蛋内注射大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡生长及相关基因表达的影响
摘要
本实验采用蛋内注射的方式来探讨胚胎发育早期大豆黄酮处理对雏鸡生长性能的影响,并通过测定下丘脑和肝脏生长相关基因的表达,初步探讨了蛋内注射大豆黄酮影响雏鸡生长的作用机理。
1蛋内注射大豆黄酮对仔鸡早期生长的影响
选取三黄矮D种蛋孵化,在第7胚龄时随机分为2组,分别注射100μL白油和1 mg/mL大豆黄酮白油溶液作为对照组和试验组,出雏后,记录育雏期每周体重,于1和21日龄采样。结果表明蛋内注射大豆黄酮对雏鸡初生重没有显著影响,但此后雏鸡表现较高的生长速度,21日龄体重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。1日龄时,大豆黄酮组雄性雏鸡腓肠肌重和腓体比显著降低,雌性雏鸡肝脏指数显著升高,胸浅肌重显著降低;而21日龄时,大豆黄酮组雄性雏鸡肝脏指数显著降低,腓肠肌重、腓体比、胸浅肌重和胸体比显著升高,雌性雏鸡肝脏指数显著降低,腓肠肌重显著升高。
用放射免疫分析法测定出生后血清T_4、T_3、fT_3和Estradiol水平。结果显示蛋内注射大豆黄酮对1日龄雏鸡血清激素水平无显著影响。21日龄雏鸡血清T_4水平没有变化,但大豆黄酮显著降低了雄性雏鸡T_3水平,同时也显著降低了雌性雏鸡fT_3水平(P＜0.05);21日龄大豆黄酮组雌性雏鸡血清雌二醇水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。
2蛋内注射大豆黄酮对仔鸡生长相关基因表达的影响
用相对定量实时荧光PCR方法检测21日龄肝脏GHR、IGF-I和IGF-IR以及下丘脑SS、TRH、CRH和FTO mRNA表达。结果显示,蛋内注射大豆黄酮显著上调了肝脏GHR和IGF-I mRNA表达(P＜0.05),但对肝脏IGF-IR mRNA的表达无显著影响;大豆黄酮显著降低了雄性雏鸡下丘脑SS mRNA,但对雌性则无此作用;大豆黄酮组雌性雏鸡TRH mRNA显著升高(P＜0.05),雄性雏鸡有升高的趋势(P=0.07):大豆黄酮对雏鸡下丘脑CRH mRNA表达无显著影响;下丘脑FTO mRNA表达大豆黄酮组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);
以上结果表明:蛋内注射大豆黄酮可促进雏鸡生长,这种促生长作用与下丘脑和肝脏生长相关基因表达的变化有关。
In this study,in ovo injection of daidzein was used to investigate the effect of early embryonic daidzain exposure on posthatch growth of broiler chickens.Serum levels of thyroid hormones and growth-related genes in hypothalamus and liver were analyzed to reveal the underlying mechanism.
1 Effect of daidzein administration in ovo on early posthatch growth
On day 7 of embryonic age,fertile eggs of Sanhuang small D were randomly allocated to Control and Daidzein groups,which were injected with 100μL of white mineral oil or 1 mg/ml daidzein-oil solution.Body weight was recorded weekly.At day 1 and 21 posthatch (D1 and D21),blood and tissue samples were collected for further analysis.No significant difference was observed on hatch weight between these two groups,but the Daidzein group exhibited faster growth rate after hatching,which resulted in significantly greater body weight than that of control at D21(P＜0.05).On D1,gastrocnemius weight and gastrocnemius ratio were all reduced in males,yet daidzein significantly increased liver index and reduced pectoralis major weight in females.On D21,however,daidzain administration in ovo significantly reduced liver index but increased gastrocnemius weight, gastrocnemius ratio,pectoralis major weight and pectoralis major ratio in males,and reduced liver index but increased gastrocnemius weight in females.
The serum T_4,T_3,fT_3 and Estradiol were tested with RIA.Results indicated that there was no significant changes on serum hormone levels at 1D.On D21,there is no differernce were detected on T_4,and daidzein administration significantly reduced T3 level in males and fT3 in females.Daidzein group had significantly higher E level in females.
2 Effect of daidzein administration in ovo on expression of growth related genes in hypothalamus and liver
Hepatic GHR,IGF-I and IGF-IR and hapathalamic SS,TRH and FTO mRNA expression were determined with relative quantitative real-time PCR on D21.Daidzein group had significantly higher hepatic expression of GHR and IGF-I but similar IGF-IR mRNA compared with Control group.In hypothalamus,daidzain administration in ovo significantly reduced SS mRNA expression in male chickens,but not in females.Besides, daidzain in ovo tended to enhance TRH transcripts in males(P=0.07) and significantly increased its expression in females.No difference was found between the two groups on CRH mRNA expression.Interestingly,FTO mRNA in hypothalamus was significantly enhanced by daidzain treatment.
These results indicate that embryonic exposure to daidzein exerts a long-term effect on posthatch growth by modification of growth-related gene expression in liver and hypothalamus of chickens.
1蛋内注射大豆黄酮对仔鸡早期生长的影响
选取三黄矮D种蛋孵化,在第7胚龄时随机分为2组,分别注射100μL白油和1 mg/mL大豆黄酮白油溶液作为对照组和试验组,出雏后,记录育雏期每周体重,于1和21日龄采样。结果表明蛋内注射大豆黄酮对雏鸡初生重没有显著影响,但此后雏鸡表现较高的生长速度,21日龄体重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。1日龄时,大豆黄酮组雄性雏鸡腓肠肌重和腓体比显著降低,雌性雏鸡肝脏指数显著升高,胸浅肌重显著降低;而21日龄时,大豆黄酮组雄性雏鸡肝脏指数显著降低,腓肠肌重、腓体比、胸浅肌重和胸体比显著升高,雌性雏鸡肝脏指数显著降低,腓肠肌重显著升高。
用放射免疫分析法测定出生后血清T_4、T_3、fT_3和Estradiol水平。结果显示蛋内注射大豆黄酮对1日龄雏鸡血清激素水平无显著影响。21日龄雏鸡血清T_4水平没有变化,但大豆黄酮显著降低了雄性雏鸡T_3水平,同时也显著降低了雌性雏鸡fT_3水平(P＜0.05);21日龄大豆黄酮组雌性雏鸡血清雌二醇水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。
2蛋内注射大豆黄酮对仔鸡生长相关基因表达的影响
用相对定量实时荧光PCR方法检测21日龄肝脏GHR、IGF-I和IGF-IR以及下丘脑SS、TRH、CRH和FTO mRNA表达。结果显示,蛋内注射大豆黄酮显著上调了肝脏GHR和IGF-I mRNA表达(P＜0.05),但对肝脏IGF-IR mRNA的表达无显著影响;大豆黄酮显著降低了雄性雏鸡下丘脑SS mRNA,但对雌性则无此作用;大豆黄酮组雌性雏鸡TRH mRNA显著升高(P＜0.05),雄性雏鸡有升高的趋势(P=0.07):大豆黄酮对雏鸡下丘脑CRH mRNA表达无显著影响;下丘脑FTO mRNA表达大豆黄酮组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);
以上结果表明:蛋内注射大豆黄酮可促进雏鸡生长,这种促生长作用与下丘脑和肝脏生长相关基因表达的变化有关。
In this study,in ovo injection of daidzein was used to investigate the effect of early embryonic daidzain exposure on posthatch growth of broiler chickens.Serum levels of thyroid hormones and growth-related genes in hypothalamus and liver were analyzed to reveal the underlying mechanism.
1 Effect of daidzein administration in ovo on early posthatch growth
On day 7 of embryonic age,fertile eggs of Sanhuang small D were randomly allocated to Control and Daidzein groups,which were injected with 100μL of white mineral oil or 1 mg/ml daidzein-oil solution.Body weight was recorded weekly.At day 1 and 21 posthatch (D1 and D21),blood and tissue samples were collected for further analysis.No significant difference was observed on hatch weight between these two groups,but the Daidzein group exhibited faster growth rate after hatching,which resulted in significantly greater body weight than that of control at D21(P＜0.05).On D1,gastrocnemius weight and gastrocnemius ratio were all reduced in males,yet daidzein significantly increased liver index and reduced pectoralis major weight in females.On D21,however,daidzain administration in ovo significantly reduced liver index but increased gastrocnemius weight, gastrocnemius ratio,pectoralis major weight and pectoralis major ratio in males,and reduced liver index but increased gastrocnemius weight in females.
The serum T_4,T_3,fT_3 and Estradiol were tested with RIA.Results indicated that there was no significant changes on serum hormone levels at 1D.On D21,there is no differernce were detected on T_4,and daidzein administration significantly reduced T3 level in males and fT3 in females.Daidzein group had significantly higher E level in females.
