山区不同生计类型农户的生态压力定量评估
|
摘要
农地利用变化的生态效应一直是土地利用／覆被变化研究的热点问题。已有的研究表明,不同的时空尺度下,农业劳动力非农转移引起的农地利用变化对生态环境的影响效果不同。因此,有必要继续从劳动力转移视角深入探索农地利用变化及其生态效应。农户作为山区最微观的经济活动主体,其生计活动对生态环境产生直接或间接干扰,从农户微观尺度分析生计活动对农地利用变化引起的生态效应,为研究农村经济与山区生态环境建设协调发展提供了很好的研究范例。
目前生态压力的概念尚无明确定义,已有大量文献从不同的理论背景对生态压力进行描述解释,并且已经建立了广泛的评估方法,但是基于农户微观尺度关注生态压力的研究较少。特别是在人地关系复杂的山区,农户的生计策略与生态环境恢复与建设休戚相关。充分认识、理解农户生计活动对山区生态环境造成压力的来源及特征,寻求减缓压力、促进农户生计与生态环境同步改善的可持续途径,有必要开展农户尺度的生态压力定量评估。
重庆市酉阳县是典型的“大山区、大农村”,也是统筹城乡改革发展的重点建设区域,随着统筹城乡改革步伐的发展,农户生计状况及山区生态环境正在发生深刻变化。选择该区域作为研究对象,为认识农户生计演化与生态环境变化的关系,寻求兼顾农村社会经济与生态环境可持续发展的途径,提供了典型的案例研究。本文以“农村劳动力转移”为切入点,基于“农户生计—土地利用—生态效应”的主要界面,认识理解山区不同生计类型农户的生计资产、生态压力的来源及表现特征,并在此基础上构建生态压力评估指标体系,采用因子分析法计算农户生态压力指数,即“农户生态压力指数=综合因子分值”,以定量评估农户尺度的生态压力。研究结果表明：
(1)随着农户非农活动的增加,农户对自然资产的安排策略不同。①在土地初次分配的基础上,农户户均承包林地面积与承包耕地面积趋势一致：纯农型>一兼型>二兼型>非农型。②随着非农活动的增加,土地转出规模大小与农户非农活动强度成正比,即非农型>二兼型>一兼型>纯农型。③农户撂荒耕地的面积除了与农户本身拥有的耕地资源条件相关外,主要与农户家庭劳动能力相关,纯农型农户以老人为主,因此撂荒耕地面积最多。④随着自然资产的流动,一兼型农户逐渐成为山区农业生产的主力军,实际耕作面积呈如下趋势：一兼型>纯农型>二兼型>非农型。
(2)随着农户非农收入的增加,农户对物质资产的拥有程度呈现明显差异。①一兼型农户中养殖大户最多,农户家庭拥有的牲畜资产规模最大。②在农药的使用上,二兼型农户施用农药的数量最多。③纯农型农户多致力于精耕细作,使用农膜数量最多。兼业型农户使用的除草剂剂量相对较大。④纯农型农户仍在使用自留种,使用种子的数量远远高于其他类型农户。⑤农户家庭化肥、农家肥的使用与其机械化程度密切相关,一兼型农户机械化程度高,运输农家肥数量多,使用化肥的数量最少；纯农型农户机械化程度最低,对化肥的依赖程度高,使用化肥替代农家肥。⑥对于能源的使用,纯农型农户使用的薪柴和煤炭数量最多,一兼型农户使用电能和沼气数量最多,仅部分兼业型农户家庭使用液化气和太阳能。
(3)不同生计类型农户生计策略现状及未来调整的总体趋势大体一致。①农户生计资产组合呈现多样化趋势,非农活动多样化包括外出务工、经商、打零工、家庭经营副业等种类,农业活动多样化主要体现在种植策略及养殖策略多元化两个方面。②农户农业活动规模呈现缩小趋势,非农活动呈现扩大化趋势。③农户参与户籍改革的积极性普遍较低,山区农户彻底释放人口压力的潜力较低。
(4)农户生态压力受影响因子的作用程度不同。农户生态压力的主要影响因子为土地投入因子和土地产出因子。土地投入压力大小为：非农型<一兼型<二兼型=纯农型；土地产出压力大小为：一兼型>纯农型=二兼型>非农型。
(5)不同生计类型农户的生态压力大小不同。纯农型农户和一兼型农户主要处于一般压力状态,二兼型农户主要处于中等压力状态,非农型农户主要处于低等和一般压力状态。以农户生态压力均值判断不同类型农户总体压力大小,结果表明：二兼型(0.16)>一兼型(0.15)>纯农型(0.13)>非农型(0.11)。因此,为了降低山区农户生态压力,应以二兼型和一兼型农户作为主要的减缓对象；并选择减少化肥、农药、薄膜和除草剂的使用量,增加农家肥投入,巩固退耕还林成果等作为缓解压力的主要途径。
The ecological effects of agricultural land use change have been the hot issues of land use/cover change research.A large number of studies have indicated that the effects of agricultural land use change on the ecological environment caused by the conversion of agriculture,which change with time-spatial variation.Therefore,it is necessary to make an in-depth study on agricultural land use change and ecological effects from the perspective of rural labor mobility.Households are the smallest economic activity subjects,whose livelihood activities can directly or indirectly affect the ecological environment. It is worthwhile to make an analysis of the ecological effects deriving from agricultural land use change caused by households'livelihood activities,which provide a good case for the study on coordinated development of rural economy and mountain ecological environment.
Although there is no clear definition for ecological-pressure, a wide range of methods have been applied to assess the ecological pressure.The term appeared frequently in a large number of literatures of different theoretical background,but the ecological-pressure of peasant households is still lack of research. The households' livelihood strategies are closely related to the eco-environment construction and restoration in mountain areas with complex relation of farmers and rural lands. In order to fully understand the sources and characteristics of eco-environmental pressure caused by households'livelihood activities, to seek ways to release pressure and promote the sustainable development of households" livelihoods and eco-environment, it is necessary to assess households'ecological-pressure.
Youyang is a tipical county with mountainous region and big country coexisting in Chongqing,which is one of demonstration cities of balancing urban and rural development. In the process of urban and rural harmonious development, rural households'livelihoods and the ecological environment are taking place profound changes in mountainous areas.Taking Youyang county as a case study,it is benifical to understand the relationship between the evolution of households' livelihoods and the eco-environment change,to seek ways to take into account the sustainable development of rural socio-economic and eco-environment. Based on the main interface households'livelihoods-land use-ecological effects, starting with Rural Labor Transfer, this paper not only studied livelihood assets of the different types of households and the sources and characteristics of their ecological-pressure, but also built an ecological-pressure evaluation system, using factor analysis to assess quantitatively households'ecological-pressure, households'ecological-pressure index =comprehensive factor scores namely. The results show that:
(1)Households adjust their strategies of using natural assets with the increase of non-farm activities.①On the basis of the initial distribution of land, the per-household'area of contracted arable lands and contracted forest is consistent:pu re-agriculture households>agriculture-dependent households>non-farming-dependent households>non-agriculture households.②Households'land transfer area is propo-rtionate to non-farm activities time with the increase of non-farm activities, non-agriculture households>non-farming-dependent households>agriculture-dependent h-ouseholds>pure-agriculture households.③Households'abandoned arable land area is not only related to farmland conditions but also related to the family labor f-orce, and the aging pure agricultural households abandoned the most arable land area.④With the flow of natural assets, agriculture-dependent households gradually become the main force of the mountains agricultural production, the overall trend of actual farming area showed that agriculture-dependent households>pure-agricul-ture households>non-farming-dependent households>non-agriculture households.
(2) There are obvious differences in physical assets distribution between households of different living styles.①Agriculture-dependent households have the most livestock assets.②Non-farming-dependent households use the most pesticide.③Most pure-agriculture households devote to intensive farming, so they need the largest amount of agricultural film. However, part-time peasant households tend to use more herbicide.④Pure-agriculture households prefer to reserve seeds, so they need the most grain seeds.⑤The amount of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure is closely related to households'mechanization level. Agriculture-dependent households with high mechanization degree prefer farmyard manure to chemical fertilizers, but pure-agriculture households with low mechanization degree have to use chemical fertilizers instead of manure.⑥ifferent types of rural households are inclined to choose different types of household energy. Pure-agriculture households use most firewood and coal, and Agriculture-dependent households tend to use electrical energy and biogas; however, only part of part-time peasants households will choose liquefied gas and solar energy.
(3)The overall trend of the status of households'livelihood strategies and the future adjustment willingness in study area keeps generally consistent.①The households'livelihood portfolio is demonstrating diversified trend. Non-farm diversification includes outside workers, business, doing odd jobs, household sideline, and so on. Agriculture diversification includes planting strategies diversification and breeding strategies diversification.②Farm agricultural activities show a narrowing trend, but non-farm activities show a expansion trend.③The fact that households are not interested in participating in the household registration reform reflects that the potential of releasing the population pressure is low.
