日粮中添加大蒜素对断奶仔猪生长的影响
|
摘要
为了研究大蒜素(allicin)对断奶仔猪生长的影响,本研究选21日龄体重5.6kg左右的断奶仔猪(杜×长×大)84头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复7头,公母比例一致,处理1饲喂基础日粮(对照组),处理2饲喂基础日粮+0.01%大蒜素(试验组),处理3饲喂基础日粮+0.07%抗生素(抗生素组),试验期21 d,测定了仔猪生长性能、腹泻、血清生化指标、血清激素的变化;选择6头体重5.6kg左右的21日龄断奶三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔公猪进行2×3×3复拉丁方试验,测定了大蒜素对断奶仔猪日粮营养物质消化率的影响。结果如下:
1)日粮添加大蒜素可提高断奶仔猪生长性能,降低断奶仔猪腹泻率,其效果与抗生素差异不显著。断奶后0～21天,与对照组相比,大蒜素组平均日增重(ADG)提高了14.4%(P＜0.05),料肉比(F/G)降低了16.8%(P＜0.01);大蒜素组与抗生素组之间无明显差异。大蒜素组和抗生素组仔猪腹泻率分别为8.93%和7.84%,分别比对照组低45.6%和52.2%。
2)与对照组相比,大蒜素显著提高了钙(Ca)的表观消化率(P＜0.05),也有提高断奶仔猪总能(TE)和磷(P)的表观消化率的趋势。大蒜素组和抗生素组之间仔猪营养物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05)。
3)大蒜素提高断奶后仔猪血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、胆固醇(CHO)、葡萄糖(GLU)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_3)、游离甲状腺素(FT_4)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、生长激素(GH)含量及FT_3/FT_4,降低血清尿素氮(SUN)含量,提高血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。大蒜素组血清LDL、CHO和GLU含量在断奶后第7天比对照组高23.9%,38.1%(P＜0.05),11.4%;第14天高14.7%(P＜0.05)、15.6%、12.0%。断奶后SUN含量升高,大蒜素组和抗生素组低于对照组;各处理血清ALP活性有升高的趋势,ADG越大活性越高。大蒜素组FT_3、IGF-1含量及FT_3/FT_4显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。整个试验期大蒜素组与抗生素组各项指标差异不显著。
综上所述,日粮添加大蒜素能调节生长相关激素水平,提高机体消化代谢,减缓应激、降低腹泻率,促进断奶仔猪生长。
To study the effect of allicin on the growth of weaning piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Large Yorkshire),84 weaning piglets,which average weight was 5.6kg at 21d of age,were randomly assigned to 3 groups,every group containing 4 replicates with 7 piglets per replicate(the same proportion of male to female).They were fed with different feeds:groupⅠ(control group):basal diet,groupⅡ(test group):basal diet+0.01%allicin,groupⅢ(antibiotic group):basal diet+0.07%antibiotic, The experiment was conducted for 21 days and production performance of piglets, diarrhea,serum biochemical indices,serum hormone levels were determined.Six piglets of boar have been selected to investigate the effect of allicin on the nutrition digestibility using the test design of 2×3×3 Latin square.The results showed that:
1) Added allicin can improve growth performance of weaning piglets and decrease their diarrhea ratio,but didn't have significant difference between the effects of antibiotic and it.In 21 days after weaning,compared with the control group,the average daily gain(ADG) of piglets of allicin group were increased by 14.4%(P＜0.05),the feed/gain by 16.8%(P＜0.01);there were no significant difference between allicin group and antibiotic group.The diarrhea ratio of allicin group and antibiotic group were 8.93%and 7.84%,which were lower than control group by 45.6%and 52.2%, respectively.
2) Compared with control group,allicin improved apparent digestibility of calcium significantly(P＜0.05) and there was also the same trend of improving it for total energy and phosphorus.It was not significantly different for nutrition apparent digestibility between allicin group and antibiotic group(P＞0.05).
3) Allicin not only raised serum alkaline phosphates activity(ALP),but also increased serum LDL(low density lipoprotein),CHO(cholesterin),GLU(glucose), FT3(free Liothyronine),FT4(free thyroxine),IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor 1), GH(growth hormone) content and FT3/FT4,while decreased SUN(serum urea nitrogen) content.Serum LDL,CHO,and GLU content of allicin group were higher than that of control group by 23.9%,38.1%(P＜0.05),11.4%respectively at the seven day after weaning,and by 14.7%(P＜0.05),15.6%,12.0%at fourteenth day.After weaning,serum SUN content heightened,which of allicin group and antibiotic group was lower than that of control group;serum ALP activity of every group have trend to increasing,and the bigger ADG was,the higher the activity was.FT3,IGF-1 content and FT3/FT4 of allicin group were significantly higher than control group(P＜0.05).In the whole experiment,there was no significant difference for any index between allicin group and antibiotic group.
As a conclusion,addition of allicin in diet can adjust growth hormone levels, improve piglets function of digestion and metabolism,release stess,decrease their diarrhea ratio and promote growth of weaning piglets.