2 Effect of daidzein administration in ovo on expression of growth related genes in hypothalamus and liver
Hepatic GHR,IGF-I and IGF-IR and hapathalamic SS,TRH and FTO mRNA expression were determined with relative quantitative real-time PCR on D21.Daidzein group had significantly higher hepatic expression of GHR and IGF-I but similar IGF-IR mRNA compared with Control group.In hypothalamus,daidzain administration in ovo significantly reduced SS mRNA expression in male chickens,but not in females.Besides, daidzain in ovo tended to enhance TRH transcripts in males(P=0.07) and significantly increased its expression in females.No difference was found between the two groups on CRH mRNA expression.Interestingly,FTO mRNA in hypothalamus was significantly enhanced by daidzain treatment.
These results indicate that embryonic exposure to daidzein exerts a long-term effect on posthatch growth by modification of growth-related gene expression in liver and hypothalamus of chickens.
引文
[1]蒋晞东.鸡胚发育图谱.科学出版社1983;135-137.
[2]Scanes CG,Hart LE,Decuypere E,Kuhn ER.Endocrinology of the avian embryo:an overview.J Exp Zool Suppl 1987;1:253-264.
[3]Freeman BM,Vince MA.Development of the avian embryo:A behavioral and physiological study.Chapman and Hall,London 1974.
[4]杨运清,缪尧源.动物生长曲线拟合方法的探讨.畜牧兽医学报 1992;23(3):219-224.
[5]De GB,Vandenborne K,Van AP,Darras VM,Kuhn ER,Decuypere E et al.Hypothalamic control of the thyroidal axis in the chicken:over the boundaries of the classical hormonal axes.Domest Anita Endocrinol 2005 Jul;29(1):104 -10 Epub 2005 Feb 2005;29:104-110.
[6]Cogburn LA,Mao NC,Agarwal S,Burnside J.Interaction between somatotropic and thyrotropic axes in regulation of growth and development of broiler chickens.Archive fur Geflugelkunde 1995;1:18-21.
[7]Herremans M,Buyse J,Leenstra FR,Beuving G,Berghman L,Decuypere E.Growth hormone response to TRH in male broiler chickens selected for body weight gain or food conversion and reared at either a moderate or a high ambient temperature.Reprod Nutr D ev 1992;32:135-14 I.
[8]De GB,Goris N,Arckens L,Kuhn ER,Darras VM.Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced thyrotropin release is directly mediated through CRH receptor type 2 on thyrotropes.Endocrinology 2003 Dec;144(12):5537 -44 Epub 2003 Sep 11 2003;144:5537-5544.
[9]Lam SK,Harvey S,Hall TR,Spencer GS.Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl.J Endocrinol 1986;110:127-132.
[10]Lain SK,Harvey S,Scanes CG.Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl.Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986;63:134-138.
[11]McMurtry TP,Johnson RJ.Modified growth hormone secretion following early growth retardation in broiler chickens.Poulty Sci 1988;65:118.
[12]Heimler I,Rawlins RG,Owen H,Hutz RJ.Dioxin perturbs,in a dose- and time-dependent fashion,steroid secretion,and induces apoptosis of human luteinized granulosa cells.Endocrinology 1998;139:4373-4379.
[13]Gao X,Petroff BK,Rozman KK,Terranova PF.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)partially reverses the inhibitory effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on ovulation in the immature gonadotropin-treated rat.Toxicology 2000 May 2000;147:15-22.
[14]McMurtry JP,Francis GL,Upton Z.Insulin-like growth factors in poultry.Domest Anim Endocrinol 1997;14:199-229.
[15]Sun SS,McFarland DC,Ferrin NH,Gilkerson KK.Comparison of insulin-like growth factor interaction with satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts derived from the turkey.Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 1992;102:235-243.
[16]Clemmons DR,Underwood LE.Nutritional regulation of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF binding proteins.Annu RevNutr 1991;11:393-412.
[17]Thissen JP,Ketelslegers JM,Underwood LE.Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors.Endocr Rev 1994;15:80-101.
[18]Kita K,Tomas FM,Owens PC,Knowles SE,Forbes BE,Upton Z et al.Influence of nutrition on hepatic IGF-Ⅰ mRNA levels and plasma concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ in meat-type chickens.J Endocrinol 1996;149:181-190.
[19]Cravens WW,W.H.McGibbon,E.E.Sebesta.Effect of biotin deficiency on embryonic development in the domestic fowl.Anat Rec 1944;90:55-64.
[20]Lucas A.Programming by early nutrition in man.Ciba Found Syrup 1991;156:38-50.
[21]Groothuis TG,von EN.Investigating maternal hormones in avian eggs:measurement,manipulation,and interpretation.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005 Jun;1046:168 -80 2005;1046:168-180.
[22]Lillie R J,M.W.Olsen,H.R.Bird.Variation in reproductive response of hens to dietary deficiency.PoultrySci 1951;30:92-97.
[23]陈磊,饶开晴,杨晓静.不同蛋白水平日粮对狼山鸡卵黄中激素沉积及子代生长的影响.中国农学通报 2007;23(7):6-10.
[24]Monaghan P.,Nager R.G.Why don't birds lay more eggs? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1997;12(5):270-274.
[25]Williams TD.Intraspecific variation in egg size and egg composition in birds:effects on offspring fitness.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1994;69:35-59.
[26]Christians JK.Avian egg size:variation within species and inflexibility within individuals.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2002 Feb;77(1):1-26 2002;77:1-26.
[27]Verboven N,Monaghan P,Evans DM,Schwabl H,Evans N,Whitelaw C et al.Maternal condition,yolk androgens and offspring performance:a supplemental feeding experiment in the lesser black-backed gull(Larus fuscus).Proc Biol Sci 2003 Nov 7;270(1530):2223 -32 2003;270:2223-2232.
[28] Schwabl H. Maternal testosterone in the avian egg enhances postnatal growth. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1996; 114:271-276.
[29] Eising CM, Eikenaar C, Schwabl H, Groothuis TG. Maternal androgens in black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) eggs: consequences for chick development. Proc Biol Sci 2001 Apr 22 ;268(1469):839-46 2001; 268: 839-846.
[30] Godsave SF, Lohmann R, Vloet RP, Gahr M. Androgen receptors in the embryonic zebra finch hindbrain suggest a function for maternal androgens in perihatching survival. J Comp Neurol 2002 Nov 4;453 (1):57 -70 2002; 453: 57-70.
[31] Lipar JL, Ketterson ED. Maternally derived yolk testosterone enhances the development of the hatching muscle in the red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus. Proc Biol Sci 2000 Oct 7 ;267(1456 ):2005 -10 2000; 267: 2005-2010.
[32] Rebel JM, Van HS, Hoekman AJ, Balk FR, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Bakker D et al. Maternal diet influences gene expression in intestine of offspring in chicken (Gallus gallus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006 Dec ;145 (4):502-8 Epub 2006 Sep 1 2006; 145: 502-508.
[33] Lopez GaSL. Egg Weight and Offspring Performance of Older Broiler Breeders Fed Low-Protein Diets. J Appl Poult Res 1994; 3:164-170.
[34] Lopez G, Leeson S. Response of broiler breeders to low-protein diets. 1. Adult breeder performance. Poult Sci 1995; 74: 685-695.
[35] Giroud A. Nutrition of the embryo. Fed Proc 1968; 27: 163-184.
[36] Watkins BA, Shen CL, Allen KG, Seifert MF. Dietary (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturates and acetylsalicylic acid alter ex vivo PGE2 biosynthesis, tissue IGF-I levels, and bone morphometry in chicks. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1321-1332.
[37] Thompson JN. Vitamin A in development of the embryo. Am J Clin Nutr 1969; 22: 1063-1069.
[38] Daghir NJ, Shah MA. Effect of dietary protein level on vitamin B6 requirement of chicks. Poult Sci 1973; 52: 1247-1252.
[39] OLCESE O, COUCH JR, QUISENBERRY JH, PEARSON PB. Congenital anomalies in the chick due to vitamin B12 deficiency. J Nutr 1950; 41: 423-431.
[40] Kidd MT, Anthony NB, Newberry LA, Lee SR. Effect of supplemental zinc in either a corn-soybean or a milo and corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of young broiler breeders and their progeny. Poultry science 1993; 72(8): 1492-1499.
[41] Leeson S, Reinhart BS, Summers JD. Response of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeder hens to dietary deficiencies of synthetic vitamins. 1. Egg production, hatchability and chick growth. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 1979; 59(3): 561-567.
[42] Pearson RA, Herron KM. Effects of maternal energy and protein intakes on the incidence of malformations and malpositions of the embryo and time of death during incubation. Br Poult Sci 1982; 23: 71-77.
[43] Vo KV, NAAdefope, T.Wakefield Jr. Effect of dietary protein restriction and sulfur amino acid supplementation on reproductive efficiency of brown-egg type layers. Poultry Sci 1994; 73:(Suppl. 1)-163.
