水肥耦合对日光温室生菜生育及土壤环境的影响研究
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摘要
水肥施用不合理已成为制约设施农业生产可持续发展和生态环境改善的瓶颈,制约蔬菜产量和品质提高的重要因子。因此,有关蔬菜作物的需水规律和土壤肥力对蔬菜的影响一直是设施农业蔬菜栽培研究的热点之一。国内外有关蔬菜水肥指标的研究较多,但大多集中在果菜类蔬菜上,如黄瓜、番茄等,而对叶菜类蔬菜的研究较少。生菜(Lactuca Sativa L.)是叶菜类蔬菜的典型代表,目前关于生菜与水肥耦合之间的研究报导较少。本文结合吉林省科技计划重点资助项目“寒地现代设施农业关键技术与示范(20080246)”,于2008年在吉林大学生物与农业工程学院日光温室内进行,以生菜为研究对象,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥和灌水量为试验因子,采用四因素五水平通用旋转(1/2实施)组合设计,分析了水肥对生菜生长发育、产量、品质、经济效应及土壤环境的影响,并采用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析方法对其进行多目标综合评价。通过试验,得到如下研究结果与结论:
(1)通过分析不同水肥处理对生菜产量的影响,建立了生菜产量与水肥因子间的数学回归模型。结果表明,磷肥对产量的贡献率最大(2.612),其次是灌水量(2.186)、氮肥(2.102)和钾肥(1.762)。通过频率分析得到,生菜产量大于50000kg·hm~(-2)的水肥优化方案:氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的施用量分别是473.6～583.0kg·hm~(-2)、529.7～626.3kg·hm~(-2)、150.6～212.8kg·hm~(-2),灌水量为537.2～655.6m3·hm~(-2)。
(2)根据不同水肥处理对生菜营养品质的影响进行了全面系统的分析,并构建了生菜品质(维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量)与水肥间的数学模型。结果表明:①水肥与生菜维生素C含量呈显著关系,磷肥对维生素C的贡献率(2.258)最大,其次是灌水量(1.766)、氮肥(1.424)和钾肥(1.399)。通过频率分析得出,维生素C含量大于35.000mg·(100g)-1的水肥优化方案为施氮量518.3～648.8kg·hm~(-2),施磷量536.1～655.7 kg·hm~(-2),施钾量100.5～176.8kg·hm~(-2),灌水量427.3～585.6m3·hm~(-2)。②生菜可溶性糖含量与水肥四因子间呈正相关,其影响顺序为磷肥>氮肥>灌水量>钾肥。通过频率分析得出,生菜可溶性糖含量大于80.000%的水肥优化措施为施氮量为510.7～617.9kg·hm~(-2),施磷量为530.4～629.4kg·hm~(-2),施钾量为92.4～154.5kg·hm~(-2),灌水量为416.2～545.9m3·hm~(-2)。
(3)通过对不同水肥处理生菜进行经济效益分析可知,处理8的生菜产量(47891kg·hm~(-2) )和利润(77937元·hm~(-2))最高,投入成本(17845元·hm~(-2))也是最高,但其收益率(437%)不是最高的,说明高投入可以带来高产出和高利润,但不一定会得到高收益率。
(4)通过对日光温室生菜生理特征分析表明:随着生菜生育期的推进,其叶片净光合速率(Pn )、蒸腾速率(Tr )、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci),先增加后降低,而叶片水分利用率是先降低后增加。对叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的变化分析可知,生菜生育期内,从不同处理来看,低水平水肥处理的Fo、Fv大于高水平水肥处理,而低水平水肥处理的Fv Fm、Fv Fo却低于高水平水肥处理。就不同生长时期来看,Fo、Fv在生长的初期、中期和后期无明显变化,而Fv Fm、Fv Fo的生长中期高于生长的初期和后期。
(5)不同水肥处理改变了土壤环境。各个处理土壤pH值有所下降,平均值为6.3,其中处理10的土壤pH值(6.0)最低。不同水肥处理土壤团聚体结构发生变化,处理8的土壤团聚体总量最高(50.9%),其次是处理10(49.8%)和处理16(49.1%)。而处理1的土壤团聚体总量最低(37.8%)。各处理土壤含水量变化不同,处理8、处理10和处理16生长期内土壤含水量皆较高,而处理1的土壤含水量最低,且所有处理生长后期土壤水分含量高于生长初期和中期。土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾有相同的变化规律,同一水肥处理,高水平处理土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量高于低水平处理。土壤团聚体结构与土壤有机质、速效N、速效P呈极显著正相关,与土壤速效K呈显著正相关;有机质与土壤速效K呈显著正相关;土壤速效N与速效P呈显著正相关。
(6)运用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析方法对日光温室生菜生产的不同水肥管理模式进行了综合评价,筛选出生菜高产、优质、高效和可持续生产的水肥管理模式。以生菜叶面积、产量、生理特征、品质、经济效益及土壤环境等14项指标为基础进行分析。结果表明,施氮肥为600kg·hm~(-2)、施磷肥为600kg·hm~(-2)、施钾肥为237.5kg·hm~(-2)、灌水量为680m3·hm~(-2)的处理8在主成分分析法中综合得分4.497,灰色关联度分析法中,其关联度为0.916,综合评价最高,能实现生菜高效、优质及可持续生产;而施氮肥为150kg·hm~(-2)、施磷肥为150kg·hm~(-2)、施钾肥为62.5kg·hm~(-2)、灌水量为320m3·hm~(-2)的处理1在主成分分析法中综合得分-2.604,灰色关联度分析方法中其关联度为0.611,综合评价最低,在生菜实际生产中应该被淘汰。
文中利用试验优化设计建立了叶菜类蔬菜水肥耦合模型,对日光温室叶类蔬菜生产提供了科学依据。由于受试验时间和试验条件的限制,此模型具有特殊性,难以在不同肥力基础的保护地上推广应用,因此,应该对水肥-作物-土壤-环境系统进行更深入、更全面的研究,进而构建日光温室叶类蔬菜生产的通用型模型,建立健康的温室小环境生态系统。