1)日粮添加大蒜素可提高断奶仔猪生长性能,降低断奶仔猪腹泻率,其效果与抗生素差异不显著。断奶后0～21天,与对照组相比,大蒜素组平均日增重(ADG)提高了14.4%(P＜0.05),料肉比(F/G)降低了16.8%(P＜0.01);大蒜素组与抗生素组之间无明显差异。大蒜素组和抗生素组仔猪腹泻率分别为8.93%和7.84%,分别比对照组低45.6%和52.2%。
2)与对照组相比,大蒜素显著提高了钙(Ca)的表观消化率(P＜0.05),也有提高断奶仔猪总能(TE)和磷(P)的表观消化率的趋势。大蒜素组和抗生素组之间仔猪营养物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05)。
3)大蒜素提高断奶后仔猪血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、胆固醇(CHO)、葡萄糖(GLU)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_3)、游离甲状腺素(FT_4)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、生长激素(GH)含量及FT_3/FT_4,降低血清尿素氮(SUN)含量,提高血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。大蒜素组血清LDL、CHO和GLU含量在断奶后第7天比对照组高23.9%,38.1%(P＜0.05),11.4%;第14天高14.7%(P＜0.05)、15.6%、12.0%。断奶后SUN含量升高,大蒜素组和抗生素组低于对照组;各处理血清ALP活性有升高的趋势,ADG越大活性越高。大蒜素组FT_3、IGF-1含量及FT_3/FT_4显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。整个试验期大蒜素组与抗生素组各项指标差异不显著。
综上所述,日粮添加大蒜素能调节生长相关激素水平,提高机体消化代谢,减缓应激、降低腹泻率,促进断奶仔猪生长。
To study the effect of allicin on the growth of weaning piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Large Yorkshire),84 weaning piglets,which average weight was 5.6kg at 21d of age,were randomly assigned to 3 groups,every group containing 4 replicates with 7 piglets per replicate(the same proportion of male to female).They were fed with different feeds:groupⅠ(control group):basal diet,groupⅡ(test group):basal diet+0.01%allicin,groupⅢ(antibiotic group):basal diet+0.07%antibiotic, The experiment was conducted for 21 days and production performance of piglets, diarrhea,serum biochemical indices,serum hormone levels were determined.Six piglets of boar have been selected to investigate the effect of allicin on the nutrition digestibility using the test design of 2×3×3 Latin square.The results showed that:
1) Added allicin can improve growth performance of weaning piglets and decrease their diarrhea ratio,but didn't have significant difference between the effects of antibiotic and it.In 21 days after weaning,compared with the control group,the average daily gain(ADG) of piglets of allicin group were increased by 14.4%(P＜0.05),the feed/gain by 16.8%(P＜0.01);there were no significant difference between allicin group and antibiotic group.The diarrhea ratio of allicin group and antibiotic group were 8.93%and 7.84%,which were lower than control group by 45.6%and 52.2%, respectively.
2) Compared with control group,allicin improved apparent digestibility of calcium significantly(P＜0.05) and there was also the same trend of improving it for total energy and phosphorus.It was not significantly different for nutrition apparent digestibility between allicin group and antibiotic group(P＞0.05).
3) Allicin not only raised serum alkaline phosphates activity(ALP),but also increased serum LDL(low density lipoprotein),CHO(cholesterin),GLU(glucose), FT3(free Liothyronine),FT4(free thyroxine),IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor 1), GH(growth hormone) content and FT3/FT4,while decreased SUN(serum urea nitrogen) content.Serum LDL,CHO,and GLU content of allicin group were higher than that of control group by 23.9%,38.1%(P＜0.05),11.4%respectively at the seven day after weaning,and by 14.7%(P＜0.05),15.6%,12.0%at fourteenth day.After weaning,serum SUN content heightened,which of allicin group and antibiotic group was lower than that of control group;serum ALP activity of every group have trend to increasing,and the bigger ADG was,the higher the activity was.FT3,IGF-1 content and FT3/FT4 of allicin group were significantly higher than control group(P＜0.05).In the whole experiment,there was no significant difference for any index between allicin group and antibiotic group.
As a conclusion,addition of allicin in diet can adjust growth hormone levels, improve piglets function of digestion and metabolism,release stess,decrease their diarrhea ratio and promote growth of weaning piglets.
引文
陈常秀,李同树,晁洪雨等.2005.大蒜素对肉鸡消化道食糜排空效果的作用[J].中国畜牧兽医.7(32):11-13
陈国宏,黄志荣.1990.鸡血浆碱性磷酸酶与生产性能关系的研究[J].江苏农学院学报,11(2):37-39
陈红平,温小杨等.2002.大蒜素及其功能研究[J].中国饲料,(4):13
丁丽敏,计成.1999.高效益猪饲料配方[M].北京:中国农业出版社,45-59
葛长荣,韩剑众,田允波等.2002.作为饲料添加剂的猪用天然植物中草药组方研究[J].云南农业大学学报,17(1):45-50
顾宪红,张宏福,余锐萍等.2001.断奶日龄对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,32(4):306-313
官丽辉.2006.中草饲料添加剂对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响[D].龙井:延边大学
管武太.1997.理想氨基酸模式提高猪生产性能的机理[D].北京:中国农业大学
侯永清,周刘平.1997.仔猪断奶后生理机能紊乱及其调控[J].饲料研究,10:2-5
何瑞国,严思霓.1997.肉鸡日粮中添加大蒜素对生长影响的试验[J].饲料工业,18(5):36-37
黄玉德.1997.合成大蒜素粉饲喂肉兔的效果[J].四川畜禽,(11):20
霍书英.2001.肉仔鸡中药增重保健剂及其作用机理的研究[D].保定:河北农业大学
金光亮,南睿,郭霞珍.2003.慢性应激肝郁证大鼠模型的建立[J].北京中医药大学学报,26(2):18
南京中医药大学.2006.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社