(4) The correlativity between influencing factors and ecological-pressure vari es with households. The main factors of households'ecological-pressure include the land input factors and land productivity factors. The land input factors reflect that non-agriculture householdspure-agriculture households=non-farming-depend-ent households>non-agriculture households.
(5)Different households show different ecological-pressure. The study shows t hat pure-agriculture households and agriculture-dependent households have been i n general pressure state, that non-farming-dependent households in the state of th e medium pressure, that non-agriculture households in low and general pressure s tate.This paper determines the overall pressure according to the households'ecol-ogical-pressure mean value.The results shows that non-farming-dependent househo-lds(0.16)>agriculture-dependent households(0.15)>pure-agriculture households(0.13) >non-agriculture households(0.11).In order to reduce households'ecological-pressure, centering on part-time peasant households'livelihoods and achievements of conv-erting farmland into forest and grassland, it is quite advisable to reduce the am-ount of pesticides,chemical fertilizer,agricultural film and herbicides applied by p-easants with increasing farmyard manure.
目前生态压力的概念尚无明确定义,已有大量文献从不同的理论背景对生态压力进行描述解释,并且已经建立了广泛的评估方法,但是基于农户微观尺度关注生态压力的研究较少。特别是在人地关系复杂的山区,农户的生计策略与生态环境恢复与建设休戚相关。充分认识、理解农户生计活动对山区生态环境造成压力的来源及特征,寻求减缓压力、促进农户生计与生态环境同步改善的可持续途径,有必要开展农户尺度的生态压力定量评估。
重庆市酉阳县是典型的“大山区、大农村”,也是统筹城乡改革发展的重点建设区域,随着统筹城乡改革步伐的发展,农户生计状况及山区生态环境正在发生深刻变化。选择该区域作为研究对象,为认识农户生计演化与生态环境变化的关系,寻求兼顾农村社会经济与生态环境可持续发展的途径,提供了典型的案例研究。本文以“农村劳动力转移”为切入点,基于“农户生计—土地利用—生态效应”的主要界面,认识理解山区不同生计类型农户的生计资产、生态压力的来源及表现特征,并在此基础上构建生态压力评估指标体系,采用因子分析法计算农户生态压力指数,即“农户生态压力指数=综合因子分值”,以定量评估农户尺度的生态压力。研究结果表明：
(1)随着农户非农活动的增加,农户对自然资产的安排策略不同。①在土地初次分配的基础上,农户户均承包林地面积与承包耕地面积趋势一致：纯农型>一兼型>二兼型>非农型。②随着非农活动的增加,土地转出规模大小与农户非农活动强度成正比,即非农型>二兼型>一兼型>纯农型。③农户撂荒耕地的面积除了与农户本身拥有的耕地资源条件相关外,主要与农户家庭劳动能力相关,纯农型农户以老人为主,因此撂荒耕地面积最多。④随着自然资产的流动,一兼型农户逐渐成为山区农业生产的主力军,实际耕作面积呈如下趋势：一兼型>纯农型>二兼型>非农型。
(2)随着农户非农收入的增加,农户对物质资产的拥有程度呈现明显差异。①一兼型农户中养殖大户最多,农户家庭拥有的牲畜资产规模最大。②在农药的使用上,二兼型农户施用农药的数量最多。③纯农型农户多致力于精耕细作,使用农膜数量最多。兼业型农户使用的除草剂剂量相对较大。④纯农型农户仍在使用自留种,使用种子的数量远远高于其他类型农户。⑤农户家庭化肥、农家肥的使用与其机械化程度密切相关,一兼型农户机械化程度高,运输农家肥数量多,使用化肥的数量最少；纯农型农户机械化程度最低,对化肥的依赖程度高,使用化肥替代农家肥。⑥对于能源的使用,纯农型农户使用的薪柴和煤炭数量最多,一兼型农户使用电能和沼气数量最多,仅部分兼业型农户家庭使用液化气和太阳能。
(3)不同生计类型农户生计策略现状及未来调整的总体趋势大体一致。①农户生计资产组合呈现多样化趋势,非农活动多样化包括外出务工、经商、打零工、家庭经营副业等种类,农业活动多样化主要体现在种植策略及养殖策略多元化两个方面。②农户农业活动规模呈现缩小趋势,非农活动呈现扩大化趋势。③农户参与户籍改革的积极性普遍较低,山区农户彻底释放人口压力的潜力较低。
(4)农户生态压力受影响因子的作用程度不同。农户生态压力的主要影响因子为土地投入因子和土地产出因子。土地投入压力大小为：非农型<一兼型<二兼型=纯农型；土地产出压力大小为：一兼型>纯农型=二兼型>非农型。
(5)不同生计类型农户的生态压力大小不同。纯农型农户和一兼型农户主要处于一般压力状态,二兼型农户主要处于中等压力状态,非农型农户主要处于低等和一般压力状态。以农户生态压力均值判断不同类型农户总体压力大小,结果表明：二兼型(0.16)>一兼型(0.15)>纯农型(0.13)>非农型(0.11)。因此,为了降低山区农户生态压力,应以二兼型和一兼型农户作为主要的减缓对象；并选择减少化肥、农药、薄膜和除草剂的使用量,增加农家肥投入,巩固退耕还林成果等作为缓解压力的主要途径。
The ecological effects of agricultural land use change have been the hot issues of land use/cover change research.A large number of studies have indicated that the effects of agricultural land use change on the ecological environment caused by the conversion of agriculture,which change with time-spatial variation.Therefore,it is necessary to make an in-depth study on agricultural land use change and ecological effects from the perspective of rural labor mobility.Households are the smallest economic activity subjects,whose livelihood activities can directly or indirectly affect the ecological environment. It is worthwhile to make an analysis of the ecological effects deriving from agricultural land use change caused by households'livelihood activities,which provide a good case for the study on coordinated development of rural economy and mountain ecological environment.
Although there is no clear definition for ecological-pressure, a wide range of methods have been applied to assess the ecological pressure.The term appeared frequently in a large number of literatures of different theoretical background,but the ecological-pressure of peasant households is still lack of research. The households' livelihood strategies are closely related to the eco-environment construction and restoration in mountain areas with complex relation of farmers and rural lands. In order to fully understand the sources and characteristics of eco-environmental pressure caused by households'livelihood activities, to seek ways to release pressure and promote the sustainable development of households" livelihoods and eco-environment, it is necessary to assess households'ecological-pressure.
Youyang is a tipical county with mountainous region and big country coexisting in Chongqing,which is one of demonstration cities of balancing urban and rural development. In the process of urban and rural harmonious development, rural households'livelihoods and the ecological environment are taking place profound changes in mountainous areas.Taking Youyang county as a case study,it is benifical to understand the relationship between the evolution of households' livelihoods and the eco-environment change,to seek ways to take into account the sustainable development of rural socio-economic and eco-environment. Based on the main interface households'livelihoods-land use-ecological effects, starting with Rural Labor Transfer, this paper not only studied livelihood assets of the different types of households and the sources and characteristics of their ecological-pressure, but also built an ecological-pressure evaluation system, using factor analysis to assess quantitatively households'ecological-pressure, households'ecological-pressure index =comprehensive factor scores namely. The results show that:
(1)Households adjust their strategies of using natural assets with the increase of non-farm activities.①On the basis of the initial distribution of land, the per-household'area of contracted arable lands and contracted forest is consistent:pu re-agriculture households>agriculture-dependent households>non-farming-dependent households>non-agriculture households.②Households'land transfer area is propo-rtionate to non-farm activities time with the increase of non-farm activities, non-agriculture households>non-farming-dependent households>agriculture-dependent h-ouseholds>pure-agriculture households.③Households'abandoned arable land area is not only related to farmland conditions but also related to the family labor f-orce, and the aging pure agricultural households abandoned the most arable land area.④With the flow of natural assets, agriculture-dependent households gradually become the main force of the mountains agricultural production, the overall trend of actual farming area showed that agriculture-dependent households>pure-agricul-ture households>non-farming-dependent households>non-agriculture households.
(2) There are obvious differences in physical assets distribution between households of different living styles.①Agriculture-dependent households have the most livestock assets.②Non-farming-dependent households use the most pesticide.③Most pure-agriculture households devote to intensive farming, so they need the largest amount of agricultural film. However, part-time peasant households tend to use more herbicide.④Pure-agriculture households prefer to reserve seeds, so they need the most grain seeds.⑤The amount of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure is closely related to households'mechanization level. Agriculture-dependent households with high mechanization degree prefer farmyard manure to chemical fertilizers, but pure-agriculture households with low mechanization degree have to use chemical fertilizers instead of manure.⑥ifferent types of rural households are inclined to choose different types of household energy. Pure-agriculture households use most firewood and coal, and Agriculture-dependent households tend to use electrical energy and biogas; however, only part of part-time peasants households will choose liquefied gas and solar energy.