[44] Wilson HR. Effects of maternal nutrition on hatchability. Poult Sci 1997; 76: 134-143.
[45] Karadas F, Surai PF, Sparks NH, Grammenidis E. Effects of maternal dietary supplementation with three sources of carotenoids on the retinyl esters of egg yolk and developing quail liver.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005 Apr; 140 (4):430 -5 Epub 2005 Mar 2005; 140:430-435.
[46] Fattori TR, Wilson HR, Harms RH, Miles RD. Response of broiler breeder females to feed restriction below recommended levels. 1. Growth and reproductive performance. Poult Sci 1991;70: 26-36.
[47] Attia YA, Burke WH, Yamani KA, Jensen LS. Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders. 2. Females. Poult Sci 1995; 74:261-270.
[48] Zuidhof MJ, Robinson FE, Feddes JJ, Hardin RT, Wilson JL, McKay RI et al. The effects of nutrient dilution on the well-being and performance of female broiler breeders. Poult Sci 1995; 74:441-456.
[49] Fattori TR, Wilson HR, Harms RH, Miles RD. Response of broiler breeder females to feed restriction below recommended levels. 1. Growth and reproductive performance. Poult Sci 1991;70: 26-36.
[50] Harms RH, R.A.Voitle, H.R.Wilson. Performance of broiler breeder pullets grown on various grower programs. Nutr Rep Int 1979; 20: 561-566.
[51] Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP. Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken. Effects of protein quantity and quality on metabolism. Br J Nutr 1993; 70: 667-678.
[52] Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP, Vasilatos-Younken R. Metabolic and hormonal effects of feeding chickens thyroxine and diets containing varied calorie to protein ratios. Nutrition research 1992;12(1): 77-87.
[53] Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP, Vasilatos-Younken R. In vitro lipid metabolism, growth and metabolic hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid chickens. Br J Nutr 1992; 68: 667-676.
[54] Lauterio TJ, Scanes CG Hormonal responses to protein restriction in two strains of chickens with different growth characteristics. J Nutr 1987; 117: 758-763.
[55]Lauterio T J,Scanes CG.Time course of changes in plasma concentrations of the growth related hormones during protein restriction in the domestic fowl(Gallus domesticus).Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1987;185:420-426.
[56]Kita K,Tomas FM,Owens PC,Knowles SE,Forbes BE,Upton Z et al.Influence of nutrition on hepatic IGF-Ⅰ mRNA levels and plasma concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ in meat-type chickens.J Endocrinol 1996;149:181-190.
[57]Uni Z,Ferket PR,Tako E,Kedar O.In ovo feeding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos.Poult Sci 2005 May;84(5):764 -70 2005;84:764-770.
[58]Finkler MS,Van Orman JB,Sotherland PR.Experimental manipulation of egg quality in chickens:influence of albumen and yolk on the size and body composition of near-term embryos in a precocial bird.J Comp Physiol[B]1998;168:17-24.
[59]Al-Murrani WK.Maternal effects on embryonic and postembryonic growth in poultry.Br Poult Sci 1978;19:277-281.
[60]Foye OT,Uni Z,Ferket PR.Effect of in ovo feeding egg white protein,beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate,and carbohydrates on glycogen status and neonatal growth of turkeys.Poult Sci 2006 Jul;85(7):1185 -92 2006;85:1185-1192.
[61]Willemsen H,Tona K,Bruggeman V,Onagbesan O,Decuypere E.Effects of high CO2 level during early incubation and late incubation in ovo dexamethasone injection on perinatal embryonic parameters and post-hatch growth of broilers.Br Poult Sci 2008 Mar;49(2):222-312008;49:222-231.
[62]Zhai W,Neuman S,Latour MA,Hester PY.The effect of in ovo injection of L-carnitine on hatchability of white leghorns.Poult Sci 2008 Mar;87(3):569 -72 2008;87:569-572.
[63]Kim YS,Bobbili NK,Lee YK,Jin HJ,Dunn MA.Production of a polyclonal anti-myostatin antibody and the effects of in ovo administration of the antibody on posthatch broiler growth and muscle mass.Poult Sci 2007 Jun;86(6):1196 -205 2007;86:1196-1205.
[64]Price KR,Fenwick GR.Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods-a review.Food Addit Contain 1985;2:73-106.
[65]Jensen MN,Ritskes-Hoitinga M.How isoflavone levels in common rodent diets can interfere with the value of animal models and with experimental results.Lab Anim 2007 Jan;41(1):1-18 2007;41:1-18.
[66]生广旭,宋春玲,朱晶.大豆黄酮在畜牧生产中的研究与应用.黑龙江畜牧兽医 2005;11:81-83.
[67]Duncan AM,Phipps WR,Kurzer MS.Phyto-oestrogens.Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 Jun;17(2):253 -71 2003;17:253-271.
[68]Daston GP,Gooch JW,Breslin WJ,Shuey DL,Nikiforov AI,Fico TA et al.Environmental estrogens and reproductive health:a discussion of the human and environmental data.Reprod Toxicol 1997;11:465-481.
[69]Cohn BA,Cirillo PM,Wolff MS,Schwingl PJ,Cohen RD,Sholtz RI et al.DDT and DDE exposure in mothers and time to pregnancy in daughters.Lancet 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2205-62003;361:2205-2206.
[70]Sonne-Hansen K,Nielsen M,Byskov AG.Oocyte number in newborn mice after prenatal octylphenol exposure.Reprod Toxicol 2003 Jan -Feb;17(1):59 -66 2003;17:59-66.
[71]Ford JA,Jr.,Clark SG,Waiters EM,Wheeler MB,Hurley WL.Estrogenic effects of genistein on reproductive tissues of ovariectomized gilts.J Anita Sci 2006 Apr;84(4):834 -42 2006;84:834-842.
[72]Horn-Ross PL,John EM,Canchola A J,Stewart SL,Lee MM.Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk.J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 Aug 6;95(15):1158 -64 2003;95:1158-1164.
[73]Sarkar FH,Li Y.Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention.Cancer Invest 2003;21(5):744 -57 2003;21:744-757.
[74]Thigpen JE,Setchell KD,Saunders HE,Haseman JK,Grant MG,Forsythe DB.Selecting the appropriate rodent diet for endocrine disruptor research and testing studies.ILAR J 2004;45(4):401 -16 2004;45:401-416.
[75]Adlercreutz H.Phyto-oestrogens and cancer.Lancet Oncol 2002 Jun;3(6 ):364 -73 2002;3:364-373.
[76]Cook DR.The effects of dietary soybean isoflavones on the rote and efficiency of growth and carcass muscle content in pigs and rots.Ph D dissertation,Iowa State University,Ames,USA 1998.
[77]赵志辉.大豆黄酮对2周龄仔猪增重及肝脏GH受体的影响.上海交通大学学报(农业科学版) 2003;21(1):40-43.
[78]郭慧君.曰粮日粮添加DA对去势仔猪生长性能及有关内分泌影响.中国畜牧杂志 2002;38(2):17-18.
[79]程忠刚.大豆黄酮对肥育猪生产性能的影响及其作用机制的探讨.动物营养学报 2005;17(1):30-34.
[80]张响英,唐现文,刘海霞.大豆黄酮对产蛋初期番鸭生产性能及血清激素水平的影响.家畜生态学报 2007;28(5):68-71.
[81]刘根桃.妊娠后期母猪饲喂大豆黄酮对泌乳性能及初乳中激素水平的影响.南京农业大学学 报 1998;22(1):69-72.
[82]孟婷,韩正康,王国杰.大豆黄酮对初产蛋鸡生产性能和血液生理生化指标的影响.中国家禽 2002;24(13):13-14.
[83]柯叶艳,王国杰.日粮中添加大豆黄酮对鹌鹑生产性能和血液中激素水平的影响.畜牧兽医学报 2002;33(3):243-246.
[84]周玉传,赵茹茜,倪迎东.大豆黄酮对绍兴鸭产蛋陸能及有关中枢机制的初探.中国农业科学 2004.
[85]王国杰,韩正康.红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清睾酮水平的影响.动物血清研究1994;15(3):65-69.
[86]高峰,周光宏.大豆黄酮对雏公鸡生产性能和机体免疫的影响.动物学研究 2000;22(10):8-9.
[87]刘皙洁,马海田.日粮添加大豆黄酮对东北仔鹅脂肪代谢的影响.中国饲料 2003;9:12-14.
[88]周玉传.生理调节剂生理调节剂对鸭生产性能的影响及其作用机理的研究.南京农业大学硕士论文 1999.
[89]周玉传,卢立志.大豆黄酮对产蛋后绍兴鸭生产性能及血清中一些激素水平的影响.南京农业大学学报 2002;25(1):73-76.
[90]Anthony MS,Clarkson TB,Bullock BC,Wagner JD.Soy protein versus soy phytoestrogens in the prevention of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis of male cynomolgus monkeys.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2524-2531.