蒋宗勇.1993.仔猪早期断奶营养综合症极其防治[J].养猪,1:2-8
李长江,高士争.2006.大蒜素及其在畜牧生产中的应用[J].中国饲料企业技术参考与产品选用年鉴,526-528
李苗云,葛长荣.2003.中草药饲用添加剂应用于畜禽的研究[J].饲料研究,(3):30-32
刘建文,施用晖,乐国伟.2003.动物生长轴的激素调控[J].中国饲料,14:7-9
李艳彦,谢鸣,陈禹,王洪海.2006.肝郁脾虚证模型大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质的变化[J].现代生物医学进展,6(4):10-15
连晓媛,陈奇.2006.应激与中枢神经递质及HPA轴功能调节[M].国外医学生理、病理科学与临床分册,18(4):371-373
梁荣,张耀相,李健强,董恩娜.1996.仔猪肠产毒素型大肠杆菌的分离与鉴定[J].畜牧兽医杂志,(4):4-5
林斌,卯剑泰,黄沧海.2000.中草药添加剂对仔猪早期断奶腹泻和血液生化指标的影响[J].福建农业学报,(4):37-40
苏凤贤,张宝善.2006.大蒜素的杀菌及其在食品中的防腐保鲜应用研究进展[J].中国调味品,(4)
汤继顺,吴金节,王希春等.2006.锌源和锌水平对断奶仔猪血清激素水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,39(6):1241-124
田亚东.2001.确定适宜的仔猪断奶日龄[J].国外畜牧学:猪与禽,3:31-34
王晨辉,陈安国.2000.改善早期断奶仔猪肠道环境和免疫状态的营养手段[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,(5):20-23
王玢.1994.人体及动物生理学[M].高等教育出版社
王友明,张晓菊,陶志伦等.2004.中草药饲料添加剂对长金猪生长性能和饲料养分消 化率的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,40(6):30-31
王子梅,陆召麟.1994.ACTH激素分泌调节新进展[M].国外医学内分泌学分册,14:171
吴金节,张德群,章孝荣等.2001.早期断奶应激对仔猪某些血清激素水平及细胞免疫功能的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2l(2):170-172
吴金节,章孝荣,王勇等.2001.复方中药制剂防制仔猪早期断奶应激综合症的研究[J].安徽农业科学,29(2):236-238
吴立军.2005.中草药饲料添加剂在生长肥育猪中的应用效果[D].龙井:延边大学
向枭,周兴华.2000.大蒜素在水产动物营养中的作用[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,(2):15-16
晓虹,袁富春,张兰启等.2001.蒜产品作为饲料添加剂的应用技术与效用[J].养殖技术顾问,(1):16-17
刑成军.2005.大蒜素对育肥猪生产性能的影响[J].畜禽生产,(2):32-33
徐兵,王成章,维爱玲等.1999.大蒜素的生物学活性及在畜牧生产中的应用[J].饲料研究
许民强.1999.实用养殖技术(养猪卷)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,155-167
胥清富.2002.生长激素作用的靶基因在猪肝脏和肌肉上的表达及调控[D].南京:南京农业大学
徐志祥,高会菊.2003.大蒜素营养保健功能及综合研究开发[J].中国调味品,(6):3-7.
阎国来,张崇德.1994.胎儿内分泌学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,P46-90
杨焕民,李士泽.1999.动物冷应激的研究进展[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,3:42-44
杨学峰.1999.仔猪断奶前后消化酶活性的变化及酶制剂的应用研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学
张宏福,卢庆萍.2000.仔猪消化功能、免疫功能的发育及营养对策[J].中国饲料,22:15-17
张琦琼.2003.两种新型饲料添加剂对肉猪生产性能的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学
朱仁俊,程志斌.2002.中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪消化道酶活性的影响研究[J].云南农业大学学报,17(1):67-71
张淑会,李香丽.2004.大蒜素对断奶仔猪生长发育及其周围环境的应用效果[J].江西饲料,(4):5-6
张艳玲.2007.骨代谢指标在特发性身材矮小儿童骨生长发育评价体系中的应用价值[J].临床荟萃,22(19):1378-1381
周圻,张显花,焦祖武等.2005.复方中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和激素水平的影响[J],(2):91-93
Brent G A,Moore D D,Larscn P R.1991.Thyroid hormone regulation of gone expression[J].Annu Rev Physiol,53:17-35
Alvarez A L,Torres N,Fanelli M,Santajuliana D,Finkielman S,Pirola C J.1991.Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in rats:role of the central muscarinic cholinergic system[J].J Endocrinol,129:269-274
Barnes P J,Karin M.1997.Nuclear factor-kappaB:a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases[J].N Engl J Med,336(15):1066-1071
Barry E B,John M N,Robert L B,Bard R L,Brook R D,Gurbel,P A,Bliden K P,Rajagopalan S,Pitt B.2006.Neutral Effect on Markers of Heart Failure,Inflammation,Endothelial Activation and Function,and Vagal Tone After High-Dose HMG-CoA Reductasc Inhibition in Non-Diabetic Patients With Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Average Low-Density Lipoprotein Level[J]. J Am College Cardiology, 47: 338-341
Bartke A. 1999.Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction:what learning from transgenic and knock-out animals[J]. Steroids, 64: 598-604
Blackard W G, Boylen C T, Hinson T C, Nelson N C.1969.Effect of lipid and ketone infusions on insulin-induced growth hormone elevations in rhesus monkeys[J].Endocrinology,85: 1180-1185
Bousquet W F, Miya T S. 1996.Modification of stress response in hista-mine depleted rats[J]. Brain Res J Pharmacol,27: 177
Brameld J M, Weller P A, Saunders J C, Buttery P J, Gilmour R S.1995.Hormonal control of insulinlike growth factor-1 and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by porcine hepatocytes in culture[J]. J Endocrinol, 146(2): 239-245
Casanueva F F, Villanueva L, Dieguez C, Diaz Y, Cabranes J A, Szoke B, Scanlon M F,Schally A V, Fernandez-Cruz A.1987.Free fatty acids block growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion in man directly at the pituitary[J] . J Clin Endocrinol Metab,65: 634-642
Cera K R, Mahan D C, Cross R F, Reinhart G A, Whitmoyer R E.1998.Efect of age,weaning and post weaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine[J]. J Anim Sci, 66: 574-584
Coma J, Zimmerman D R, Carrion D. 1995.Relationship of rate of lean tissue growth and other factors to concentration of urea in plasma of pigs[J]. J Anim Sci,73 (12):3649-3656
Ezzat S, Laks D, Oster J, Melmed.1991.Growth hormone regulation in primary fetal and neonatal rat pituitary cell cultures: the role of thyroid hormone[J].Endocrinology, 128:937-943