(3)The overall trend of the status of households'livelihood strategies and the future adjustment willingness in study area keeps generally consistent.①The households'livelihood portfolio is demonstrating diversified trend. Non-farm diversification includes outside workers, business, doing odd jobs, household sideline, and so on. Agriculture diversification includes planting strategies diversification and breeding strategies diversification.②Farm agricultural activities show a narrowing trend, but non-farm activities show a expansion trend.③The fact that households are not interested in participating in the household registration reform reflects that the potential of releasing the population pressure is low.
(4) The correlativity between influencing factors and ecological-pressure vari es with households. The main factors of households'ecological-pressure include the land input factors and land productivity factors. The land input factors reflect that non-agriculture households
(5)Different households show different ecological-pressure. The study shows t hat pure-agriculture households and agriculture-dependent households have been i n general pressure state, that non-farming-dependent households in the state of th e medium pressure, that non-agriculture households in low and general pressure s tate.This paper determines the overall pressure according to the households'ecol-ogical-pressure mean value.The results shows that non-farming-dependent househo-lds(0.16)>agriculture-dependent households(0.15)>pure-agriculture households(0.13) >non-agriculture households(0.11).In order to reduce households'ecological-pressure, centering on part-time peasant households'livelihoods and achievements of conv-erting farmland into forest and grassland, it is quite advisable to reduce the am-ount of pesticides,chemical fertilizer,agricultural film and herbicides applied by p-easants with increasing farmyard manure.
引文
[1]史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵.土地利用土地覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,2000.
[2]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域--土地利用／土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996(6)：553-558.
[3]朱会义.区域土地利用变化的理论探讨[J].科技导报,2004(5)：57-60.
[4]马宗文,许学工.土地变化的生态效应研究方法[J].地理与地理信息科学,2011,27(2)：80-86.
[5]李秀彬.农地利用变化假说与相关的环境效应命题[J].地球科学进展,2008(11)：1124-1129.
[6]Braimoh A K. Agricultural land-use change during economic reforms in Ghana[J]. Land Use Policy,2009,26(3):763-771.
[7]Rounsevell M D A, Ewert F, Reginster I, et al. Future scenarios of European agricult-ural land use Ⅱ. Projecting changes in cropland and grassland[J]. Agriculture, Ecosyste-ms &Environment,2005,107(2-3):117-135.
[8]Mather A S, Fairbairn J, Needle C L. The course and drivers of the forest transition:the case of France[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1999,15(1):65-90.
[9]Rudel T K, Bates D, Machinguiashi R. A tropical forest transition? Agricltural change, out-migration, and secondary forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2002,92(1):87-102.
[10]Read L, Lawrence D. Recovery of biomass following shifting cultivation in dry tropical forests of the Yucatan[J]. Ecological Applications,2003,13(1):85-97.
[11]Susanna B.Hecht, Saatchi S S.Globalization and Forest Resurgence:Changes in Forest Cover in El Salvador[J]. BioScience,2007,57(8):663-672.
[12]Mclennan B, Garvin T. Intra-regional variation in land use and livelihood change during a foresttransition in Costa Rica's dry North West[J]. Land Use Policy,2012,29(1):119-130.
[13]Macdonald D, Crabtree J R, Wiesinger G, et al. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe:environmental consequences and policy response[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(1):47-69.
[14]Bakker M M, Govers G, Van Doom A, et al. The response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use changes in four areas of Europe:The importance of landscape pattern[J]. Geomorphology,2008,98(3-4):213-226.
[15]田玉军,李秀彬,马国霞,等.劳动力析出对生态脆弱区耕地撂荒的影响[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(7)：4-9.
[16]黄利民.农地边际化及其效应研究——以湖北省通城县为例[D].武汉：华中农业大学,2010.
[17]Koulouri M, Giourga C. Land abandonment and slope gradient as key factors of soil erosion in Mediterranean terraced lands[J]. Catena,2007,69(3):274-281.
[18]Scoones I. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development[J]. Journal of Peasant Studies, 2009,36(1):171-196.
[19]阎建忠,张镱锂,朱会义,等.大渡河上游不同地带居民对环境退化的响应[J].地理学报,2006(2)：146-156.
[20]Sneddon C S.'Sustainability'in ecological economics, ecology and livelihoods:a review[J]. Progress in Human Geography,2000,24(4):521-549.
[21]Sunderlin W D, Angelsen A, Belcher B, et al. Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries:an overview[J]. World Development,2005,33(9):1383-1402.
[22]苏娟.贵州省退耕还林地区农户生计研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007.
[23]苏磊,付少平.农户生计方式对农村生态的影响及其协调策略——以陕北黄土高原为个案[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,12(3)：47-54.
[24]王成超.农户生计行为变迁的生态效应——基于社区增权理论的案例研究[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(18)：315-319.
[25]杜茂华,刘锡荣.城乡统筹发展评价指标体系构建及其应用——以重庆市区县统筹为例[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版),2010,36(3)：125-131.
[26]范云锋.评《城乡发展差异测度及其协调发展研究——以重庆市为例》[J].经济地理,2010(5)：880.
[27]苏伟.论统筹城乡改革发展的意义、难点与突破口——以重庆实践为例[J].理论与改革,2011(2)：150-153.
[28]王骞,黎智洪.加强城乡环境保护与生态建设,推进重庆统筹城乡综合配套改革[J].南方农业,2007,1(6)：80-82.
[29]舒肖明,杨达源,董杰.山区生态足迹的计算与分析——以大别山区岳西县为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(2)：243-247.
[30]乔家君,李小建.村域人地系统状态及其变化的定量研究——以河南省三个不同类型村为例[J].经济地理,2006,26(2)：192-198.
[31]贾良清,欧阳志云,赵同谦,等.城市生态安全评价研究[J].生态环境,2004,13(4)：592-596.
[32]王黎明,杨燕风,欧阳宏斌.退耕压力指数探究基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(4)：389-396.
[33]朱红波,张安录.中国耕地压力指数时空规律分析[J].资源科学,2007,29(2)：104-108.
[34]Oigman-Pszczol S S, Creed J C. Can patterns in benthic communities be explained by an environmental pressure index?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2181-2189.
[35]Pan T C, Kao J J. Inter-generational equity index for assessing environmental sustainability: An example on global warming[J]. Ecological indicators,2009,9(4):725-731.
[36]Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability. monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering,1997,9(1-2):51-69.
[37]张艳芳,任志远.基于生态过程与景观生态背景值的区域生态压力研究[J].水十保持学报,2006,20(5)：166-170.
[38]郭鹏程,包安明.基于生态压力指数的新疆生态安全时空动态分析[J].中国沙汉,2012,32(1)：235-243.
[39]生态压力[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1984086.htm.
[40]李利锋,成升魁.生态占用——衡量可持续发展的新指标[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(4)：375-382.
[41]Gottlieba D, Kissingerc M, Vigoda-Gadota E, et al. Analyzing the ecological footprint at the institutional scale —The case of an Israeli high-school[J]. Ecological Indicators,2012,18: 91-97.
[42]李红,张凤荣,孙丹峰,等.生态足迹模型在山区生态可持续评价中的初步应用——以1999年北京西部山区为例[J].山地学报,2005,23(5)：636-640.
[43]陈世发,轩查,陈小英.基于生态足迹模型南方丘陵山区县生态恢复研究[J].山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,22(3)：94-98.
[44]李东阳.基于生态足迹模型的广西铜匠村生态状况实证分析[J].林业经济问题,2011,31(2)：185-188.
[45]杨振.中国区域发展与生态压力时空差异分析[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2011,21(4)：50-54.
[46]王书华,王忠静.基于生态足迹模型的山区生态经济协调发展定量评估——以贵州镇远县为例[J].山地学报,2003,21(3)：324-330.
[47]孙久文,罗标强.北京山区资源环境的生态承载力分析[J].北京社会科学,2007(6)：53-57.
[48]王耕,王利,吴伟.区域生态安全概念及评价体系的再认识[J].生态学报,2007,27(4)：1627-1637.
[49]杨俊,李雪铭,孙才志,等.基于DPRSC模型的大连城市环境空间分异[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2008,18(5)：86-89.
[50]周文华,王如松.城市生态安全评价方法研究——以北京市为例[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(7)：848-852.
[51]张军以,苏维词,张凤太.基于PSR模型的三峡库区生态经济区土地生态安全评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6)：1039-1044.
[52]颜利,王金坑,黄洁.基于PSR框架模型的东溪流域生态系统健康评价[J].资源科学,2008,30(1)：107-113.
[53]张晓琴,石培基.基于PSR模型的兰州城市生态系统健康评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010(3)：77-82.
[54]周炳中,杨浩,包浩生,等.PSR模型及在土地可持续利用评价中的应用[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(5)：541-548.
[55]李晶.资源枯竭型城市可持续发展评价指标体系模型初探[J].资源与产业,2005,7(4)：4-8.