[91]齐广海,郑君杰.类黄酮物质对蛋鸡抗氧化和脂质代谢的影响.营养学报 2002;24(2):153-157.
[92]尹靖东,齐广海.大豆黄酮对鸡蛋胆固醇及其耐氧化性能的影响.中国农业科学 2004;37(5):756-761.
[93]Adlercreutz H,Fotsis T,Kurzer MS,Wahala K,Makela T,Hase T.Isotope dilution gas hromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of unconjugated lignans and isoflavonoids in human feces,with preliminary results in omnivorous and vegetarian women.Anal Biochem 1995;225:101-108.
[94]Flynn KM,Ferguson SA,Delclos KB,Newbold RR.Effects of genistein exposure on sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats.Toxicol Sci 2000 Jun;55(2):311 -9 2000;55:311-319.
[95]刘根桃,陈杰,韩正康.异黄酮植物雌激素(IFV-D)对哺乳母猪作用的研究.畜牧与兽医1997;21(1):5-7.
[96]REHFELDT C.,ADAMOVIC I.,KUHN G.Effects of dietary daidzein supplementation of pregnant sows on carcass and meat quality and skeletal muscle cellularity of the progeny.Meat science 2007;75(1):103-111.
[97]Schwabl H.Maternal Steroid Hormones in the Egg.Perspectives in Avian Endocrinology 1997;3-13.
[98]Saitoh S,Sato T,Harada H,Takita T.Transfer of soy isoflavone into the egg yolk of chickens.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001 Oct;65(10):2220 -5 2001;65:2220-2225.
[99]Medlock KL,Branham WS,Sheehan DM.Effects of coumestrol and equol on the developing reproductive tract of the rat.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995;208:67-71.
[100]Fattori TR,Wilson HR,Harms RH,Miles RD.Response of broiler breeder females to feed restriction below recommended levels.1.Growth and reproductive performance.Poult Sci 1991;70:26-36.
[101]Kubo K,Arai O,Omura M,Watanabe R,Ogata R,Aou S.Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats.Neurosci Res 2003 Mar;45(3):345 -562003;45:345-356.
[102]Henry LA,Witt DM.Effects of neonatal resveratrol exposure on adult male and female reproductive physiology and behavior.Dev Neurosci 2006;28(3):186 -95 2006;28:186-195.
[103]Levy JR,Faber KA,Ayyash L,Hughes CL,Jr.The effect of prenatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein on sexual differentiation in rats.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995;208:60-66.
[104]Kouki T,Kishitake M,Okamoto M,Oosuka I,Takebe M,Yamanouchi K.Effects of neonatal treatment with phytoestrogens,genistein and daidzein,on sex difference in female rat brain function:estrous cycle and lordosis.Horm Behav 2003 Aug;44(2):140 -5 2003;44:140-145.
[105]Wisniewski AB,Klein SL,Lakshmanan Y,Gearhart JP.Exposure to genistein during gestation and lactation demasculinizes the reproductive system in rats.J Urol 2003 Apr;169(4):1582 -62003;169:1582-1586.
[106]Strauss L,Santti R,Saarinen N,Streng T,Joshi S,Makela S.Dietary phytoestrogens and their role in hormonally dependent disease.Toxicol Lett 1998;102-103:349-354.
[107]Mathieson RA,Kitts WD.Binding of Phytoestrogen and oestradiol -17?by cytoplasmic receptor in the pituitarv gland and hypothalamus of the ewe.J Endocrinol 1980:85:317-325.
[108]王根林,陈杰,陈伟华.猪脑内微量注射大豆黄酮对血浆LH水平的影响.中国农业科学2002;35(2):198-201.
[109]Morito K,Aomori T,Hirose T,Kinjo J,Hasegawa J,Ogawa S et al.Interaction of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors alpha and beta(Ⅱ).Biol Pharm Bull 2002 Jan;25(1):48-52 2002;25:48-52.
[110]Price K.R,Fenwick GR.Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods--a review.Food Addit Contain 1985;2:73-106.
[111]Wang TT,Sathyamoorthy N,Phang JM.Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor mediated pathways.Carcinogenesis 1996;17:271-275.
[112]Sathyamoorthy N,Wang TT,Phang JM.Stimulation of pS2 expression by diet-derived compounds.Cancer Res 1994;54:957-961.
[113]Krazeisen A,Breitling R,Moller G,Adarnski J.Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5.Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001 Jan 22;171(1-2):151 -622001;171:151-162.
[114]赵茹茜,周玉传,徐银学.大豆黄酮对高邮鸭增重及血清某些激素水平和垂体GH mRNA 表达的影响。农业生物技术学报 2002;10(2):176-179.
[115]Ogiwara T,Chik CL,Ho AK.Tyrosine kinase inhibitors enhance GHRH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and GH release in rat anterior pituitary cells.J Endocrinol 1997;152:193-199.
[116]Han Z K,Wang G J.Studies of phytoestrogen(daidzein) affecting growth and sex hormone levels in broiler.World Conference on Animal Production 1993;abstract 302.
[117]Strauss L,Santti R,Saarinen N,Streng T,Joshi S,Makela S.Dietary phytoestrogens and their role in hormonally dependent disease.Toxicol Lett 1998;102-103:349-354.
[118]王根林,赵志辉,陈伟华.大豆黄酮肌注仔猪对垂体GnRH受体水平的影响.江苏农业学报 2000;16(4):233-236.
[119]Hughes CL,Jr.Effects of phytoestrogens on GnRH-induced luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rats.Reprod Toxicol 1987;1:179 - 181.
[120]Newsome FE,Kitts WD.Effects of alfalfa consumption on estrogen levels in ewes.Can J Anita Sci 1977;57(531):535.
[121]Santell RC,Chang YC,Nair MG,Helferich WG.Dietary genistein exerts estrogenic effects upon the uterus,mammary gland and the hypothalamic/pituitary axis in rats.J Nutr 1997;127:263-269.
[122]Kaplanski O,Shemesh M,Berman A.Effects of phyto-oestrogens on progesterone synthesis by isolated bovine granulosa cells.J Endocrinol 1981;89:343-348.
[123]Ogiwara T,Chik CL,Ho AK.Tyrosine kinase irthibitors enhance GHRH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and GH release in rat anterior pituitary cells.J Endocrinol 1997;152:193-199.
[124]Krazeisen A,Breitling R,Moiler G,Adamski J.Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5.Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001 Jan 22;171(1-2):151 -622001;171:151-162.
[125]Mousavi Y,Adlercreutz H.Genistein is an effective stimulator of sex hormone-binding globulin production in hepatocarcinoma human liver cancer cells and suppresses proliferation of these cells in culture.Steroids 1993;58:301-304.
[126]Adlercreutz H,Hockerstedt K,Bannwart C,Bloigu S,Hamalainen E,Fotsis T et al.Effect of dietary components,including lignans and phytoestrogens,on enterohepatic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG).J Steroid Biochem 1987;27:1135-1144.
[127]Chase CC,Jr.,Kirby CJ,Hammond AC,Olson TA,Lucy MC.Patterns of ovarian growth and development in cattle with a growth hormone receptor deficiency.J Anim Sci 1998;76:212-219.
[128]Lien RJ,Siopes TD.The relationship of plasma thyroid hormone and prolactin concentrations to egg laying,incubation behavior,and molting by female turkeys exposed to a one-year natural daylength cycle.Gen Comp Endocrinol 1993;90:205-213.
[129]Mitchell JH,Gardner PT,McPhail DB,Mortice PC,Collins AR,Duthie GG.Antioxidant efficacy of phytoestrogens in chemical and biological model systems.Arch Biochem Biophys 1998;360:142-148.
[130]Markovits J,Linassier C,Fosse P,Couprie J,Pierre J,Jacquemin-Sablon Aet al.Inhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ.Cancer Res 1989;49:5111-5117.
[131]Ren MQ,Kuhn G,Wegner J,Numberg G,Chen J,Ender K.Feeding daidzein to late pregnant sows influences the estrogen receptor beta and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA expression in newborn piglets.J Endocrinol 2001 Jul;170(1):129 -35 2001;170:129-135.
[132]韩正康.异黄酮植物雌激素.大豆黄酮对雄性动物生长及其有关內分泌的研究.畜牧与兽医 1999;31(1):1-2.
[133]Kuhn G,Hennig U,Kalbe C,Rehfeldt C,Ren MQ,Moors S et al.Growth performance,carcass characteristics and bioavailability of isoflavones in pigs fed soy bean based diets.Arch Anim Nutr 2004 Aug;58(4):265 -76 2004;58:265-276.
[134]孟婷,左伟勇,韩正康,王国杰.大豆黄酮对产蛋鸡摄食行为及有关内分泌的影响.安徽农业科学 2008;36(3):1049-1050.