Falorni A, Bini V, Molinari D, Papi F, Celi F, Di Stefano G, Berioli M G, Bacosi M L,Contessa G.1997.Leptin serum levels in normal weight and obese children and adolescents: relationship with age, sex, pubertal development, body mass index and insulin[J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord,21(10): 881-890
Fleshner M, Deak T, Spencer R L, Laudenslager M L, Watkins L R, Maier S F.1995.A long term increase in basal levels of corticosterone and a decrease in corticosteroid-binding globulin after acute stressor exposure[J]. Endocrinology, 136:5336-5342
Forhead A J, Li J, Gilmour R S, Dauncey M J, Fowden A L.2002.Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,282(1): E80-E86
Founderburke D W, Seerley R W.1990.The efects of postweaning stressors on pig weight change, blood, liver and digestive tract characteristics[J]. J Anim Sci,68:155-162
Fuke S, Konosu S.1991.Taste active components in the some food: A review of Japanese research[J]. Physical Behav, 49 (5): 863-868
Ha Si S R, Jiang J S, Zhu B L. et al.2005.Studies on Anti-heat Stress Effects and Mechanisms of Compound Butafosfan Sol-ution[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,36(12): 1334-1338 (in Chinese)
Hampson D J.1986.Alternations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning[J]. Res Vet Sci, b40:32-40
Hu Y L.2005.Researsh and Application of Chinese Herbs as Feed Additives. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, (In Chinese)
Huber J T, Jacobson N L, Allen R S, Hartman P A.1961.Digestive Enzyme Activities in the Young Calf[J]. J Dairy Sci,44: 1494-1501
Imaki T, Shibasaki T, Demura H.1995.Regulation of gene expression in the central nervous system by stress: Molecular pathways of stress responses[J]. Endocrine J,42: 121-130
Jepson M M, Bates P C, Millward D J.1988.The role of insulin and thyroid hormones in the regulation of muscle growth and protein turnover in response to dietary protein in the rat[J]. British J Nutr,59(3): 397-415
Jesen M S, Jesen S K, Jacogsen K. 1997.Development of digestive enzymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the stomach and pancreas[J]. J Anim Sci,75: 437-445
Johnson R W.1997.Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines: An integrated view[J]. J Anim sci,75: 1244-1255
Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M,TuchschererA,StabenowB,Manteuffel G2002.Neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute endotoxemia in suckling and weaned piglets[J].Biol Neonate,81: 203-209
Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M, Puppe B, Tuchscherer A, Stabenow B.2004.Consequences of repeated early isolation in domestic piglets (Sus scrofa) on their behavioural,neuroendocrine, and immunological responses[J]. Brain Behav Immun,18: 35-45
King R H, Dividich J L,Dunshea F R.1999.Lactation and Neonatal Growth. In:Kyriazakis I (Ed) A Quantitative Biology of the Pig.CABI publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK,: 155-180
Kong X F, Wu G Y, Liao Y P, Tin Y L, Tin F G, Liu H J, Huang R L.2007.Effects of Chinese herbal ultra-fine powder as a dietary additive on growth performance,serum metabolites and intestinal health in early-weaned piglets[J].Livestock Sci,108: 272-275
Kuhn C M, Schanberg S M.1998.Responses to maternal separation: mechanisms and mediators[J]. Int J Dev Neuro sci,16: 261-270
Lemmey A B, Martin A A, Read L C, Tomas F M, Owens P C,Ballard F J.1991.IGF-1 and the truncated analogue des-(1-3)IGF-1 enhance growth in rats after gut resection[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,260: E213 - E219
Liver L J, Le Roith D.1999.Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for postnatal growth in response to growth hormone[J]. Endocrinology, 140(11): 5178-5184
Ma D Y, Chan A S.2004.Effects of Chinese herbal drugs on animal grow, endocrine and immunity[J]. China Anim Husb Vet Med,31(1):16-19 (In Chinese)
Macari M, Zuim S M, Secato E R, Guerreiro J R.1986.Effects of ambient temperature and thyroid hormones on food intake by pigs[J]. Physiol Behav,36(6): 1035-1039
Matsuo K, Yamashita S, Niwa M.1990.Thyroid hormone regulates rat pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I receptor[J]. Endocrinology, 126: 550-554
McGlone J. Pond W.2003.Pig Production: biological principles and applications.Delmar Learning, Inc, Clifton Park, NY
Mesiano S, Jaffe R B.1997.Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex[J]. Endocr Rev, 18(3): 378-403
Morme'de P, Hay M.2003.Behavioural changes and adaptations associated with weaning. In: Weaning the Pig: Concepts and Consequences, Wageningen Academic Publishers,pp. 53-60