[56]殷克东,赵昕,薛俊波.基于PSR模型的可持续发展研究[J].软科学,2002,16(5)：62-66.
[57]Lundberg K, Balfors B, Folkeson L. Framework for environmental performance measurement in a Swedish public sector organization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2009,17(11): 1017-1024.
[58]Wolfslehner B, Vacik H. Evaluating sustainable forest management strategies with the Analytic Network Process in a Pressure-State-Response framework[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,88(1):1-10.
[59]肖笃宁,钟林.景观分类与评价的生态原则[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(2)：217-221.
[60]Van Eetvelde V, Antrop M. A stepwise multi-scaled landscape typology and characterisation for trans-regional integration, applied on the federal state of Belgium[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,91(3):160-170.
[61]邬建国.景观生态学——概念与理论[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1)：42-52.
[62]肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观生态学的学科前沿与发展战略[J].生态学报,2003,23(8)：1615-1621.
[63]Mottet A, Ladet S, Coque N, et al. Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes:A case study in the Pyrenees[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2006, 114(2-4):231-296.
[64]Zhang J, Liu Z, Sun X. Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005:Land use/land cover, vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2009,11(6):403-412.
[65]Carmona A, Nahuelhual L, Echeverria C, et al. Linking farming systems to landscape change:An empirical and spatially explicit study in southern Chile[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2010,139(1-2):40-50.
[66]Song K, Zhao J, Wei O, et al. LUCC and landscape pattern variation of wetlands in warm-rainy Southern China over two decades[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2: 1296-1306.
[67]于兴修,杨桂山,李恒鹏.典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应——以浙江省西苕溪流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(1)：13-19.
[68]蒙吉军,吴秀芹,李止国.河西走廊土地利用/覆盖变化的景观生态效应——以肃州绿洲为例[J].生态学报,2004,24(11)：2535-2541.
[69]邹秀萍,齐清文,徐增让,等.怒江流域士地利用／覆被变化及其景观生态效应分析[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5)：147-151.
[70]张慧霞,娄全胜,李艳.基于景观格局的广州市边缘区生态压力研究——以番禺区为例[J].热带地理,2010,30(3)：221-226.
[71]关文彬,谢春华,马克明,等.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途径[J].生态学报,2003,23(1)：64-73.
[72]李阳兵,王世杰,谢德体,等.西南岩溶山区景观生态特征与景观生态建设[J].生态环境,2004,13(4)：702-706.
[73]李春发,李红薇,徐十琴,等.生态城市建设的系统动力学分析——以中新天津生态城为例[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2009,30(3)：22-28.
[74]王莹,郑丽波,俞立中,等.基于神经元网络模型的崇明东滩湿地生态系统健康评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(7)：776-781.
[75]杨青生,黎夏.多智能体与元胞自动机结合及城市用地扩张模拟[J].地理科学,2007,27(4)：542-548.
[76]熊利亚,常斌,周相广.基于地理元胞自动机的十地利用变化研究[J].资源科学,2005,27(4)：38-43.
[77]Choa J H, Sungb K S, Ha S R. A river water quality management model for optimising regional wastewater treatment using a genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2004,73(3):229-242.
[78]Papadimitriou F. Artificial Intelligence in modelling the complexity of Mediterranean landscape transformations[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2012,81:87-96.
[79]李中才,刘林德,孙玉峰,等.基于PSR方法的区域生态安全评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(23)：6495-6503.
[80]李磊,刘洁,刘学.无锡市生态足迹的系统动力学仿真研究[J].资源开发与市场,2012(1)：21-24.
[81]李薇.基于生态足迹判定的武汉科技新城景观生态安全格局分析[D].武汉：华中农业大学,2006.
[82]张武宏.基于BP神经网络的城市人居环境生态安全评价体系研究[D].江西：江西理工 大学,2010.
[83]黄胜利,胡金明.我国人口与生态压力分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(1)：34-37.
[84]顾晓薇,王青,王军,等.国家生态压力与生态利用效率研究[J].资源科学,2007,29(1)：142-146.
[85]舒肖明,杨达源,董杰.山区生态足迹的计算与分析——以大别山区岳西县为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(2)：243-247.
[86]杨莉,刘宁,戴明忠,等.城镇化进程中居民生活消费的生态环境压力评估——以江苏省江阴市为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(11)：5610-5618.
[87]程冬鸽,赵先贵,张军,等.基于生态压力指数的河南省生态安全时空差异分析[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2009,25(3)：288-293.
[88]高云鹏.产业结构调整视角下的大连市生态压力评价[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,34(3)：378-382.
[89]陈瑞琴,孙希华.山东省17城市人口与生态环境压力对比分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2003(4)：13-15.
[90]刘全友,童依平.北方农牧交错带土地利用现状对生态环境变化的影响——以内蒙古多伦县为例[J].生态学报,2003,23(5)：1025-1030.
[91]朱会义.北方土石山区的土地压力及其缓解途径[J].地理学报,2010,65(4)：476-484.
[92]郝敬锋,刘红玉,胡和兵,等.城市化背景下区域湿地生态安全多尺度综合评价[J].南京师大学报(自然科学版),2011,34(1)：119-124.
[93]孙磊,孙英兰,周震峰.青岛市海岸带生态系统压力综合评价指标体系研究[J].海洋环境科学.2009(05)：584-587.
[94]左太安,苏维词,马景娜,等.三峡重庆库区针对水十流失的土地资源生态安全评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2)：74-78.
[95]Grimes S, Ruellet T, Dauvin J C, et al. Ecological Quality Status of the soft-bottom communities on the algerian coast:General patterns and diagnosis[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(11):1969-1977.
[96]Delgado C, Pardo I, Garcia L. Diatom communities as indicators of ecological status in Mediterranean temporary streams (Balearic Islands, Spain)[J]. Ecological Indicators,2012, 15(1):131-139.
[97]徐福留,赵珊珊,杜婷婷,等.区域经济发展对生态环境压力的定量评价[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2004,14(4)：30-36.
[98]袁菲,张星耀,梁军.基于有害干扰的森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建[J].生态学报,2012,32(3)：964-973.
[99]冯娟,赵全升,谢文霞,等.“省公顷”在小城镇生态足迹分析中的应用研究——以山东省晏城镇生态建设为例[J].地理科学,2008,28(2)：209-213.
[100]刘宇鹏,王军,张国锋.面向湿地的文明生态村建设评价指标体系构建——以白洋淀村庄为例[J].江苏农业科学,2010(6)：596-598.
[101]李东阳,生态足迹模型在村庄层面应用的探索[J].环境保护科学,2010,36(6)：24-27.
[102]艾彬.社区生态评价与空间格局研究——以上海市中心城区为例[D].上海：华东师范大学,2005.
[103]崔军,饮佩.生态住区评价指标体系初探——以南京市龙江小区为例[J].现代城市研究,2005(5)：53-57.
[104]US Green Building Council (USGBC). An introduction to the U.S Green Building Council and the LEED Green Building Rating System[R].2004.
[105]Prior J. editor. Building research establishment environmental assessment method (BREEAM), New Offices [R].1993.
[106]Green Building Forum. Green Building Assessment[M]. Beijing:Building Industry Press in China,2007.
[107]Cong L, Xu W. The thought of creating provincial-level green community and related evaluating indicator system study[J]. Fujian Environment,2003,20(5):43-47.
[108]郭伟,肖兴伟.一个农户生态经济系统的分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2001,32(2)：94-98.
[109]乔家君,丁鹏飞.村域农田系统能量投入产出特征比较研究——以河南省巩义市3个不同类型村为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(5)：139-146.
[110]李秀萍,韩剑萍,杨德刚.基于农户的农业生态系统能流分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(6)：1535-1540.
[111]Gao Z, Liu C. Empirical Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Household Consumption in China[J]. Energy Procedia,2011,5:2387-2391.
[112]Zhao C S, Niu S W, Zhang X. Effects of household energy consumption on environment and its influence factors in rural and urban areas[J]. Energy Procedia,2012,14:805-811.
[113]Sanchez-Choliz J, Duarte R, Mainar A. Environmental impact of household activity in Spain[J]. Ecological Economics,2007,62(2):308-318.
[114]Vigiak O, Okoba B O., Sterk G, et al. Water erosion assessment using farmers'indicators in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania[J]. Catena,2005,64(2-3):307-320.
[115]Lorent H, Evangelou C, Stellmes M, et al. Land degradation and economic conditions of agricultural households in a marginal region of northern Greece[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2008,64(3-4):198-209.
[116]Wang C, Yusheng Yang, Zhang Y. Rural household livelihood change, fuelwood substitution, and hilly ecosystem restoration:Evidence from China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(5):2475-2482.
[117]Reynolds C S. Ecological pattern and ecosystem theory[J]. Ecological Modelling,2002, 158(3):181-200.
[118]王书华.区域生态经济——理论、方法与实践[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2008.