[135]周玉传,卢立志.大豆黄酮对产蛋初期和后期绍兴鸭产蛋性能及血清激素水平的影响.动物营养学报 2002;14(2):14-18.
[136]王国杰,韩正康.克仑特罗和异黄酮植物雌激素对骨骼肌细胞生长的影响.南京农业大学学报 1993;16(增刊):15-18.
[137]周玉传.生理调节剂对鸭生产性能的影响及其作用机理的研究.南京农业大学硕士论文 1999.
[138]王国杰,韩正康.红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清睾酮水平的影响.动物血清研究1994;15(3):65-69。
[139]Zhao R,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Ni Y,Lu L,Grossmann R et al.Dietary daidzein influences laying performance of ducks(Anas platyrhynchos) and early post-hatch growth of their hatchlings by modulating gene expression.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug;138(4):459-66 2004;138:459-466.
[140]Zhao R,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Ni Y,Lu L,Grossmann R et al.Dietary daidzein influences laying performance of ducks(Anas platyrhynchos) and early post-hatch growth of their hatchlings by modulating gene expression.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug;138(4):459-66 2004;138:459-466.
[141]艾晓杰.大豆黄酮对荷斯坦牛围产期某些代谢激素影响.中国奶牛 2004;5.
[142]刘皙洁,马海田.日粮添加大豆黄酮对东北仔鹅脂肪代谢的影响.中国饲料 2003;(9):12-14.
[143]Kirk EA,Sutherland P,Wang SA,Chait A,LeBoeuf RC.Dietary isoflavones reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 mice but not LDL receptor-deficient mice.J Nutr 1998;128:954-959.
[144]洪文杰,倪迎冬.孵化早期蛋内注射大豆黄酮对仔鸡生长与血液指标的影响.江苏农业科学 2007;(5):129-132.
[145]Hossner KL,R.H.Mc.Cusker,M.V.Dodson.Insulin like growths factors and their binding proteins in domestic animals.Animal Sci 1997;64:1-15.
[146]赵茹茜,李四贵.禽类生长轴的发育及其对生长的调节.畜牧与兽医 1999;4(31):35-37.
[147]韩正康.异黄酮植物雌激素-大豆黄酮雄性动物生长及有关内分泌的研究.畜牧与兽医1999;31(1):1-3.
[148]Zhao R,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Ni Y,Lu L,Grossmann R et al.Dietary daidzein influences laying performance of ducks(Arias platyrhynchos) and early post-hatch growth of their hatchlings by modulating gene expression.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug;138(4):459-66 2004;138:459-466.
[149]Scanens C G,Vasilators-Yowken R.Somatotropic axis and growth in broilers.European Poultry Science 1995;9-12.
[150]Jackson IM,Reichlin S.Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH):distribution in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain tissues of mammalian and submammalian chordates.Endocrinology 1974;95:854-862.
[151] Geris KL, D'Hondt E, Kuhn ER, Darras VM. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in different regions of the chicken brain and pituitary: an ontogenetic study. Brain Res 1999; 818:260-266.
[152] Herremans M, Buyse J, Leenstra FR, Beuving G, Berghman L, Decuypere E. Growth hormone response to TRH in male broiler chickens selected for body weight gain or food conversion and reared at either a moderate or a high ambient temperature. Reprod Nutr Dev 1992; 32: 135-141.
[153] Lam SK, Harvey S, Hall TR, Spencer GS. Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl. J Endocrinol 1986; 110: 127-132.
[154] Lam SK, Harvey S, Scanes CG. Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986; 63: 134-138.
[155] Very NM, Kittilson JD, Klein SE, Sheridan MA. Somatostatin inhibits basal and growth hormone-stimulated hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008 Jan 16 ;281 (1-2):19-26 Epub 2007 Oct 9 2008;281: 19-26.
[156] Lam SK, Harvey S, Hall TR, Spencer GS. Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl. J Endocrinol 1986; 110: 127-132.
[157] Lam SK, Harvey S, Scanes CG Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986; 63: 134-138.
[158] De GB, Vandenborne K, Van AP, Darras VM, Kuhn ER, Decuypere E et al. Hypothalamic control of the thyroidal axis in the chicken: over the boundaries of the classical hormonal axes.Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005 Jul ;29 (1):104 -10 Epub 2005 Feb 2005; 29: 104-110.
[159] Meeuwis R, Michielsen R, Decuypere E, Kuhn ER. Thyrotropic activity of the ovine corticotropin-releasing factor in the chick embryo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 76: 357-363.
[160] De GB, Vandenborne K, Van AP, Darras VM, Kuhn ER, Decuypere E et al. Hypothalamic control of the thyroidal axis in the chicken: over the boundaries of the classical hormonal axes.Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005 Jul ;29 (1):104 -10 Epub 2005 Feb 2005; 29: 104-110.
[161] Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 2007 May 11;316 (5826 ):889 -94 Epub 2007 Apr 12 2007; 316:889-894.
[2]Scanes CG,Hart LE,Decuypere E,Kuhn ER.Endocrinology of the avian embryo:an overview.J Exp Zool Suppl 1987;1:253-264.
[3]Freeman BM,Vince MA.Development of the avian embryo:A behavioral and physiological study.Chapman and Hall,London 1974.
[4]杨运清,缪尧源.动物生长曲线拟合方法的探讨.畜牧兽医学报 1992;23(3):219-224.
[5]De GB,Vandenborne K,Van AP,Darras VM,Kuhn ER,Decuypere E et al.Hypothalamic control of the thyroidal axis in the chicken:over the boundaries of the classical hormonal axes.Domest Anita Endocrinol 2005 Jul;29(1):104 -10 Epub 2005 Feb 2005;29:104-110.
[6]Cogburn LA,Mao NC,Agarwal S,Burnside J.Interaction between somatotropic and thyrotropic axes in regulation of growth and development of broiler chickens.Archive fur Geflugelkunde 1995;1:18-21.
[7]Herremans M,Buyse J,Leenstra FR,Beuving G,Berghman L,Decuypere E.Growth hormone response to TRH in male broiler chickens selected for body weight gain or food conversion and reared at either a moderate or a high ambient temperature.Reprod Nutr D ev 1992;32:135-14 I.
[8]De GB,Goris N,Arckens L,Kuhn ER,Darras VM.Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced thyrotropin release is directly mediated through CRH receptor type 2 on thyrotropes.Endocrinology 2003 Dec;144(12):5537 -44 Epub 2003 Sep 11 2003;144:5537-5544.
[9]Lam SK,Harvey S,Hall TR,Spencer GS.Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl.J Endocrinol 1986;110:127-132.
[10]Lain SK,Harvey S,Scanes CG.Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl.Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986;63:134-138.
[11]McMurtry TP,Johnson RJ.Modified growth hormone secretion following early growth retardation in broiler chickens.Poulty Sci 1988;65:118.
[12]Heimler I,Rawlins RG,Owen H,Hutz RJ.Dioxin perturbs,in a dose- and time-dependent fashion,steroid secretion,and induces apoptosis of human luteinized granulosa cells.Endocrinology 1998;139:4373-4379.
[13]Gao X,Petroff BK,Rozman KK,Terranova PF.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)partially reverses the inhibitory effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on ovulation in the immature gonadotropin-treated rat.Toxicology 2000 May 2000;147:15-22.
[14]McMurtry JP,Francis GL,Upton Z.Insulin-like growth factors in poultry.Domest Anim Endocrinol 1997;14:199-229.
[15]Sun SS,McFarland DC,Ferrin NH,Gilkerson KK.Comparison of insulin-like growth factor interaction with satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts derived from the turkey.Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 1992;102:235-243.
[16]Clemmons DR,Underwood LE.Nutritional regulation of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF binding proteins.Annu RevNutr 1991;11:393-412.
[17]Thissen JP,Ketelslegers JM,Underwood LE.Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors.Endocr Rev 1994;15:80-101.
[18]Kita K,Tomas FM,Owens PC,Knowles SE,Forbes BE,Upton Z et al.Influence of nutrition on hepatic IGF-Ⅰ mRNA levels and plasma concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ in meat-type chickens.J Endocrinol 1996;149:181-190.
[19]Cravens WW,W.H.McGibbon,E.E.Sebesta.Effect of biotin deficiency on embryonic development in the domestic fowl.Anat Rec 1944;90:55-64.
[20]Lucas A.Programming by early nutrition in man.Ciba Found Syrup 1991;156:38-50.
[21]Groothuis TG,von EN.Investigating maternal hormones in avian eggs:measurement,manipulation,and interpretation.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005 Jun;1046:168 -80 2005;1046:168-180.
[22]Lillie R J,M.W.Olsen,H.R.Bird.Variation in reproductive response of hens to dietary deficiency.PoultrySci 1951;30:92-97.
[23]陈磊,饶开晴,杨晓静.不同蛋白水平日粮对狼山鸡卵黄中激素沉积及子代生长的影响.中国农学通报 2007;23(7):6-10.