The failure treatments of water and fertilizer have limited sustainable development of agriculture and improvement of ecological environment. How to resolve this problem was also a key point to improve yield and quality of vegetable. So researches on water-requirement-rule of vegetables and effects of soil-fertility on vegetables have been one of the hotspots on vegetable cultivation of agricultural facility. There were many researches on fertilizer and water of vegetables for fruit vegetables, such as cucumber, tomato and so on, while few of them were on leafy vegetables. Lactuca Sativa L. is the typical representative of leafy vegetables. There were few reports about the relationship between lettuce and water-fertilizer coupling presently. The works in this paper were supported by the key project of science and technology in Jilin Province“The key technologies and demonstration of modern facility agriculture in cold region (20080246)”. In this experiment, Lactuca was as sample in the greenhouse to be measured by four factors (nitrogen fertilizer(N), phosphate fertilizer(P), potash fertilizer(K) and irrigation amount(W)) and five levels of general rotation (1/2 implementation) combination design in 2008 at biological and agricultural engineering school of Jilin University. Effects on growth, yield, quality, economic effect of lettuce and soil environment that which were studies, and multiple objective comprehensive evaluation that which were used with principal component analysis method and grey relational analysis method. Through the experiment obtained the following results:
(1)The effects of different water and fertilizer on yield of lettuce were studies, mathematical regression models were established between yield and water and fertilizer factors. The results show that, contribution of P on yield is maximum (2.612), secondly W(2.186), N(2.102), and K(1.762). When N, P, K and W are 473.6～583.0kg·hm~(-2), 529.7～626.3kg·hm~(-2), 150.6～212.8kg·hm~(-2), 537.2～655.6m3·hm~(-2), yield of Lettuce is higher than 50000kg·hm~(-2).
(2)The effects of different water and fertilizer on quality of lettuce were studies, mathematical regression models were established between quality(vitamin C content and soluble sugar content of lettuce) and water and fertilizer factors. The results show that,①water and fertilizer combined with vitamin C content of lettuce was a significant relationship. In which, contribution of P on vitamin C(2.258) is maximum, secondly W(1.766), N(1.424) and K(1.399); When N, P, K and W were 518.3～648.8kg·hm~(-2), 536.1～655.7kg·hm~(-2), 100.5～176.8kg·hm~(-2), 427.3～585.6m3·hm~(-2) respectively, vitamin C content of lettuce was higher than 35.000mg·(100g)-1;②Soluble sugar content of lettuce was positively correlated with the four factor, and the effect of order was P>N>K>W. When N, P, K and W were 510.7～617.9kg·hm~(-2), 530.4～629.4kg·hm~(-2), 92.4～154.5kg·hm~(-2), 416.2～545.9m3·hm~(-2) respectively, soluble sugar content of lettuce was higher than 80.000%.