Morovat A, Dauncey M J.1998 .Effects of thyroid status on insulin-like growth factor-I,growth hormone and insulin are modified by food intake[J]. European J Endocrinology,138: 95-103
Mottram D S. 1991.Volatile Compounds in FoodS and Beverage. New York: Marcel Dekker, 107-177
O'Dell S D, Day I N.1998.Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) [J]. Int J Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 30(7): 767-771
Oppenheimer J H, Surks M I.1975.Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action Biochemical Actions of Hormone (VoI.III). Litwack G(Ed), Academic press, New York, 159-159
Owsley W F, Orr D E, Tribble L R.1986.Effect of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secrelion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pigs[J]. J Anim Sci, 63:497-504
Park J H, Vanderhoof J A, Blackwood D, Macdonald R G.1990.Characterization of type I and type II insulin-like growth factor receptors in an intestinal epithelial cell line.Endocrinology[J],126: 2998-3005
Park J H, McCusker R H, Vanderhoof J A, Mohammadpour H, Harty R F, MacDonald R G1992.Secretion of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-2 by intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells: implications for autocrine growth regulation[J]. Endocrinology,131: 1359-1368
Ramsay T G, Wolverton C K, Steele N C.1994.Alteration in IGF-I mRNA content of fetal swine tissues in response to maternal diabetes[J]. Am J Physiol,267(5 Pt 2):R1391-R1396
Sanchez M M, Ladd C O, Plotsky P M.2001.Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models[J]. Dev Psychopathol,13:419-449
Se've B.1986.Elevage et sevrage des porcelets. Le porc et son e'levage, bases scientifiques et techniques,403-429
Sonntag W E, Forman L J, Fiori J M, Hylka V W, Meites J.1984.Decreased ability of old male rats to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) is not due to alterations in pituitary LH-releasing hormone receptors[J]. Endocrinology, 114: 1657-1664
Tang J S, Wu J J, Wang X S.2006.Effect of Zinc Resources and Levels on Serum Hormone Levels of Weanling Stress Piglets[J]. Sci Agri Sinica,39(6): 1241-1247(in Chinese)
Valcavi R, Dieguez C, Azzarito C, Artioli C, Portioli I, Scanlon M F.1987.Alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade with thymoxamine reduces basal thyrotrophin levels but does not influence circadian thyrotrophin changes in man[J]. J Endocrinol,115: 187-191
Velasco B, Cacicedo L, Escalada J, Lopez-Femandez J, Sanchez-Franco F.1998.Growth hormone gene expression and secretion in aging rats is age dependent and not age-associated weight increase related[J]. Endocrinology, 139: 1314-1320
Violaine C, Pierre O, Aline F.2006.Consequences of weaning piglets at 21 and 28 days on growth, behaviour and hormonal responses[J]. Applied Anim Behav Sci,98:70-88
Wang L X.1993.Animal Endocrinology. Beijing: Beijing Agricultre University Press Wang J Y, Zhou S G, Xu C F.2002.Biochemistry. The third edition. Beijing: Higher Education Press.(in chinse)
Winesett D E, Ulshen M H, Hoyt E C, Mohapatra N K, Fuller C R, Lund P K.1995.Regulation and localization of the insulin-like growth factor system in small bowel during altered nutrient status[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,268:631-640
Wu J J, Long C H, Zhang D Q.2000.Effect of Early-Weaned stress on serum biochemical index in piglets[J]. Chinese J Vet Sci,20(3): 261-263. (in chinse)
Xu X, Bennett S A, Ingram R L, Sonntag W E.1995.Decreases in growth hormone receptor signal transduction contribute to the decline in insulin-like growth factor I gene expression with age[J]. Endocrinology, 136: 4551-4557
Yaffe B M, Samuels H H.1984.Hormonal regulation of the growth hormone gene.Relationship of the rate of transcription to the level of nuclear thyroid hormone-receptor complexes[J]. J Biol Chem,259: 6284 - 6291
Zhang J B.2003.Researsh and Application of Chinese Herbs as Feed Additives[J].Livestock poultry Indusrtry,(2): 420-421 (In Chinese)
Bereket A, Lang C H, Wilson T A. 1999.Alterations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Horm Metab Res,31(2-3): 172-181
Mathew A G, Robbins C M.1997.Influence of galactosy lactose on energy and protein digestibility, enteric microflora and performance of weanling pigs[J]. J Anim Sci,75(4): 1009-1016
陈国宏,黄志荣.1990.鸡血浆碱性磷酸酶与生产性能关系的研究[J].江苏农学院学报,11(2):37-39
陈红平,温小杨等.2002.大蒜素及其功能研究[J].中国饲料,(4):13
丁丽敏,计成.1999.高效益猪饲料配方[M].北京:中国农业出版社,45-59
葛长荣,韩剑众,田允波等.2002.作为饲料添加剂的猪用天然植物中草药组方研究[J].云南农业大学学报,17(1):45-50
顾宪红,张宏福,余锐萍等.2001.断奶日龄对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,32(4):306-313