[24]Monaghan P.,Nager R.G.Why don't birds lay more eggs? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1997;12(5):270-274.
[25]Williams TD.Intraspecific variation in egg size and egg composition in birds:effects on offspring fitness.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1994;69:35-59.
[26]Christians JK.Avian egg size:variation within species and inflexibility within individuals.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2002 Feb;77(1):1-26 2002;77:1-26.
[27]Verboven N,Monaghan P,Evans DM,Schwabl H,Evans N,Whitelaw C et al.Maternal condition,yolk androgens and offspring performance:a supplemental feeding experiment in the lesser black-backed gull(Larus fuscus).Proc Biol Sci 2003 Nov 7;270(1530):2223 -32 2003;270:2223-2232.
[28] Schwabl H. Maternal testosterone in the avian egg enhances postnatal growth. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1996; 114:271-276.
[29] Eising CM, Eikenaar C, Schwabl H, Groothuis TG. Maternal androgens in black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) eggs: consequences for chick development. Proc Biol Sci 2001 Apr 22 ;268(1469):839-46 2001; 268: 839-846.
[30] Godsave SF, Lohmann R, Vloet RP, Gahr M. Androgen receptors in the embryonic zebra finch hindbrain suggest a function for maternal androgens in perihatching survival. J Comp Neurol 2002 Nov 4;453 (1):57 -70 2002; 453: 57-70.
[31] Lipar JL, Ketterson ED. Maternally derived yolk testosterone enhances the development of the hatching muscle in the red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus. Proc Biol Sci 2000 Oct 7 ;267(1456 ):2005 -10 2000; 267: 2005-2010.
[32] Rebel JM, Van HS, Hoekman AJ, Balk FR, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Bakker D et al. Maternal diet influences gene expression in intestine of offspring in chicken (Gallus gallus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006 Dec ;145 (4):502-8 Epub 2006 Sep 1 2006; 145: 502-508.
[33] Lopez GaSL. Egg Weight and Offspring Performance of Older Broiler Breeders Fed Low-Protein Diets. J Appl Poult Res 1994; 3:164-170.
[34] Lopez G, Leeson S. Response of broiler breeders to low-protein diets. 1. Adult breeder performance. Poult Sci 1995; 74: 685-695.
[35] Giroud A. Nutrition of the embryo. Fed Proc 1968; 27: 163-184.
[36] Watkins BA, Shen CL, Allen KG, Seifert MF. Dietary (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturates and acetylsalicylic acid alter ex vivo PGE2 biosynthesis, tissue IGF-I levels, and bone morphometry in chicks. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1321-1332.
[37] Thompson JN. Vitamin A in development of the embryo. Am J Clin Nutr 1969; 22: 1063-1069.
[38] Daghir NJ, Shah MA. Effect of dietary protein level on vitamin B6 requirement of chicks. Poult Sci 1973; 52: 1247-1252.
[39] OLCESE O, COUCH JR, QUISENBERRY JH, PEARSON PB. Congenital anomalies in the chick due to vitamin B12 deficiency. J Nutr 1950; 41: 423-431.
[40] Kidd MT, Anthony NB, Newberry LA, Lee SR. Effect of supplemental zinc in either a corn-soybean or a milo and corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of young broiler breeders and their progeny. Poultry science 1993; 72(8): 1492-1499.
[41] Leeson S, Reinhart BS, Summers JD. Response of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeder hens to dietary deficiencies of synthetic vitamins. 1. Egg production, hatchability and chick growth. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 1979; 59(3): 561-567.
[42] Pearson RA, Herron KM. Effects of maternal energy and protein intakes on the incidence of malformations and malpositions of the embryo and time of death during incubation. Br Poult Sci 1982; 23: 71-77.
[43] Vo KV, NAAdefope, T.Wakefield Jr. Effect of dietary protein restriction and sulfur amino acid supplementation on reproductive efficiency of brown-egg type layers. Poultry Sci 1994; 73:(Suppl. 1)-163.
[44] Wilson HR. Effects of maternal nutrition on hatchability. Poult Sci 1997; 76: 134-143.
[45] Karadas F, Surai PF, Sparks NH, Grammenidis E. Effects of maternal dietary supplementation with three sources of carotenoids on the retinyl esters of egg yolk and developing quail liver.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005 Apr; 140 (4):430 -5 Epub 2005 Mar 2005; 140:430-435.
[46] Fattori TR, Wilson HR, Harms RH, Miles RD. Response of broiler breeder females to feed restriction below recommended levels. 1. Growth and reproductive performance. Poult Sci 1991;70: 26-36.
[47] Attia YA, Burke WH, Yamani KA, Jensen LS. Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders. 2. Females. Poult Sci 1995; 74:261-270.
[48] Zuidhof MJ, Robinson FE, Feddes JJ, Hardin RT, Wilson JL, McKay RI et al. The effects of nutrient dilution on the well-being and performance of female broiler breeders. Poult Sci 1995; 74:441-456.
[49] Fattori TR, Wilson HR, Harms RH, Miles RD. Response of broiler breeder females to feed restriction below recommended levels. 1. Growth and reproductive performance. Poult Sci 1991;70: 26-36.
[50] Harms RH, R.A.Voitle, H.R.Wilson. Performance of broiler breeder pullets grown on various grower programs. Nutr Rep Int 1979; 20: 561-566.
[51] Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP. Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken. Effects of protein quantity and quality on metabolism. Br J Nutr 1993; 70: 667-678.
[52] Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP, Vasilatos-Younken R. Metabolic and hormonal effects of feeding chickens thyroxine and diets containing varied calorie to protein ratios. Nutrition research 1992;12(1): 77-87.
[53] Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP, Vasilatos-Younken R. In vitro lipid metabolism, growth and metabolic hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid chickens. Br J Nutr 1992; 68: 667-676.
[54] Lauterio TJ, Scanes CG Hormonal responses to protein restriction in two strains of chickens with different growth characteristics. J Nutr 1987; 117: 758-763.
[55]Lauterio T J,Scanes CG.Time course of changes in plasma concentrations of the growth related hormones during protein restriction in the domestic fowl(Gallus domesticus).Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1987;185:420-426.
[56]Kita K,Tomas FM,Owens PC,Knowles SE,Forbes BE,Upton Z et al.Influence of nutrition on hepatic IGF-Ⅰ mRNA levels and plasma concentrations of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ in meat-type chickens.J Endocrinol 1996;149:181-190.
[57]Uni Z,Ferket PR,Tako E,Kedar O.In ovo feeding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos.Poult Sci 2005 May;84(5):764 -70 2005;84:764-770.
[58]Finkler MS,Van Orman JB,Sotherland PR.Experimental manipulation of egg quality in chickens:influence of albumen and yolk on the size and body composition of near-term embryos in a precocial bird.J Comp Physiol[B]1998;168:17-24.
[59]Al-Murrani WK.Maternal effects on embryonic and postembryonic growth in poultry.Br Poult Sci 1978;19:277-281.
[60]Foye OT,Uni Z,Ferket PR.Effect of in ovo feeding egg white protein,beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate,and carbohydrates on glycogen status and neonatal growth of turkeys.Poult Sci 2006 Jul;85(7):1185 -92 2006;85:1185-1192.
[61]Willemsen H,Tona K,Bruggeman V,Onagbesan O,Decuypere E.Effects of high CO2 level during early incubation and late incubation in ovo dexamethasone injection on perinatal embryonic parameters and post-hatch growth of broilers.Br Poult Sci 2008 Mar;49(2):222-312008;49:222-231.
[62]Zhai W,Neuman S,Latour MA,Hester PY.The effect of in ovo injection of L-carnitine on hatchability of white leghorns.Poult Sci 2008 Mar;87(3):569 -72 2008;87:569-572.
[63]Kim YS,Bobbili NK,Lee YK,Jin HJ,Dunn MA.Production of a polyclonal anti-myostatin antibody and the effects of in ovo administration of the antibody on posthatch broiler growth and muscle mass.Poult Sci 2007 Jun;86(6):1196 -205 2007;86:1196-1205.
[64]Price KR,Fenwick GR.Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods-a review.Food Addit Contain 1985;2:73-106.
[65]Jensen MN,Ritskes-Hoitinga M.How isoflavone levels in common rodent diets can interfere with the value of animal models and with experimental results.Lab Anim 2007 Jan;41(1):1-18 2007;41:1-18.
[66]生广旭,宋春玲,朱晶.大豆黄酮在畜牧生产中的研究与应用.黑龙江畜牧兽医 2005;11:81-83.
[67]Duncan AM,Phipps WR,Kurzer MS.Phyto-oestrogens.Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 Jun;17(2):253 -71 2003;17:253-271.
[68]Daston GP,Gooch JW,Breslin WJ,Shuey DL,Nikiforov AI,Fico TA et al.Environmental estrogens and reproductive health:a discussion of the human and environmental data.Reprod Toxicol 1997;11:465-481.