(3)Through analysis on economic benefit of different water and fertilizer treatment of lettuce were done, more investment could bring more output and more profit, but could not necessarily with more benefit, and would destroy the ecological environment security.
(4)Based on the physiological characteristics of lettuce, some analysis were made. During the growth progress of lettuce, the leaf net photosynthesis rate ( Pn ), transpiration rate (Tr ), stomatal conductance (Gs ) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ) are increased firstly and then decreased, but the leaf water use efficiency is decreased firstly and then increased. Analysis on chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters showed that Fo and Fv were higher in low level of water and fertilizer treatment, but Fv Fm and Fv Fo are lower in low level of water and fertilizer treatment in different growth period. In early, middle and late growth period, Fo and Fv have not significant changes, and Fv /Fm, Fv /Fo are higher in the middle than early and late.
(5)Soil environment was changed by different water and fertilizer treatment. Soil pH was decreased in each unit. The average value was 6.3. In which, soil pH value (6.0) of unit 10 was minimum. Soil aggregate structure was also changed in different units. Soil aggregate gross was maximum in unit 8(50.9%), secondly unit 10(49.8%), unit 16(49.1%), but soil aggregate gross was minimum in unit 1(37.8%). The variation of soil moisture was different that soil moisture of unit 8, unit 10 and unit 16 was higher in growth period, but soil moisture of treatment1 was the lowest. And soil moisture content of all of the treatment at later growth stage was higher than the growth of early and mid. Soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium had the same variation. For same kind of water and fertilizer treatment, contents of soil available nitrogen (available N), available phosphorus (available P) and available potassium (available K) at high level treatment were higher. Structure of soil aggregate were extremely significant positive correlated with soil organic matter, available N, available P at level 0.01, and with available K at level 0.05; significant positive correlation at level 0.05 between organic matter and soil available K were found; soil available N was significantly positive correlated to available P at level 0.05.
(6)Principal component analysis and grey correlative degree analysis were used to evaluate physiological characteristics of lettuce, yield, quality and economic benefit and soil environment of different water and fertilizer treatment. The more benefit and sustainable development of lettuce production was achieved under the unit of 600 kg·hm~(-2) N+ 600 kg·hm~(-2) P+ 237.5kg·hm~(-2) K+ 680 m3·hm~(-2) W.
The water and fertilizer coupling model in this paper was special and difficult to apply in protection ground of different soil-fertility. So we should construct a universal model of solar-greenhouse. These should be developed in the future.
(1)通过分析不同水肥处理对生菜产量的影响,建立了生菜产量与水肥因子间的数学回归模型。结果表明,磷肥对产量的贡献率最大(2.612),其次是灌水量(2.186)、氮肥(2.102)和钾肥(1.762)。通过频率分析得到,生菜产量大于50000kg·hm~(-2)的水肥优化方案:氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的施用量分别是473.6～583.0kg·hm~(-2)、529.7～626.3kg·hm~(-2)、150.6～212.8kg·hm~(-2),灌水量为537.2～655.6m3·hm~(-2)。
(2)根据不同水肥处理对生菜营养品质的影响进行了全面系统的分析,并构建了生菜品质(维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量)与水肥间的数学模型。结果表明:①水肥与生菜维生素C含量呈显著关系,磷肥对维生素C的贡献率(2.258)最大,其次是灌水量(1.766)、氮肥(1.424)和钾肥(1.399)。通过频率分析得出,维生素C含量大于35.000mg·(100g)-1的水肥优化方案为施氮量518.3～648.8kg·hm~(-2),施磷量536.1～655.7 kg·hm~(-2),施钾量100.5～176.8kg·hm~(-2),灌水量427.3～585.6m3·hm~(-2)。②生菜可溶性糖含量与水肥四因子间呈正相关,其影响顺序为磷肥>氮肥>灌水量>钾肥。通过频率分析得出,生菜可溶性糖含量大于80.000%的水肥优化措施为施氮量为510.7～617.9kg·hm~(-2),施磷量为530.4～629.4kg·hm~(-2),施钾量为92.4～154.5kg·hm~(-2),灌水量为416.2～545.9m3·hm~(-2)。