[119]张艳芳,曹晓仪,熊泼.经济增长与产业结构调整下的陕西省生态压力研究[J].人文地理,2010(4)：87-90.
[120]Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability:monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering,1997,9(1-2):51-69.
[121]Odum HT. Environmental Accounting:Emergy and Decision Making [M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1996.
[122]陈丹,陈菁,罗朝晖.天然水资源价值评估的能值方法及应用[J].水利学报,2006,37(10)：1188-1192.
[123]蓝盛芳,钦佩,陆宏芳.生态经济系统能值分析[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.
[124]Hau J L, Bakshi B R. Promise and problems of emergy analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2004,178(1-2):215-225.
[125]陆宏芳,陈飞鹏,任海,等.产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法[J].生态环境.2006,15(2)：411-415.
[126]Gao Y, Li S C, Feng Z. Emergy-based Ecological Pressure Analysis of Land Use in China[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,3:93-98.
[127]彼得·巴特姆斯,塞弗特埃.张磊,等译.绿色核算[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2011.
[128]张白玲.中国“绿色核算”体系研究[J].中国发展,2005(3)：4-8.
[129]侯元兆.我国的绿色GDP核算研究：未来的方向和策略[J].世界林业研究,2006,19(6)：1-5.
[130]隋鹏,陈源泉,张飞飞,等.基于超采地下水资源生态代价的农田效益绿色核算——以河北省栾城县为例[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(3)：218-221.
[131]王广成.基于绿色核算的矿产资源定价方法研究[J].中国煤炭经济学院学报,2001,15(1)：48-52.
[132]张颖.森林绿色核算的理论和实践[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2010.
[133]陈丽萍,杨忠直.中国绿色GDP核算实证分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版)2005,7(6)：64-68.
[134]Charnes A, Cooper W W, Rhodes E. Measuring the dfficiency of decision making unit[J].European Journal of Operational research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[135]孙艳玲.基于DEA方法的四川农业可持续发展能力评价[J].软科学,2008,22(6)：100-103.
[136]杨斌.2000-2006年中国区域生态效率研究——基于DEA方法的实证分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(7)：1197-1202.
[137]Castoldi N, Bechini L. Integrated sustainability assessment of cropping systems with agro-ecological and economic indicators in northern Italy[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2010,32(1):59-72.
[138]廖富强,刘影,叶慕亚,等.鄱阳湖典型湿地生态环境脆弱性评价及压力分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(1)：133-137.
[139]郑新奇,王爱萍.基于RS与GIS的区域生态环境质量综合评价研究——以山东省为例[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4)：489-493.
[140]贾冯睿,吴明,邵令东,等.资源型重工业城市生态压力分析[J].辽宁石油化工大学学报,2012,32(1)：36-40.
[141]《酉阳县志》编纂委员会.酉阳县志[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2002.
[142]酉阳土家族苗族自治县农业区划委员会办公室.酉阳土家族苗族自治县农业区划资料汇编[M].1984.
[143]重庆统计年鉴,2011.
[144]酉阳县2010年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.
[145]李小建.农户地理论[M].北京：科学出版社,2009.
[146]高强,赵贞.我国农户兼业化八大特征[J].调研世界,2000(4)：29-31.
[147]贺振华.农户兼业的一个分析框架[J].中国农村观察,2005(1)：2-9.
[148]李娜.国外农户兼业的成就及启示[J].世界农业,2006(8)：47-54.
[149]李小建,乔家君.欠发达地区农户的兼业演变及农户经济发展研究——基于河南省1000农户的调查分析[J].中州学刊,2003(5)：58-61.
[150]梅建明.工业化进程中的农户兼业经营问题的实证分析——以湖北省为例[J].中国农村经济,2003(6)：58-66.
[151]欧阳进良,宋春梅,宇振荣,等.黄淮海平原农区不同类型农户的土地利用方式选择及其环境影响——以河北省曲周县为例[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(1)：1-11.
[152]陈晓红,汪朝霞.苏州农户兼业行为的因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2007(4)：25-31.
[153]张丽萍,张镱锂,阎建忠,等.青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式[J].地理学报,2008,63(4)：377-385.
[154]阎建忠,卓仁贵,谢德体,等.不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(11)：1401-1410.
[155]Ellis F. RURAL LIVELIHOOD DIVERSITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:EVIDENCE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS [EB/OL].http://www.odi.org.uk/nrp/40.html,24/02/2005.
[156]Scoones I. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods:A Framework for Analysis. IDS Working Paper 72, 1998.
[157]苏芳,徐中民,尚海洋.可持续生计分析研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(1)：61-69.
[158]李琳一,李小云.浅析发展学视角下的农户生计资产[J].农村经济,2007(10)：100-104.
[159]安迪,许建初.可持续生计框架：对云南的生物多样性保护欲社区发展的针对性[R].昆明：云南省生物多样性和传统知识研究会(CBIK),2003.
[160]Ellis F. Rural Livelihood Diversity in Developing Countries[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003.
[161]赵靖伟.农户生计安全问题研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2011.
[162]喻鸥.青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计脆弱性定量评估[D].重庆：西南大学,2010.
[163]卓仁贵.农户生计多样化与土地利用[D].重庆：西南大学,2010.
[164]郝晓辉.中国可持续发展指标体系探讨[J].科技导报,1998(11)：42-46.
[165]吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,2001(3)：227-233.
[166]刘洪,何光军.我国农村剩余劳动力转移与农业可持续发展关系研究[J].湖北行政学院学报,2003(01)：33-37.
[167]杨正礼,梅旭荣,黄鸿翔,等.论中国农田生态保育[J].中国农学通报,2005(4)：280-284.
[168]陈利顶,马岩.农户经营行为及其对生态环境的影响[J].生态环境,2007(2)：691-697.
[169]汪希成.阳光生态工程与我国西北干旱区农田生态环境建设[J].生态经济,2006(9)：100-102.
[170]张烽文,刘小鹏,刘希风.宁夏西海固地区农业生态环境面源污染调查研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007(7)：75-80.
[171]夏玉红,陈智渊,赵陪清.内蒙古河套灌区农田环境变化及对策[J].内蒙古水利,2009(5)：37-38.
[172]崔新蕾,蔡银莺,张安录.农户参与保护农田生态环境意愿的影响因素实证分析[J].水土保持通报,2011(5)：125-130.
[173]魏欣,刘新亮,苏杨.农村聚居点环境污染特征及其成因——基于中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查[J].调研世界,2008(3)：27-31.
[174]纪丁愈.川中丘陵区饮用水源地农村面源污染特征分析[D].四川：西南交通大学,2011.
[175]商彦蕊.干旱、农业旱灾与农户旱灾脆弱性分析——以邢台县典型农户为例[J].自然灾害学报,2000(2)：55-61.
[176]刘国勇.新疆焉耆盆地农户灌溉行为选择与农民用水组织研究[D].新疆：新疆农业大学,2011.
[177]Fan J, Liang Y, Tao A, et al. Energy policies for sustainable livelihoods and sustainable development of poor areas in China[J]. Energy policie,2011,39(3):1200-1212.
[178]梁育填,樊杰,孙威,等.西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析——以云南省昭通市为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(2)：221-229.
[179]杨振.农户收入差异对生活用能及生态环境的影响——以江汉平原为例[J].生态学报,2011(1)：239-246.
[180]王庆锁,李梦先,李春和.我国草地退化及治理对策[J].中国农业气象,2004(3)：41-44.
[181]张海峰,刘峰贵,周强,等.青海南部高原高寒草场退化机理及生态重建[J].自然灾害学报,2004(4)：115-120.
[182]钱拴,毛留喜,侯英雨,等.青藏高原载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究[J].自然资源学报,2007(3)：389-397.
[183]张存根,王晓霞,邓蓉.畜牧业生产带来的生态环境问题分析[J].北京农学院学报,2005(1)：1-5.
[184]刘芳.畜牧产业发展对环境的影响[J].农业环境与发展,2000(1)：30-33.
[185]巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004(12)：2292-2296.
[186]熊英,王秋兵,黄毅.水土保持生态自我修复中的植物多样性恢复研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2005(4)：25-28.
[187]罗利芳,张科利,李双才.撂荒后黄土高原坡耕地土壤透水性和抗冲性的变化[J].地理科学,2003(6)：728-733.
[188]张笑培.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复生态效应研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2008.
[189]黄宝荣,欧阳志云,郑华,等.生态系统完整性内涵及评价方法研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(11)：2196-2202.
[190]Reid R S, Kruska R L, Muthui N, et al. Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic,biological and socio-political forces:the case of southwestern Ethiopia[J]. Landscape Ecology,2000,15(4):339-355.
[191]Mitri K, Marko L, Veijo K. Optimal harvesting of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring: Variable versus fixed harvesting strategies.[J], Environ M odel Assess,2002(7):45-47.
