[J].Poult.Sci.,2001. 80:676～680.
[126] 于福清．维生素E、硒对熟化及贮存过程中牛肉氧化稳定性的影响[D]．北京：中国农业科学院硕士研究生学位论文．2001．
[127] 刘春燕，吴中红，高令美，等．蛋鸡耐热力与血清酶活性的关系[J]，动物营养学报，2000，12(4)：28～30．
[128] 李绍玉．热应激对家禽的影响及缓解措施[J]．中国家禽，1999．21(6)：6～9．
[129] 王小龙，高得仪，陈万芳等．兽医临床病理学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1995、144～146．
[130] Slater T F. Free radical mechanisms in tissue in injury[J]. The Biochemical Journal,1984,222:1～15.
[131] Collins A,Duthie S and Ross M.Micronutrients and oxidative stress in the etiology of cancer[J].Proceeding of the Nutrition Society, 1994,53:67～75.
[132] Zimarino V, Wu G. Heat stroke pathophysiology:the energy depletion model[J]. Nature, 1987,327:727～730.
[133] Zulkifli I,et al.The effect of early age feed restriction on heat shock protein 70 response in heat-stressed female broiler chickens[J]. Br.Poult. Sci.,2002,43:141～145.
[134] Gabrief J E, et al. 1996. Effect of acute heat stress on heat shock protein 70 messager RNA and on heat shock protein expression on the liver of broilers[J].
[J]. Br.Poult.Sci.,37:443～449.
[135] Yahav S,et al. Effect of acqucition of improved thermotolerance on the induction of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens [J]. Poult.Sci., 1997,76:1428～1434.
[136] Wang S, Edens F W. Heat conditioning induces heat shock proteins in broiler chickens and turkey poults[J]. Poult.Sci., 1998,77:1635～1645.
[137] Craig E, Gross C A.Is hsp 70 the cellular thermometer[J]? Trends Biochem. Sci.,1991,16:35～40.
[138] Zulkifli I,et al. Effects of early age feed restriction and heat conditioning on heterphil/lymphocyte ratios,heat shock protein 70 expression and body temperatureof heat-stressed broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology,2003,28:217～222.
[139] 徐建华，等．高温、噪声、振动复合因素对热应激蛋白70合成的影响[J]．中华航海医学杂志，1998，5(3)：146～149．
[140] 汤平涛，等．高温、烟碱及其联合作用对大鼠肝热应激蛋白70合成与分布的影响[J]．中华劳动卫生职业病杂志，1998，6(2)：81～84．