(3)通过对不同水肥处理生菜进行经济效益分析可知,处理8的生菜产量(47891kg·hm~(-2) )和利润(77937元·hm~(-2))最高,投入成本(17845元·hm~(-2))也是最高,但其收益率(437%)不是最高的,说明高投入可以带来高产出和高利润,但不一定会得到高收益率。
(4)通过对日光温室生菜生理特征分析表明:随着生菜生育期的推进,其叶片净光合速率(Pn )、蒸腾速率(Tr )、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci),先增加后降低,而叶片水分利用率是先降低后增加。对叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的变化分析可知,生菜生育期内,从不同处理来看,低水平水肥处理的Fo、Fv大于高水平水肥处理,而低水平水肥处理的Fv Fm、Fv Fo却低于高水平水肥处理。就不同生长时期来看,Fo、Fv在生长的初期、中期和后期无明显变化,而Fv Fm、Fv Fo的生长中期高于生长的初期和后期。
(5)不同水肥处理改变了土壤环境。各个处理土壤pH值有所下降,平均值为6.3,其中处理10的土壤pH值(6.0)最低。不同水肥处理土壤团聚体结构发生变化,处理8的土壤团聚体总量最高(50.9%),其次是处理10(49.8%)和处理16(49.1%)。而处理1的土壤团聚体总量最低(37.8%)。各处理土壤含水量变化不同,处理8、处理10和处理16生长期内土壤含水量皆较高,而处理1的土壤含水量最低,且所有处理生长后期土壤水分含量高于生长初期和中期。土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾有相同的变化规律,同一水肥处理,高水平处理土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量高于低水平处理。土壤团聚体结构与土壤有机质、速效N、速效P呈极显著正相关,与土壤速效K呈显著正相关;有机质与土壤速效K呈显著正相关;土壤速效N与速效P呈显著正相关。
(6)运用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析方法对日光温室生菜生产的不同水肥管理模式进行了综合评价,筛选出生菜高产、优质、高效和可持续生产的水肥管理模式。以生菜叶面积、产量、生理特征、品质、经济效益及土壤环境等14项指标为基础进行分析。结果表明,施氮肥为600kg·hm~(-2)、施磷肥为600kg·hm~(-2)、施钾肥为237.5kg·hm~(-2)、灌水量为680m3·hm~(-2)的处理8在主成分分析法中综合得分4.497,灰色关联度分析法中,其关联度为0.916,综合评价最高,能实现生菜高效、优质及可持续生产;而施氮肥为150kg·hm~(-2)、施磷肥为150kg·hm~(-2)、施钾肥为62.5kg·hm~(-2)、灌水量为320m3·hm~(-2)的处理1在主成分分析法中综合得分-2.604,灰色关联度分析方法中其关联度为0.611,综合评价最低,在生菜实际生产中应该被淘汰。
文中利用试验优化设计建立了叶菜类蔬菜水肥耦合模型,对日光温室叶类蔬菜生产提供了科学依据。由于受试验时间和试验条件的限制,此模型具有特殊性,难以在不同肥力基础的保护地上推广应用,因此,应该对水肥-作物-土壤-环境系统进行更深入、更全面的研究,进而构建日光温室叶类蔬菜生产的通用型模型,建立健康的温室小环境生态系统。
The failure treatments of water and fertilizer have limited sustainable development of agriculture and improvement of ecological environment. How to resolve this problem was also a key point to improve yield and quality of vegetable. So researches on water-requirement-rule of vegetables and effects of soil-fertility on vegetables have been one of the hotspots on vegetable cultivation of agricultural facility. There were many researches on fertilizer and water of vegetables for fruit vegetables, such as cucumber, tomato and so on, while few of them were on leafy vegetables. Lactuca Sativa L. is the typical representative of leafy vegetables. There were few reports about the relationship between lettuce and water-fertilizer coupling presently. The works in this paper were supported by the key project of science and technology in Jilin Province“The key technologies and demonstration of modern facility agriculture in cold region (20080246)”. In this experiment, Lactuca was as sample in the greenhouse to be measured by four factors (nitrogen fertilizer(N), phosphate fertilizer(P), potash fertilizer(K) and irrigation amount(W)) and five levels of general rotation (1/2 implementation) combination design in 2008 at biological and agricultural engineering school of Jilin University. Effects on growth, yield, quality, economic effect of lettuce and soil environment that which were studies, and multiple objective comprehensive evaluation that which were used with principal component analysis method and grey relational analysis method. Through the experiment obtained the following results:
(1)The effects of different water and fertilizer on yield of lettuce were studies, mathematical regression models were established between yield and water and fertilizer factors. The results show that, contribution of P on yield is maximum (2.612), secondly W(2.186), N(2.102), and K(1.762). When N, P, K and W are 473.6～583.0kg·hm~(-2), 529.7～626.3kg·hm~(-2), 150.6～212.8kg·hm~(-2), 537.2～655.6m3·hm~(-2), yield of Lettuce is higher than 50000kg·hm~(-2).