[192]Reid Rs, Kruska R1, Muthui N, et al. Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic, biological and socio-political forces:The case of southwestern Ethiopia.[J]. Landscape Ecology,2000,15(4):339-355.
[193]娄博杰.农户生活能源消费选择行为研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2008.
[194]骆克任.社会经济定量研究与SPSS和SAS的应用[M].北京：电子工业山版社,2002.
[195]王秀红.多元统计分析在分区研究中的应用[J].地理科学.2003,23(1)：66-71.
[196]田娟,郭宗楼,姚水萍.灌区灌溉管理质量指标的综合因子分析[J].水科学进展.2005,16(2)：284-288.
[2]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域--土地利用／土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996(6)：553-558.
[3]朱会义.区域土地利用变化的理论探讨[J].科技导报,2004(5)：57-60.
[4]马宗文,许学工.土地变化的生态效应研究方法[J].地理与地理信息科学,2011,27(2)：80-86.
[5]李秀彬.农地利用变化假说与相关的环境效应命题[J].地球科学进展,2008(11)：1124-1129.
[6]Braimoh A K. Agricultural land-use change during economic reforms in Ghana[J]. Land Use Policy,2009,26(3):763-771.
[7]Rounsevell M D A, Ewert F, Reginster I, et al. Future scenarios of European agricult-ural land use Ⅱ. Projecting changes in cropland and grassland[J]. Agriculture, Ecosyste-ms &Environment,2005,107(2-3):117-135.
[8]Mather A S, Fairbairn J, Needle C L. The course and drivers of the forest transition:the case of France[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1999,15(1):65-90.
[9]Rudel T K, Bates D, Machinguiashi R. A tropical forest transition? Agricltural change, out-migration, and secondary forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2002,92(1):87-102.
[10]Read L, Lawrence D. Recovery of biomass following shifting cultivation in dry tropical forests of the Yucatan[J]. Ecological Applications,2003,13(1):85-97.
[11]Susanna B.Hecht, Saatchi S S.Globalization and Forest Resurgence:Changes in Forest Cover in El Salvador[J]. BioScience,2007,57(8):663-672.
[12]Mclennan B, Garvin T. Intra-regional variation in land use and livelihood change during a foresttransition in Costa Rica's dry North West[J]. Land Use Policy,2012,29(1):119-130.
[13]Macdonald D, Crabtree J R, Wiesinger G, et al. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe:environmental consequences and policy response[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(1):47-69.
[14]Bakker M M, Govers G, Van Doom A, et al. The response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use changes in four areas of Europe:The importance of landscape pattern[J]. Geomorphology,2008,98(3-4):213-226.
[15]田玉军,李秀彬,马国霞,等.劳动力析出对生态脆弱区耕地撂荒的影响[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(7)：4-9.
[16]黄利民.农地边际化及其效应研究——以湖北省通城县为例[D].武汉：华中农业大学,2010.
[17]Koulouri M, Giourga C. Land abandonment and slope gradient as key factors of soil erosion in Mediterranean terraced lands[J]. Catena,2007,69(3):274-281.
[18]Scoones I. Livelihoods perspectives and rural development[J]. Journal of Peasant Studies, 2009,36(1):171-196.
[19]阎建忠,张镱锂,朱会义,等.大渡河上游不同地带居民对环境退化的响应[J].地理学报,2006(2)：146-156.
[20]Sneddon C S.'Sustainability'in ecological economics, ecology and livelihoods:a review[J]. Progress in Human Geography,2000,24(4):521-549.
[21]Sunderlin W D, Angelsen A, Belcher B, et al. Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries:an overview[J]. World Development,2005,33(9):1383-1402.
[22]苏娟.贵州省退耕还林地区农户生计研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2007.
[23]苏磊,付少平.农户生计方式对农村生态的影响及其协调策略——以陕北黄土高原为个案[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,12(3)：47-54.
[24]王成超.农户生计行为变迁的生态效应——基于社区增权理论的案例研究[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(18)：315-319.
[25]杜茂华,刘锡荣.城乡统筹发展评价指标体系构建及其应用——以重庆市区县统筹为例[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版),2010,36(3)：125-131.
[26]范云锋.评《城乡发展差异测度及其协调发展研究——以重庆市为例》[J].经济地理,2010(5)：880.
[27]苏伟.论统筹城乡改革发展的意义、难点与突破口——以重庆实践为例[J].理论与改革,2011(2)：150-153.
[28]王骞,黎智洪.加强城乡环境保护与生态建设,推进重庆统筹城乡综合配套改革[J].南方农业,2007,1(6)：80-82.
[29]舒肖明,杨达源,董杰.山区生态足迹的计算与分析——以大别山区岳西县为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(2)：243-247.
[30]乔家君,李小建.村域人地系统状态及其变化的定量研究——以河南省三个不同类型村为例[J].经济地理,2006,26(2)：192-198.
[31]贾良清,欧阳志云,赵同谦,等.城市生态安全评价研究[J].生态环境,2004,13(4)：592-596.
[32]王黎明,杨燕风,欧阳宏斌.退耕压力指数探究基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(4)：389-396.
[33]朱红波,张安录.中国耕地压力指数时空规律分析[J].资源科学,2007,29(2)：104-108.
[34]Oigman-Pszczol S S, Creed J C. Can patterns in benthic communities be explained by an environmental pressure index?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2181-2189.
[35]Pan T C, Kao J J. Inter-generational equity index for assessing environmental sustainability: An example on global warming[J]. Ecological indicators,2009,9(4):725-731.
[36]Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability. monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering,1997,9(1-2):51-69.
[37]张艳芳,任志远.基于生态过程与景观生态背景值的区域生态压力研究[J].水十保持学报,2006,20(5)：166-170.
[38]郭鹏程,包安明.基于生态压力指数的新疆生态安全时空动态分析[J].中国沙汉,2012,32(1)：235-243.
[39]生态压力[EB/OL]. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1984086.htm.
[40]李利锋,成升魁.生态占用——衡量可持续发展的新指标[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(4)：375-382.
[41]Gottlieba D, Kissingerc M, Vigoda-Gadota E, et al. Analyzing the ecological footprint at the institutional scale —The case of an Israeli high-school[J]. Ecological Indicators,2012,18: 91-97.
[42]李红,张凤荣,孙丹峰,等.生态足迹模型在山区生态可持续评价中的初步应用——以1999年北京西部山区为例[J].山地学报,2005,23(5)：636-640.
[43]陈世发,轩查,陈小英.基于生态足迹模型南方丘陵山区县生态恢复研究[J].山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,22(3)：94-98.
[44]李东阳.基于生态足迹模型的广西铜匠村生态状况实证分析[J].林业经济问题,2011,31(2)：185-188.
[45]杨振.中国区域发展与生态压力时空差异分析[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2011,21(4)：50-54.
[46]王书华,王忠静.基于生态足迹模型的山区生态经济协调发展定量评估——以贵州镇远县为例[J].山地学报,2003,21(3)：324-330.
[47]孙久文,罗标强.北京山区资源环境的生态承载力分析[J].北京社会科学,2007(6)：53-57.
[48]王耕,王利,吴伟.区域生态安全概念及评价体系的再认识[J].生态学报,2007,27(4)：1627-1637.
[49]杨俊,李雪铭,孙才志,等.基于DPRSC模型的大连城市环境空间分异[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2008,18(5)：86-89.
[50]周文华,王如松.城市生态安全评价方法研究——以北京市为例[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(7)：848-852.
[51]张军以,苏维词,张凤太.基于PSR模型的三峡库区生态经济区土地生态安全评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6)：1039-1044.
[52]颜利,王金坑,黄洁.基于PSR框架模型的东溪流域生态系统健康评价[J].资源科学,2008,30(1)：107-113.
[53]张晓琴,石培基.基于PSR模型的兰州城市生态系统健康评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010(3)：77-82.
[54]周炳中,杨浩,包浩生,等.PSR模型及在土地可持续利用评价中的应用[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(5)：541-548.
[55]李晶.资源枯竭型城市可持续发展评价指标体系模型初探[J].资源与产业,2005,7(4)：4-8.
[56]殷克东,赵昕,薛俊波.基于PSR模型的可持续发展研究[J].软科学,2002,16(5)：62-66.
[57]Lundberg K, Balfors B, Folkeson L. Framework for environmental performance measurement in a Swedish public sector organization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2009,17(11): 1017-1024.
[58]Wolfslehner B, Vacik H. Evaluating sustainable forest management strategies with the Analytic Network Process in a Pressure-State-Response framework[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,88(1):1-10.
[59]肖笃宁,钟林.景观分类与评价的生态原则[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(2)：217-221.
[60]Van Eetvelde V, Antrop M. A stepwise multi-scaled landscape typology and characterisation for trans-regional integration, applied on the federal state of Belgium[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,91(3):160-170.
[61]邬建国.景观生态学——概念与理论[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1)：42-52.
[62]肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观生态学的学科前沿与发展战略[J].生态学报,2003,23(8)：1615-1621.