官丽辉.2006.中草饲料添加剂对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响[D].龙井:延边大学
管武太.1997.理想氨基酸模式提高猪生产性能的机理[D].北京:中国农业大学
侯永清,周刘平.1997.仔猪断奶后生理机能紊乱及其调控[J].饲料研究,10:2-5
何瑞国,严思霓.1997.肉鸡日粮中添加大蒜素对生长影响的试验[J].饲料工业,18(5):36-37
黄玉德.1997.合成大蒜素粉饲喂肉兔的效果[J].四川畜禽,(11):20
霍书英.2001.肉仔鸡中药增重保健剂及其作用机理的研究[D].保定:河北农业大学
金光亮,南睿,郭霞珍.2003.慢性应激肝郁证大鼠模型的建立[J].北京中医药大学学报,26(2):18
南京中医药大学.2006.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社
蒋宗勇.1993.仔猪早期断奶营养综合症极其防治[J].养猪,1:2-8
李长江,高士争.2006.大蒜素及其在畜牧生产中的应用[J].中国饲料企业技术参考与产品选用年鉴,526-528
李苗云,葛长荣.2003.中草药饲用添加剂应用于畜禽的研究[J].饲料研究,(3):30-32
刘建文,施用晖,乐国伟.2003.动物生长轴的激素调控[J].中国饲料,14:7-9
李艳彦,谢鸣,陈禹,王洪海.2006.肝郁脾虚证模型大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质的变化[J].现代生物医学进展,6(4):10-15
连晓媛,陈奇.2006.应激与中枢神经递质及HPA轴功能调节[M].国外医学生理、病理科学与临床分册,18(4):371-373
梁荣,张耀相,李健强,董恩娜.1996.仔猪肠产毒素型大肠杆菌的分离与鉴定[J].畜牧兽医杂志,(4):4-5
林斌,卯剑泰,黄沧海.2000.中草药添加剂对仔猪早期断奶腹泻和血液生化指标的影响[J].福建农业学报,(4):37-40
苏凤贤,张宝善.2006.大蒜素的杀菌及其在食品中的防腐保鲜应用研究进展[J].中国调味品,(4)
汤继顺,吴金节,王希春等.2006.锌源和锌水平对断奶仔猪血清激素水平的影响[J].中国农业科学,39(6):1241-124
田亚东.2001.确定适宜的仔猪断奶日龄[J].国外畜牧学:猪与禽,3:31-34
王晨辉,陈安国.2000.改善早期断奶仔猪肠道环境和免疫状态的营养手段[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,(5):20-23
王玢.1994.人体及动物生理学[M].高等教育出版社
王友明,张晓菊,陶志伦等.2004.中草药饲料添加剂对长金猪生长性能和饲料养分消 化率的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,40(6):30-31
王子梅,陆召麟.1994.ACTH激素分泌调节新进展[M].国外医学内分泌学分册,14:171
吴金节,张德群,章孝荣等.2001.早期断奶应激对仔猪某些血清激素水平及细胞免疫功能的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2l(2):170-172
吴金节,章孝荣,王勇等.2001.复方中药制剂防制仔猪早期断奶应激综合症的研究[J].安徽农业科学,29(2):236-238
吴立军.2005.中草药饲料添加剂在生长肥育猪中的应用效果[D].龙井:延边大学
向枭,周兴华.2000.大蒜素在水产动物营养中的作用[J].兽药与饲料添加剂,(2):15-16
晓虹,袁富春,张兰启等.2001.蒜产品作为饲料添加剂的应用技术与效用[J].养殖技术顾问,(1):16-17
刑成军.2005.大蒜素对育肥猪生产性能的影响[J].畜禽生产,(2):32-33
徐兵,王成章,维爱玲等.1999.大蒜素的生物学活性及在畜牧生产中的应用[J].饲料研究
许民强.1999.实用养殖技术(养猪卷)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,155-167
胥清富.2002.生长激素作用的靶基因在猪肝脏和肌肉上的表达及调控[D].南京:南京农业大学
徐志祥,高会菊.2003.大蒜素营养保健功能及综合研究开发[J].中国调味品,(6):3-7.
阎国来,张崇德.1994.胎儿内分泌学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,P46-90
杨焕民,李士泽.1999.动物冷应激的研究进展[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,3:42-44
杨学峰.1999.仔猪断奶前后消化酶活性的变化及酶制剂的应用研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学
张宏福,卢庆萍.2000.仔猪消化功能、免疫功能的发育及营养对策[J].中国饲料,22:15-17
张琦琼.2003.两种新型饲料添加剂对肉猪生产性能的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学
朱仁俊,程志斌.2002.中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪消化道酶活性的影响研究[J].云南农业大学学报,17(1):67-71
张淑会,李香丽.2004.大蒜素对断奶仔猪生长发育及其周围环境的应用效果[J].江西饲料,(4):5-6
张艳玲.2007.骨代谢指标在特发性身材矮小儿童骨生长发育评价体系中的应用价值[J].临床荟萃,22(19):1378-1381
周圻,张显花,焦祖武等.2005.复方中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪血液生化指标和激素水平的影响[J],(2):91-93
Brent G A,Moore D D,Larscn P R.1991.Thyroid hormone regulation of gone expression[J].Annu Rev Physiol,53:17-35
Alvarez A L,Torres N,Fanelli M,Santajuliana D,Finkielman S,Pirola C J.1991.Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in rats:role of the central muscarinic cholinergic system[J].J Endocrinol,129:269-274
Barnes P J,Karin M.1997.Nuclear factor-kappaB:a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases[J].N Engl J Med,336(15):1066-1071
Barry E B,John M N,Robert L B,Bard R L,Brook R D,Gurbel,P A,Bliden K P,Rajagopalan S,Pitt B.2006.Neutral Effect on Markers of Heart Failure,Inflammation,Endothelial Activation and Function,and Vagal Tone After High-Dose HMG-CoA Reductasc Inhibition in Non-Diabetic Patients With Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Average Low-Density Lipoprotein Level[J]. J Am College Cardiology, 47: 338-341
Bartke A. 1999.Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction:what learning from transgenic and knock-out animals[J]. Steroids, 64: 598-604
Blackard W G, Boylen C T, Hinson T C, Nelson N C.1969.Effect of lipid and ketone infusions on insulin-induced growth hormone elevations in rhesus monkeys[J].Endocrinology,85: 1180-1185
Bousquet W F, Miya T S. 1996.Modification of stress response in hista-mine depleted rats[J]. Brain Res J Pharmacol,27: 177
Brameld J M, Weller P A, Saunders J C, Buttery P J, Gilmour R S.1995.Hormonal control of insulinlike growth factor-1 and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by porcine hepatocytes in culture[J]. J Endocrinol, 146(2): 239-245
Casanueva F F, Villanueva L, Dieguez C, Diaz Y, Cabranes J A, Szoke B, Scanlon M F,Schally A V, Fernandez-Cruz A.1987.Free fatty acids block growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion in man directly at the pituitary[J] . J Clin Endocrinol Metab,65: 634-642
Cera K R, Mahan D C, Cross R F, Reinhart G A, Whitmoyer R E.1998.Efect of age,weaning and post weaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine[J]. J Anim Sci, 66: 574-584