(2)The effects of different water and fertilizer on quality of lettuce were studies, mathematical regression models were established between quality(vitamin C content and soluble sugar content of lettuce) and water and fertilizer factors. The results show that,①water and fertilizer combined with vitamin C content of lettuce was a significant relationship. In which, contribution of P on vitamin C(2.258) is maximum, secondly W(1.766), N(1.424) and K(1.399); When N, P, K and W were 518.3～648.8kg·hm~(-2), 536.1～655.7kg·hm~(-2), 100.5～176.8kg·hm~(-2), 427.3～585.6m3·hm~(-2) respectively, vitamin C content of lettuce was higher than 35.000mg·(100g)-1;②Soluble sugar content of lettuce was positively correlated with the four factor, and the effect of order was P>N>K>W. When N, P, K and W were 510.7～617.9kg·hm~(-2), 530.4～629.4kg·hm~(-2), 92.4～154.5kg·hm~(-2), 416.2～545.9m3·hm~(-2) respectively, soluble sugar content of lettuce was higher than 80.000%.
(3)Through analysis on economic benefit of different water and fertilizer treatment of lettuce were done, more investment could bring more output and more profit, but could not necessarily with more benefit, and would destroy the ecological environment security.
(4)Based on the physiological characteristics of lettuce, some analysis were made. During the growth progress of lettuce, the leaf net photosynthesis rate ( Pn ), transpiration rate (Tr ), stomatal conductance (Gs ) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ) are increased firstly and then decreased, but the leaf water use efficiency is decreased firstly and then increased. Analysis on chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters showed that Fo and Fv were higher in low level of water and fertilizer treatment, but Fv Fm and Fv Fo are lower in low level of water and fertilizer treatment in different growth period. In early, middle and late growth period, Fo and Fv have not significant changes, and Fv /Fm, Fv /Fo are higher in the middle than early and late.
(5)Soil environment was changed by different water and fertilizer treatment. Soil pH was decreased in each unit. The average value was 6.3. In which, soil pH value (6.0) of unit 10 was minimum. Soil aggregate structure was also changed in different units. Soil aggregate gross was maximum in unit 8(50.9%), secondly unit 10(49.8%), unit 16(49.1%), but soil aggregate gross was minimum in unit 1(37.8%). The variation of soil moisture was different that soil moisture of unit 8, unit 10 and unit 16 was higher in growth period, but soil moisture of treatment1 was the lowest. And soil moisture content of all of the treatment at later growth stage was higher than the growth of early and mid. Soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium had the same variation. For same kind of water and fertilizer treatment, contents of soil available nitrogen (available N), available phosphorus (available P) and available potassium (available K) at high level treatment were higher. Structure of soil aggregate were extremely significant positive correlated with soil organic matter, available N, available P at level 0.01, and with available K at level 0.05; significant positive correlation at level 0.05 between organic matter and soil available K were found; soil available N was significantly positive correlated to available P at level 0.05.
(6)Principal component analysis and grey correlative degree analysis were used to evaluate physiological characteristics of lettuce, yield, quality and economic benefit and soil environment of different water and fertilizer treatment. The more benefit and sustainable development of lettuce production was achieved under the unit of 600 kg·hm~(-2) N+ 600 kg·hm~(-2) P+ 237.5kg·hm~(-2) K+ 680 m3·hm~(-2) W.
The water and fertilizer coupling model in this paper was special and difficult to apply in protection ground of different soil-fertility. So we should construct a universal model of solar-greenhouse. These should be developed in the future.
引文
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