[63]Mottet A, Ladet S, Coque N, et al. Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes:A case study in the Pyrenees[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2006, 114(2-4):231-296.
[64]Zhang J, Liu Z, Sun X. Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005:Land use/land cover, vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2009,11(6):403-412.
[65]Carmona A, Nahuelhual L, Echeverria C, et al. Linking farming systems to landscape change:An empirical and spatially explicit study in southern Chile[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2010,139(1-2):40-50.
[66]Song K, Zhao J, Wei O, et al. LUCC and landscape pattern variation of wetlands in warm-rainy Southern China over two decades[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2: 1296-1306.
[67]于兴修,杨桂山,李恒鹏.典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应——以浙江省西苕溪流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(1)：13-19.
[68]蒙吉军,吴秀芹,李止国.河西走廊土地利用/覆盖变化的景观生态效应——以肃州绿洲为例[J].生态学报,2004,24(11)：2535-2541.
[69]邹秀萍,齐清文,徐增让,等.怒江流域士地利用／覆被变化及其景观生态效应分析[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5)：147-151.
[70]张慧霞,娄全胜,李艳.基于景观格局的广州市边缘区生态压力研究——以番禺区为例[J].热带地理,2010,30(3)：221-226.
[71]关文彬,谢春华,马克明,等.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途径[J].生态学报,2003,23(1)：64-73.
[72]李阳兵,王世杰,谢德体,等.西南岩溶山区景观生态特征与景观生态建设[J].生态环境,2004,13(4)：702-706.
[73]李春发,李红薇,徐十琴,等.生态城市建设的系统动力学分析——以中新天津生态城为例[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2009,30(3)：22-28.
[74]王莹,郑丽波,俞立中,等.基于神经元网络模型的崇明东滩湿地生态系统健康评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(7)：776-781.
[75]杨青生,黎夏.多智能体与元胞自动机结合及城市用地扩张模拟[J].地理科学,2007,27(4)：542-548.
[76]熊利亚,常斌,周相广.基于地理元胞自动机的十地利用变化研究[J].资源科学,2005,27(4)：38-43.
[77]Choa J H, Sungb K S, Ha S R. A river water quality management model for optimising regional wastewater treatment using a genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2004,73(3):229-242.
[78]Papadimitriou F. Artificial Intelligence in modelling the complexity of Mediterranean landscape transformations[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2012,81:87-96.
[79]李中才,刘林德,孙玉峰,等.基于PSR方法的区域生态安全评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(23)：6495-6503.
[80]李磊,刘洁,刘学.无锡市生态足迹的系统动力学仿真研究[J].资源开发与市场,2012(1)：21-24.
[81]李薇.基于生态足迹判定的武汉科技新城景观生态安全格局分析[D].武汉：华中农业大学,2006.
[82]张武宏.基于BP神经网络的城市人居环境生态安全评价体系研究[D].江西：江西理工 大学,2010.
[83]黄胜利,胡金明.我国人口与生态压力分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(1)：34-37.
[84]顾晓薇,王青,王军,等.国家生态压力与生态利用效率研究[J].资源科学,2007,29(1)：142-146.
[85]舒肖明,杨达源,董杰.山区生态足迹的计算与分析——以大别山区岳西县为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(2)：243-247.
[86]杨莉,刘宁,戴明忠,等.城镇化进程中居民生活消费的生态环境压力评估——以江苏省江阴市为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(11)：5610-5618.
[87]程冬鸽,赵先贵,张军,等.基于生态压力指数的河南省生态安全时空差异分析[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2009,25(3)：288-293.
[88]高云鹏.产业结构调整视角下的大连市生态压力评价[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,34(3)：378-382.
[89]陈瑞琴,孙希华.山东省17城市人口与生态环境压力对比分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2003(4)：13-15.
[90]刘全友,童依平.北方农牧交错带土地利用现状对生态环境变化的影响——以内蒙古多伦县为例[J].生态学报,2003,23(5)：1025-1030.
[91]朱会义.北方土石山区的土地压力及其缓解途径[J].地理学报,2010,65(4)：476-484.
[92]郝敬锋,刘红玉,胡和兵,等.城市化背景下区域湿地生态安全多尺度综合评价[J].南京师大学报(自然科学版),2011,34(1)：119-124.
[93]孙磊,孙英兰,周震峰.青岛市海岸带生态系统压力综合评价指标体系研究[J].海洋环境科学.2009(05)：584-587.
[94]左太安,苏维词,马景娜,等.三峡重庆库区针对水十流失的土地资源生态安全评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2)：74-78.
[95]Grimes S, Ruellet T, Dauvin J C, et al. Ecological Quality Status of the soft-bottom communities on the algerian coast:General patterns and diagnosis[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(11):1969-1977.
[96]Delgado C, Pardo I, Garcia L. Diatom communities as indicators of ecological status in Mediterranean temporary streams (Balearic Islands, Spain)[J]. Ecological Indicators,2012, 15(1):131-139.
[97]徐福留,赵珊珊,杜婷婷,等.区域经济发展对生态环境压力的定量评价[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2004,14(4)：30-36.
[98]袁菲,张星耀,梁军.基于有害干扰的森林生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建[J].生态学报,2012,32(3)：964-973.
[99]冯娟,赵全升,谢文霞,等.“省公顷”在小城镇生态足迹分析中的应用研究——以山东省晏城镇生态建设为例[J].地理科学,2008,28(2)：209-213.
[100]刘宇鹏,王军,张国锋.面向湿地的文明生态村建设评价指标体系构建——以白洋淀村庄为例[J].江苏农业科学,2010(6)：596-598.
[101]李东阳,生态足迹模型在村庄层面应用的探索[J].环境保护科学,2010,36(6)：24-27.
[102]艾彬.社区生态评价与空间格局研究——以上海市中心城区为例[D].上海：华东师范大学,2005.
[103]崔军,饮佩.生态住区评价指标体系初探——以南京市龙江小区为例[J].现代城市研究,2005(5)：53-57.
[104]US Green Building Council (USGBC). An introduction to the U.S Green Building Council and the LEED Green Building Rating System[R].2004.
[105]Prior J. editor. Building research establishment environmental assessment method (BREEAM), New Offices [R].1993.
[106]Green Building Forum. Green Building Assessment[M]. Beijing:Building Industry Press in China,2007.
[107]Cong L, Xu W. The thought of creating provincial-level green community and related evaluating indicator system study[J]. Fujian Environment,2003,20(5):43-47.
[108]郭伟,肖兴伟.一个农户生态经济系统的分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2001,32(2)：94-98.
[109]乔家君,丁鹏飞.村域农田系统能量投入产出特征比较研究——以河南省巩义市3个不同类型村为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(5)：139-146.
[110]李秀萍,韩剑萍,杨德刚.基于农户的农业生态系统能流分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(6)：1535-1540.
[111]Gao Z, Liu C. Empirical Analysis on Ecological Footprint of Household Consumption in China[J]. Energy Procedia,2011,5:2387-2391.
[112]Zhao C S, Niu S W, Zhang X. Effects of household energy consumption on environment and its influence factors in rural and urban areas[J]. Energy Procedia,2012,14:805-811.
[113]Sanchez-Choliz J, Duarte R, Mainar A. Environmental impact of household activity in Spain[J]. Ecological Economics,2007,62(2):308-318.
[114]Vigiak O, Okoba B O., Sterk G, et al. Water erosion assessment using farmers'indicators in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania[J]. Catena,2005,64(2-3):307-320.
[115]Lorent H, Evangelou C, Stellmes M, et al. Land degradation and economic conditions of agricultural households in a marginal region of northern Greece[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2008,64(3-4):198-209.
[116]Wang C, Yusheng Yang, Zhang Y. Rural household livelihood change, fuelwood substitution, and hilly ecosystem restoration:Evidence from China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(5):2475-2482.
[117]Reynolds C S. Ecological pattern and ecosystem theory[J]. Ecological Modelling,2002, 158(3):181-200.
[118]王书华.区域生态经济——理论、方法与实践[M].北京：中国发展出版社,2008.
[119]张艳芳,曹晓仪,熊泼.经济增长与产业结构调整下的陕西省生态压力研究[J].人文地理,2010(4)：87-90.
[120]Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate sustainability:monitoring economies and technology toward environmentally sound innovation[J]. Ecological Engineering,1997,9(1-2):51-69.
[121]Odum HT. Environmental Accounting:Emergy and Decision Making [M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1996.
[122]陈丹,陈菁,罗朝晖.天然水资源价值评估的能值方法及应用[J].水利学报,2006,37(10)：1188-1192.
[123]蓝盛芳,钦佩,陆宏芳.生态经济系统能值分析[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.
[124]Hau J L, Bakshi B R. Promise and problems of emergy analysis[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2004,178(1-2):215-225.
[125]陆宏芳,陈飞鹏,任海,等.产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法[J].生态环境.2006,15(2)：411-415.