[69]Cohn BA,Cirillo PM,Wolff MS,Schwingl PJ,Cohen RD,Sholtz RI et al.DDT and DDE exposure in mothers and time to pregnancy in daughters.Lancet 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2205-62003;361:2205-2206.
[70]Sonne-Hansen K,Nielsen M,Byskov AG.Oocyte number in newborn mice after prenatal octylphenol exposure.Reprod Toxicol 2003 Jan -Feb;17(1):59 -66 2003;17:59-66.
[71]Ford JA,Jr.,Clark SG,Waiters EM,Wheeler MB,Hurley WL.Estrogenic effects of genistein on reproductive tissues of ovariectomized gilts.J Anita Sci 2006 Apr;84(4):834 -42 2006;84:834-842.
[72]Horn-Ross PL,John EM,Canchola A J,Stewart SL,Lee MM.Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk.J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 Aug 6;95(15):1158 -64 2003;95:1158-1164.
[73]Sarkar FH,Li Y.Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention.Cancer Invest 2003;21(5):744 -57 2003;21:744-757.
[74]Thigpen JE,Setchell KD,Saunders HE,Haseman JK,Grant MG,Forsythe DB.Selecting the appropriate rodent diet for endocrine disruptor research and testing studies.ILAR J 2004;45(4):401 -16 2004;45:401-416.
[75]Adlercreutz H.Phyto-oestrogens and cancer.Lancet Oncol 2002 Jun;3(6 ):364 -73 2002;3:364-373.
[76]Cook DR.The effects of dietary soybean isoflavones on the rote and efficiency of growth and carcass muscle content in pigs and rots.Ph D dissertation,Iowa State University,Ames,USA 1998.
[77]赵志辉.大豆黄酮对2周龄仔猪增重及肝脏GH受体的影响.上海交通大学学报(农业科学版) 2003;21(1):40-43.
[78]郭慧君.曰粮日粮添加DA对去势仔猪生长性能及有关内分泌影响.中国畜牧杂志 2002;38(2):17-18.
[79]程忠刚.大豆黄酮对肥育猪生产性能的影响及其作用机制的探讨.动物营养学报 2005;17(1):30-34.
[80]张响英,唐现文,刘海霞.大豆黄酮对产蛋初期番鸭生产性能及血清激素水平的影响.家畜生态学报 2007;28(5):68-71.
[81]刘根桃.妊娠后期母猪饲喂大豆黄酮对泌乳性能及初乳中激素水平的影响.南京农业大学学 报 1998;22(1):69-72.
[82]孟婷,韩正康,王国杰.大豆黄酮对初产蛋鸡生产性能和血液生理生化指标的影响.中国家禽 2002;24(13):13-14.
[83]柯叶艳,王国杰.日粮中添加大豆黄酮对鹌鹑生产性能和血液中激素水平的影响.畜牧兽医学报 2002;33(3):243-246.
[84]周玉传,赵茹茜,倪迎东.大豆黄酮对绍兴鸭产蛋陸能及有关中枢机制的初探.中国农业科学 2004.
[85]王国杰,韩正康.红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清睾酮水平的影响.动物血清研究1994;15(3):65-69.
[86]高峰,周光宏.大豆黄酮对雏公鸡生产性能和机体免疫的影响.动物学研究 2000;22(10):8-9.
[87]刘皙洁,马海田.日粮添加大豆黄酮对东北仔鹅脂肪代谢的影响.中国饲料 2003;9:12-14.
[88]周玉传.生理调节剂生理调节剂对鸭生产性能的影响及其作用机理的研究.南京农业大学硕士论文 1999.
[89]周玉传,卢立志.大豆黄酮对产蛋后绍兴鸭生产性能及血清中一些激素水平的影响.南京农业大学学报 2002;25(1):73-76.
[90]Anthony MS,Clarkson TB,Bullock BC,Wagner JD.Soy protein versus soy phytoestrogens in the prevention of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis of male cynomolgus monkeys.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2524-2531.
[91]齐广海,郑君杰.类黄酮物质对蛋鸡抗氧化和脂质代谢的影响.营养学报 2002;24(2):153-157.
[92]尹靖东,齐广海.大豆黄酮对鸡蛋胆固醇及其耐氧化性能的影响.中国农业科学 2004;37(5):756-761.
[93]Adlercreutz H,Fotsis T,Kurzer MS,Wahala K,Makela T,Hase T.Isotope dilution gas hromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of unconjugated lignans and isoflavonoids in human feces,with preliminary results in omnivorous and vegetarian women.Anal Biochem 1995;225:101-108.
[94]Flynn KM,Ferguson SA,Delclos KB,Newbold RR.Effects of genistein exposure on sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats.Toxicol Sci 2000 Jun;55(2):311 -9 2000;55:311-319.
[95]刘根桃,陈杰,韩正康.异黄酮植物雌激素(IFV-D)对哺乳母猪作用的研究.畜牧与兽医1997;21(1):5-7.
[96]REHFELDT C.,ADAMOVIC I.,KUHN G.Effects of dietary daidzein supplementation of pregnant sows on carcass and meat quality and skeletal muscle cellularity of the progeny.Meat science 2007;75(1):103-111.
[97]Schwabl H.Maternal Steroid Hormones in the Egg.Perspectives in Avian Endocrinology 1997;3-13.
[98]Saitoh S,Sato T,Harada H,Takita T.Transfer of soy isoflavone into the egg yolk of chickens.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001 Oct;65(10):2220 -5 2001;65:2220-2225.
[99]Medlock KL,Branham WS,Sheehan DM.Effects of coumestrol and equol on the developing reproductive tract of the rat.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995;208:67-71.
[100]Fattori TR,Wilson HR,Harms RH,Miles RD.Response of broiler breeder females to feed restriction below recommended levels.1.Growth and reproductive performance.Poult Sci 1991;70:26-36.
[101]Kubo K,Arai O,Omura M,Watanabe R,Ogata R,Aou S.Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats.Neurosci Res 2003 Mar;45(3):345 -562003;45:345-356.
[102]Henry LA,Witt DM.Effects of neonatal resveratrol exposure on adult male and female reproductive physiology and behavior.Dev Neurosci 2006;28(3):186 -95 2006;28:186-195.
[103]Levy JR,Faber KA,Ayyash L,Hughes CL,Jr.The effect of prenatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein on sexual differentiation in rats.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995;208:60-66.
[104]Kouki T,Kishitake M,Okamoto M,Oosuka I,Takebe M,Yamanouchi K.Effects of neonatal treatment with phytoestrogens,genistein and daidzein,on sex difference in female rat brain function:estrous cycle and lordosis.Horm Behav 2003 Aug;44(2):140 -5 2003;44:140-145.
[105]Wisniewski AB,Klein SL,Lakshmanan Y,Gearhart JP.Exposure to genistein during gestation and lactation demasculinizes the reproductive system in rats.J Urol 2003 Apr;169(4):1582 -62003;169:1582-1586.
[106]Strauss L,Santti R,Saarinen N,Streng T,Joshi S,Makela S.Dietary phytoestrogens and their role in hormonally dependent disease.Toxicol Lett 1998;102-103:349-354.
[107]Mathieson RA,Kitts WD.Binding of Phytoestrogen and oestradiol -17?by cytoplasmic receptor in the pituitarv gland and hypothalamus of the ewe.J Endocrinol 1980:85:317-325.
[108]王根林,陈杰,陈伟华.猪脑内微量注射大豆黄酮对血浆LH水平的影响.中国农业科学2002;35(2):198-201.
[109]Morito K,Aomori T,Hirose T,Kinjo J,Hasegawa J,Ogawa S et al.Interaction of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors alpha and beta(Ⅱ).Biol Pharm Bull 2002 Jan;25(1):48-52 2002;25:48-52.
[110]Price K.R,Fenwick GR.Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods--a review.Food Addit Contain 1985;2:73-106.
[111]Wang TT,Sathyamoorthy N,Phang JM.Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor mediated pathways.Carcinogenesis 1996;17:271-275.
[112]Sathyamoorthy N,Wang TT,Phang JM.Stimulation of pS2 expression by diet-derived compounds.Cancer Res 1994;54:957-961.
[113]Krazeisen A,Breitling R,Moller G,Adarnski J.Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5.Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001 Jan 22;171(1-2):151 -622001;171:151-162.
[114]赵茹茜,周玉传,徐银学.大豆黄酮对高邮鸭增重及血清某些激素水平和垂体GH mRNA 表达的影响。农业生物技术学报 2002;10(2):176-179.
[115]Ogiwara T,Chik CL,Ho AK.Tyrosine kinase inhibitors enhance GHRH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and GH release in rat anterior pituitary cells.J Endocrinol 1997;152:193-199.