Coma J, Zimmerman D R, Carrion D. 1995.Relationship of rate of lean tissue growth and other factors to concentration of urea in plasma of pigs[J]. J Anim Sci,73 (12):3649-3656
Ezzat S, Laks D, Oster J, Melmed.1991.Growth hormone regulation in primary fetal and neonatal rat pituitary cell cultures: the role of thyroid hormone[J].Endocrinology, 128:937-943
Falorni A, Bini V, Molinari D, Papi F, Celi F, Di Stefano G, Berioli M G, Bacosi M L,Contessa G.1997.Leptin serum levels in normal weight and obese children and adolescents: relationship with age, sex, pubertal development, body mass index and insulin[J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord,21(10): 881-890
Fleshner M, Deak T, Spencer R L, Laudenslager M L, Watkins L R, Maier S F.1995.A long term increase in basal levels of corticosterone and a decrease in corticosteroid-binding globulin after acute stressor exposure[J]. Endocrinology, 136:5336-5342
Forhead A J, Li J, Gilmour R S, Dauncey M J, Fowden A L.2002.Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,282(1): E80-E86
Founderburke D W, Seerley R W.1990.The efects of postweaning stressors on pig weight change, blood, liver and digestive tract characteristics[J]. J Anim Sci,68:155-162
Fuke S, Konosu S.1991.Taste active components in the some food: A review of Japanese research[J]. Physical Behav, 49 (5): 863-868
Ha Si S R, Jiang J S, Zhu B L. et al.2005.Studies on Anti-heat Stress Effects and Mechanisms of Compound Butafosfan Sol-ution[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,36(12): 1334-1338 (in Chinese)
Hampson D J.1986.Alternations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning[J]. Res Vet Sci, b40:32-40
Hu Y L.2005.Researsh and Application of Chinese Herbs as Feed Additives. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, (In Chinese)
Huber J T, Jacobson N L, Allen R S, Hartman P A.1961.Digestive Enzyme Activities in the Young Calf[J]. J Dairy Sci,44: 1494-1501
Imaki T, Shibasaki T, Demura H.1995.Regulation of gene expression in the central nervous system by stress: Molecular pathways of stress responses[J]. Endocrine J,42: 121-130
Jepson M M, Bates P C, Millward D J.1988.The role of insulin and thyroid hormones in the regulation of muscle growth and protein turnover in response to dietary protein in the rat[J]. British J Nutr,59(3): 397-415
Jesen M S, Jesen S K, Jacogsen K. 1997.Development of digestive enzymes in pigs with emphasis on lipolytic activity in the stomach and pancreas[J]. J Anim Sci,75: 437-445
Johnson R W.1997.Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines: An integrated view[J]. J Anim sci,75: 1244-1255
Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M,TuchschererA,StabenowB,Manteuffel G2002.Neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute endotoxemia in suckling and weaned piglets[J].Biol Neonate,81: 203-209
Kanitz E, Tuchscherer M, Puppe B, Tuchscherer A, Stabenow B.2004.Consequences of repeated early isolation in domestic piglets (Sus scrofa) on their behavioural,neuroendocrine, and immunological responses[J]. Brain Behav Immun,18: 35-45
King R H, Dividich J L,Dunshea F R.1999.Lactation and Neonatal Growth. In:Kyriazakis I (Ed) A Quantitative Biology of the Pig.CABI publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK,: 155-180
Kong X F, Wu G Y, Liao Y P, Tin Y L, Tin F G, Liu H J, Huang R L.2007.Effects of Chinese herbal ultra-fine powder as a dietary additive on growth performance,serum metabolites and intestinal health in early-weaned piglets[J].Livestock Sci,108: 272-275
Kuhn C M, Schanberg S M.1998.Responses to maternal separation: mechanisms and mediators[J]. Int J Dev Neuro sci,16: 261-270
Lemmey A B, Martin A A, Read L C, Tomas F M, Owens P C,Ballard F J.1991.IGF-1 and the truncated analogue des-(1-3)IGF-1 enhance growth in rats after gut resection[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,260: E213 - E219
Liver L J, Le Roith D.1999.Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for postnatal growth in response to growth hormone[J]. Endocrinology, 140(11): 5178-5184
Ma D Y, Chan A S.2004.Effects of Chinese herbal drugs on animal grow, endocrine and immunity[J]. China Anim Husb Vet Med,31(1):16-19 (In Chinese)
Macari M, Zuim S M, Secato E R, Guerreiro J R.1986.Effects of ambient temperature and thyroid hormones on food intake by pigs[J]. Physiol Behav,36(6): 1035-1039
Matsuo K, Yamashita S, Niwa M.1990.Thyroid hormone regulates rat pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I receptor[J]. Endocrinology, 126: 550-554
McGlone J. Pond W.2003.Pig Production: biological principles and applications.Delmar Learning, Inc, Clifton Park, NY