[126]Gao Y, Li S C, Feng Z. Emergy-based Ecological Pressure Analysis of Land Use in China[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,3:93-98.
[127]彼得·巴特姆斯,塞弗特埃.张磊,等译.绿色核算[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2011.
[128]张白玲.中国“绿色核算”体系研究[J].中国发展,2005(3)：4-8.
[129]侯元兆.我国的绿色GDP核算研究：未来的方向和策略[J].世界林业研究,2006,19(6)：1-5.
[130]隋鹏,陈源泉,张飞飞,等.基于超采地下水资源生态代价的农田效益绿色核算——以河北省栾城县为例[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(3)：218-221.
[131]王广成.基于绿色核算的矿产资源定价方法研究[J].中国煤炭经济学院学报,2001,15(1)：48-52.
[132]张颖.森林绿色核算的理论和实践[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2010.
[133]陈丽萍,杨忠直.中国绿色GDP核算实证分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版)2005,7(6)：64-68.
[134]Charnes A, Cooper W W, Rhodes E. Measuring the dfficiency of decision making unit[J].European Journal of Operational research,1978,2(6):429-444.
[135]孙艳玲.基于DEA方法的四川农业可持续发展能力评价[J].软科学,2008,22(6)：100-103.
[136]杨斌.2000-2006年中国区域生态效率研究——基于DEA方法的实证分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(7)：1197-1202.
[137]Castoldi N, Bechini L. Integrated sustainability assessment of cropping systems with agro-ecological and economic indicators in northern Italy[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2010,32(1):59-72.
[138]廖富强,刘影,叶慕亚,等.鄱阳湖典型湿地生态环境脆弱性评价及压力分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(1)：133-137.
[139]郑新奇,王爱萍.基于RS与GIS的区域生态环境质量综合评价研究——以山东省为例[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4)：489-493.
[140]贾冯睿,吴明,邵令东,等.资源型重工业城市生态压力分析[J].辽宁石油化工大学学报,2012,32(1)：36-40.
[141]《酉阳县志》编纂委员会.酉阳县志[M].重庆：重庆出版社,2002.
[142]酉阳土家族苗族自治县农业区划委员会办公室.酉阳土家族苗族自治县农业区划资料汇编[M].1984.
[143]重庆统计年鉴,2011.
[144]酉阳县2010年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.
[145]李小建.农户地理论[M].北京：科学出版社,2009.
[146]高强,赵贞.我国农户兼业化八大特征[J].调研世界,2000(4)：29-31.
[147]贺振华.农户兼业的一个分析框架[J].中国农村观察,2005(1)：2-9.
[148]李娜.国外农户兼业的成就及启示[J].世界农业,2006(8)：47-54.
[149]李小建,乔家君.欠发达地区农户的兼业演变及农户经济发展研究——基于河南省1000农户的调查分析[J].中州学刊,2003(5)：58-61.
[150]梅建明.工业化进程中的农户兼业经营问题的实证分析——以湖北省为例[J].中国农村经济,2003(6)：58-66.
[151]欧阳进良,宋春梅,宇振荣,等.黄淮海平原农区不同类型农户的土地利用方式选择及其环境影响——以河北省曲周县为例[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(1)：1-11.
[152]陈晓红,汪朝霞.苏州农户兼业行为的因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2007(4)：25-31.
[153]张丽萍,张镱锂,阎建忠,等.青藏高原东部山地农牧区生计与耕地利用模式[J].地理学报,2008,63(4)：377-385.
[154]阎建忠,卓仁贵,谢德体,等.不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(11)：1401-1410.
[155]Ellis F. RURAL LIVELIHOOD DIVERSITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:EVIDENCE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS [EB/OL].http://www.odi.org.uk/nrp/40.html,24/02/2005.
[156]Scoones I. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods:A Framework for Analysis. IDS Working Paper 72, 1998.
[157]苏芳,徐中民,尚海洋.可持续生计分析研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(1)：61-69.
[158]李琳一,李小云.浅析发展学视角下的农户生计资产[J].农村经济,2007(10)：100-104.
[159]安迪,许建初.可持续生计框架：对云南的生物多样性保护欲社区发展的针对性[R].昆明：云南省生物多样性和传统知识研究会(CBIK),2003.
[160]Ellis F. Rural Livelihood Diversity in Developing Countries[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003.
[161]赵靖伟.农户生计安全问题研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2011.
[162]喻鸥.青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计脆弱性定量评估[D].重庆：西南大学,2010.
[163]卓仁贵.农户生计多样化与土地利用[D].重庆：西南大学,2010.
[164]郝晓辉.中国可持续发展指标体系探讨[J].科技导报,1998(11)：42-46.
[165]吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,2001(3)：227-233.
[166]刘洪,何光军.我国农村剩余劳动力转移与农业可持续发展关系研究[J].湖北行政学院学报,2003(01)：33-37.
[167]杨正礼,梅旭荣,黄鸿翔,等.论中国农田生态保育[J].中国农学通报,2005(4)：280-284.
[168]陈利顶,马岩.农户经营行为及其对生态环境的影响[J].生态环境,2007(2)：691-697.
[169]汪希成.阳光生态工程与我国西北干旱区农田生态环境建设[J].生态经济,2006(9)：100-102.
[170]张烽文,刘小鹏,刘希风.宁夏西海固地区农业生态环境面源污染调查研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007(7)：75-80.
[171]夏玉红,陈智渊,赵陪清.内蒙古河套灌区农田环境变化及对策[J].内蒙古水利,2009(5)：37-38.
[172]崔新蕾,蔡银莺,张安录.农户参与保护农田生态环境意愿的影响因素实证分析[J].水土保持通报,2011(5)：125-130.
[173]魏欣,刘新亮,苏杨.农村聚居点环境污染特征及其成因——基于中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查[J].调研世界,2008(3)：27-31.
[174]纪丁愈.川中丘陵区饮用水源地农村面源污染特征分析[D].四川：西南交通大学,2011.
[175]商彦蕊.干旱、农业旱灾与农户旱灾脆弱性分析——以邢台县典型农户为例[J].自然灾害学报,2000(2)：55-61.
[176]刘国勇.新疆焉耆盆地农户灌溉行为选择与农民用水组织研究[D].新疆：新疆农业大学,2011.
[177]Fan J, Liang Y, Tao A, et al. Energy policies for sustainable livelihoods and sustainable development of poor areas in China[J]. Energy policie,2011,39(3):1200-1212.
[178]梁育填,樊杰,孙威,等.西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析——以云南省昭通市为例[J].地理学报,2012,67(2)：221-229.
[179]杨振.农户收入差异对生活用能及生态环境的影响——以江汉平原为例[J].生态学报,2011(1)：239-246.
[180]王庆锁,李梦先,李春和.我国草地退化及治理对策[J].中国农业气象,2004(3)：41-44.
[181]张海峰,刘峰贵,周强,等.青海南部高原高寒草场退化机理及生态重建[J].自然灾害学报,2004(4)：115-120.
[182]钱拴,毛留喜,侯英雨,等.青藏高原载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究[J].自然资源学报,2007(3)：389-397.
[183]张存根,王晓霞,邓蓉.畜牧业生产带来的生态环境问题分析[J].北京农学院学报,2005(1)：1-5.
[184]刘芳.畜牧产业发展对环境的影响[J].农业环境与发展,2000(1)：30-33.
[185]巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004(12)：2292-2296.
[186]熊英,王秋兵,黄毅.水土保持生态自我修复中的植物多样性恢复研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2005(4)：25-28.
[187]罗利芳,张科利,李双才.撂荒后黄土高原坡耕地土壤透水性和抗冲性的变化[J].地理科学,2003(6)：728-733.
[188]张笑培.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复生态效应研究[D].陕西：西北农林科技大学,2008.
[189]黄宝荣,欧阳志云,郑华,等.生态系统完整性内涵及评价方法研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(11)：2196-2202.
[190]Reid R S, Kruska R L, Muthui N, et al. Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic,biological and socio-political forces:the case of southwestern Ethiopia[J]. Landscape Ecology,2000,15(4):339-355.
[191]Mitri K, Marko L, Veijo K. Optimal harvesting of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring: Variable versus fixed harvesting strategies.[J], Environ M odel Assess,2002(7):45-47.
[192]Reid Rs, Kruska R1, Muthui N, et al. Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic, biological and socio-political forces:The case of southwestern Ethiopia.[J]. Landscape Ecology,2000,15(4):339-355.
[193]娄博杰.农户生活能源消费选择行为研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2008.
[194]骆克任.社会经济定量研究与SPSS和SAS的应用[M].北京：电子工业山版社,2002.
[195]王秀红.多元统计分析在分区研究中的应用[J].地理科学.2003,23(1)：66-71.
[196]田娟,郭宗楼,姚水萍.灌区灌溉管理质量指标的综合因子分析[J].水科学进展.2005,16(2)：284-288.