[116]Han Z K,Wang G J.Studies of phytoestrogen(daidzein) affecting growth and sex hormone levels in broiler.World Conference on Animal Production 1993;abstract 302.
[117]Strauss L,Santti R,Saarinen N,Streng T,Joshi S,Makela S.Dietary phytoestrogens and their role in hormonally dependent disease.Toxicol Lett 1998;102-103:349-354.
[118]王根林,赵志辉,陈伟华.大豆黄酮肌注仔猪对垂体GnRH受体水平的影响.江苏农业学报 2000;16(4):233-236.
[119]Hughes CL,Jr.Effects of phytoestrogens on GnRH-induced luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rats.Reprod Toxicol 1987;1:179 - 181.
[120]Newsome FE,Kitts WD.Effects of alfalfa consumption on estrogen levels in ewes.Can J Anita Sci 1977;57(531):535.
[121]Santell RC,Chang YC,Nair MG,Helferich WG.Dietary genistein exerts estrogenic effects upon the uterus,mammary gland and the hypothalamic/pituitary axis in rats.J Nutr 1997;127:263-269.
[122]Kaplanski O,Shemesh M,Berman A.Effects of phyto-oestrogens on progesterone synthesis by isolated bovine granulosa cells.J Endocrinol 1981;89:343-348.
[123]Ogiwara T,Chik CL,Ho AK.Tyrosine kinase irthibitors enhance GHRH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and GH release in rat anterior pituitary cells.J Endocrinol 1997;152:193-199.
[124]Krazeisen A,Breitling R,Moiler G,Adamski J.Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5.Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001 Jan 22;171(1-2):151 -622001;171:151-162.
[125]Mousavi Y,Adlercreutz H.Genistein is an effective stimulator of sex hormone-binding globulin production in hepatocarcinoma human liver cancer cells and suppresses proliferation of these cells in culture.Steroids 1993;58:301-304.
[126]Adlercreutz H,Hockerstedt K,Bannwart C,Bloigu S,Hamalainen E,Fotsis T et al.Effect of dietary components,including lignans and phytoestrogens,on enterohepatic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG).J Steroid Biochem 1987;27:1135-1144.
[127]Chase CC,Jr.,Kirby CJ,Hammond AC,Olson TA,Lucy MC.Patterns of ovarian growth and development in cattle with a growth hormone receptor deficiency.J Anim Sci 1998;76:212-219.
[128]Lien RJ,Siopes TD.The relationship of plasma thyroid hormone and prolactin concentrations to egg laying,incubation behavior,and molting by female turkeys exposed to a one-year natural daylength cycle.Gen Comp Endocrinol 1993;90:205-213.
[129]Mitchell JH,Gardner PT,McPhail DB,Mortice PC,Collins AR,Duthie GG.Antioxidant efficacy of phytoestrogens in chemical and biological model systems.Arch Biochem Biophys 1998;360:142-148.
[130]Markovits J,Linassier C,Fosse P,Couprie J,Pierre J,Jacquemin-Sablon Aet al.Inhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ.Cancer Res 1989;49:5111-5117.
[131]Ren MQ,Kuhn G,Wegner J,Numberg G,Chen J,Ender K.Feeding daidzein to late pregnant sows influences the estrogen receptor beta and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor mRNA expression in newborn piglets.J Endocrinol 2001 Jul;170(1):129 -35 2001;170:129-135.
[132]韩正康.异黄酮植物雌激素.大豆黄酮对雄性动物生长及其有关內分泌的研究.畜牧与兽医 1999;31(1):1-2.
[133]Kuhn G,Hennig U,Kalbe C,Rehfeldt C,Ren MQ,Moors S et al.Growth performance,carcass characteristics and bioavailability of isoflavones in pigs fed soy bean based diets.Arch Anim Nutr 2004 Aug;58(4):265 -76 2004;58:265-276.
[134]孟婷,左伟勇,韩正康,王国杰.大豆黄酮对产蛋鸡摄食行为及有关内分泌的影响.安徽农业科学 2008;36(3):1049-1050.
[135]周玉传,卢立志.大豆黄酮对产蛋初期和后期绍兴鸭产蛋性能及血清激素水平的影响.动物营养学报 2002;14(2):14-18.
[136]王国杰,韩正康.克仑特罗和异黄酮植物雌激素对骨骼肌细胞生长的影响.南京农业大学学报 1993;16(增刊):15-18.
[137]周玉传.生理调节剂对鸭生产性能的影响及其作用机理的研究.南京农业大学硕士论文 1999.
[138]王国杰,韩正康.红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清睾酮水平的影响.动物血清研究1994;15(3):65-69。
[139]Zhao R,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Ni Y,Lu L,Grossmann R et al.Dietary daidzein influences laying performance of ducks(Anas platyrhynchos) and early post-hatch growth of their hatchlings by modulating gene expression.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug;138(4):459-66 2004;138:459-466.
[140]Zhao R,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Ni Y,Lu L,Grossmann R et al.Dietary daidzein influences laying performance of ducks(Anas platyrhynchos) and early post-hatch growth of their hatchlings by modulating gene expression.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug;138(4):459-66 2004;138:459-466.
[141]艾晓杰.大豆黄酮对荷斯坦牛围产期某些代谢激素影响.中国奶牛 2004;5.
[142]刘皙洁,马海田.日粮添加大豆黄酮对东北仔鹅脂肪代谢的影响.中国饲料 2003;(9):12-14.
[143]Kirk EA,Sutherland P,Wang SA,Chait A,LeBoeuf RC.Dietary isoflavones reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 mice but not LDL receptor-deficient mice.J Nutr 1998;128:954-959.
[144]洪文杰,倪迎冬.孵化早期蛋内注射大豆黄酮对仔鸡生长与血液指标的影响.江苏农业科学 2007;(5):129-132.
[145]Hossner KL,R.H.Mc.Cusker,M.V.Dodson.Insulin like growths factors and their binding proteins in domestic animals.Animal Sci 1997;64:1-15.
[146]赵茹茜,李四贵.禽类生长轴的发育及其对生长的调节.畜牧与兽医 1999;4(31):35-37.
[147]韩正康.异黄酮植物雌激素-大豆黄酮雄性动物生长及有关内分泌的研究.畜牧与兽医1999;31(1):1-3.
[148]Zhao R,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Ni Y,Lu L,Grossmann R et al.Dietary daidzein influences laying performance of ducks(Arias platyrhynchos) and early post-hatch growth of their hatchlings by modulating gene expression.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug;138(4):459-66 2004;138:459-466.
[149]Scanens C G,Vasilators-Yowken R.Somatotropic axis and growth in broilers.European Poultry Science 1995;9-12.
[150]Jackson IM,Reichlin S.Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH):distribution in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain tissues of mammalian and submammalian chordates.Endocrinology 1974;95:854-862.
[151] Geris KL, D'Hondt E, Kuhn ER, Darras VM. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in different regions of the chicken brain and pituitary: an ontogenetic study. Brain Res 1999; 818:260-266.
[152] Herremans M, Buyse J, Leenstra FR, Beuving G, Berghman L, Decuypere E. Growth hormone response to TRH in male broiler chickens selected for body weight gain or food conversion and reared at either a moderate or a high ambient temperature. Reprod Nutr Dev 1992; 32: 135-141.
[153] Lam SK, Harvey S, Hall TR, Spencer GS. Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl. J Endocrinol 1986; 110: 127-132.
[154] Lam SK, Harvey S, Scanes CG. Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986; 63: 134-138.
[155] Very NM, Kittilson JD, Klein SE, Sheridan MA. Somatostatin inhibits basal and growth hormone-stimulated hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008 Jan 16 ;281 (1-2):19-26 Epub 2007 Oct 9 2008;281: 19-26.
[156] Lam SK, Harvey S, Hall TR, Spencer GS. Somatostatin immunoneutralization stimulates thyroid function in fowl. J Endocrinol 1986; 110: 127-132.
[157] Lam SK, Harvey S, Scanes CG Somatostatin inhibits thyroid function in fowl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986; 63: 134-138.
[158] De GB, Vandenborne K, Van AP, Darras VM, Kuhn ER, Decuypere E et al. Hypothalamic control of the thyroidal axis in the chicken: over the boundaries of the classical hormonal axes.Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005 Jul ;29 (1):104 -10 Epub 2005 Feb 2005; 29: 104-110.
[159] Meeuwis R, Michielsen R, Decuypere E, Kuhn ER. Thyrotropic activity of the ovine corticotropin-releasing factor in the chick embryo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 76: 357-363.
[160] De GB, Vandenborne K, Van AP, Darras VM, Kuhn ER, Decuypere E et al. Hypothalamic control of the thyroidal axis in the chicken: over the boundaries of the classical hormonal axes.Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005 Jul ;29 (1):104 -10 Epub 2005 Feb 2005; 29: 104-110.
[161] Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 2007 May 11;316 (5826 ):889 -94 Epub 2007 Apr 12 2007; 316:889-894.