Mesiano S, Jaffe R B.1997.Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex[J]. Endocr Rev, 18(3): 378-403
Morme'de P, Hay M.2003.Behavioural changes and adaptations associated with weaning. In: Weaning the Pig: Concepts and Consequences, Wageningen Academic Publishers,pp. 53-60
Morovat A, Dauncey M J.1998 .Effects of thyroid status on insulin-like growth factor-I,growth hormone and insulin are modified by food intake[J]. European J Endocrinology,138: 95-103
Mottram D S. 1991.Volatile Compounds in FoodS and Beverage. New York: Marcel Dekker, 107-177
O'Dell S D, Day I N.1998.Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) [J]. Int J Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 30(7): 767-771
Oppenheimer J H, Surks M I.1975.Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action Biochemical Actions of Hormone (VoI.III). Litwack G(Ed), Academic press, New York, 159-159
Owsley W F, Orr D E, Tribble L R.1986.Effect of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secrelion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pigs[J]. J Anim Sci, 63:497-504
Park J H, Vanderhoof J A, Blackwood D, Macdonald R G.1990.Characterization of type I and type II insulin-like growth factor receptors in an intestinal epithelial cell line.Endocrinology[J],126: 2998-3005
Park J H, McCusker R H, Vanderhoof J A, Mohammadpour H, Harty R F, MacDonald R G1992.Secretion of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-2 by intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells: implications for autocrine growth regulation[J]. Endocrinology,131: 1359-1368
Ramsay T G, Wolverton C K, Steele N C.1994.Alteration in IGF-I mRNA content of fetal swine tissues in response to maternal diabetes[J]. Am J Physiol,267(5 Pt 2):R1391-R1396
Sanchez M M, Ladd C O, Plotsky P M.2001.Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models[J]. Dev Psychopathol,13:419-449
Se've B.1986.Elevage et sevrage des porcelets. Le porc et son e'levage, bases scientifiques et techniques,403-429
Sonntag W E, Forman L J, Fiori J M, Hylka V W, Meites J.1984.Decreased ability of old male rats to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) is not due to alterations in pituitary LH-releasing hormone receptors[J]. Endocrinology, 114: 1657-1664
Tang J S, Wu J J, Wang X S.2006.Effect of Zinc Resources and Levels on Serum Hormone Levels of Weanling Stress Piglets[J]. Sci Agri Sinica,39(6): 1241-1247(in Chinese)
Valcavi R, Dieguez C, Azzarito C, Artioli C, Portioli I, Scanlon M F.1987.Alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade with thymoxamine reduces basal thyrotrophin levels but does not influence circadian thyrotrophin changes in man[J]. J Endocrinol,115: 187-191
Velasco B, Cacicedo L, Escalada J, Lopez-Femandez J, Sanchez-Franco F.1998.Growth hormone gene expression and secretion in aging rats is age dependent and not age-associated weight increase related[J]. Endocrinology, 139: 1314-1320
Violaine C, Pierre O, Aline F.2006.Consequences of weaning piglets at 21 and 28 days on growth, behaviour and hormonal responses[J]. Applied Anim Behav Sci,98:70-88
Wang L X.1993.Animal Endocrinology. Beijing: Beijing Agricultre University Press Wang J Y, Zhou S G, Xu C F.2002.Biochemistry. The third edition. Beijing: Higher Education Press.(in chinse)
Winesett D E, Ulshen M H, Hoyt E C, Mohapatra N K, Fuller C R, Lund P K.1995.Regulation and localization of the insulin-like growth factor system in small bowel during altered nutrient status[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,268:631-640
Wu J J, Long C H, Zhang D Q.2000.Effect of Early-Weaned stress on serum biochemical index in piglets[J]. Chinese J Vet Sci,20(3): 261-263. (in chinse)
Xu X, Bennett S A, Ingram R L, Sonntag W E.1995.Decreases in growth hormone receptor signal transduction contribute to the decline in insulin-like growth factor I gene expression with age[J]. Endocrinology, 136: 4551-4557
Yaffe B M, Samuels H H.1984.Hormonal regulation of the growth hormone gene.Relationship of the rate of transcription to the level of nuclear thyroid hormone-receptor complexes[J]. J Biol Chem,259: 6284 - 6291
Zhang J B.2003.Researsh and Application of Chinese Herbs as Feed Additives[J].Livestock poultry Indusrtry,(2): 420-421 (In Chinese)
Bereket A, Lang C H, Wilson T A. 1999.Alterations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. Horm Metab Res,31(2-3): 172-181
Mathew A G, Robbins C M.1997.Influence of galactosy lactose on energy and protein digestibility, enteric microflora and performance of weanling pigs[J]. J Anim Sci,75(4): 1009-1016