中国电信运营商的竞争与发展策略研究
|
摘要
电信业是国家的基础产业之一,电信运营商之间的竞争不仅关系到运营商的利润,还直接与人民福利有关。与世界各国电信业的发展过程相似,我国电信业也经历了从改革开放前的中国电信(原国家邮电部)独家垄断,到1994年中国联通公司成立,开始在电信市场引入竞争机制,之后到2002年5月第二次电信拆分重组,形成“5+1”竞争格局,再到现在的“六合三”重组,形成中国电信、中国移动和中国联通“三分天下”的局面。
本文将着眼于中国特色的电信市场,首先分别从电信市场中的产品差异化和网络外部性两个显著特性着手,分析我国电信运营商的竞争策略,然后着眼于当前的3G通信技术,说明在未来3G时代,三大电信运营商的竞争与发展策略,具体内容可概括如下:
(1)回顾了我国电信业的竞争格局从建国后至今的发展历程,将整个历程划分为完全垄断时期、引入竞争时期、竞争格局初步形成时期,分析了各个时期电信市场的特点,以及运营商拆分重组的重要事件,理清了我国电信业竞争格局的演变过程。此外,回顾了我国政府对电信业管制的发展历程,分析了从政企合一、垄断经营的阶段开始,到政企初步分离,电信领域引入竞争阶段,再到当前政企分离、有序竞争阶段的过程中,政府对电信运营商监管和价格规制的相关政策和措施。
(2)从电信市场中的差异化定义着手,指出差异化对电信业竞争的重要作用,以及电信运营商实施产品差异化的主要方式,并以中国移动和中国联通为例,对比分析了两个运营商的品牌差异化战略。以此为基础,我们建立了基于品牌差异化的定价模型,给出了模型的均衡,分析表明,强势运营商的期望利润高于弱势运营商的期望利润,且价格更为稳定。
此外,我们还建立了运营商的市场定位模型,以分析运营商的长期竞争策略。假设运营商同时决定长期的市场定位策略,而对短期的价格策略,我们分同时决定和先后决定两种情况讨论。我们给出了运营商的价格均衡和市场定位均衡,结果分析表明,对两种价格竞争博弈,两个运营商的均衡市场定位都是分别位于Hotelling线段的两端。
(3)从网络外部性的定义着手,分析了我国电信产品的网络外部性及表现。以此为基础,假设进入者可以通过技术创新提高产品效用,建立了两阶段博弈模型,以分析了运营商的进入与遏制策略。模型的均衡结果表明,在位运营商可以将控制前期的用户安置基础作为遏制策略,而进入运营商可以将提高技术创新质量和技术兼容性作为切入市场的竞争策略;最后分析了网络外部性对运营商的差异化竞争策略的影响;
(4)阐述了3G技术在我国电信市场的发展及现状,指出移动电子商务相关业务将是运营商未来发展的关键业务。为分析中国手机用户使用移动商务的驱动因素,建立了改进的TAM模型,在此基础上提出假设。实证结果表明,用户个体特征的因素与用户对移动商务的感知有用性和感知易用性显著相关,通过这两个因子进而影响用户对移动电子商务的使用态度。
(5)分析了我国三大电信运营商——中国电信、中国移动和中国联通的成长过程,对比了三者在“六合三"电信重组前后的实力情况。在总结移动商务时代产品及服务种类的基础上,分析了三者在重组后的发展战略。
Telecommunication industry is one of the national basic industries. Competition between telecommunication operators is related to not only the profits of the operators, but also the welfare of the people. Like the histories in the other countries, Chinese telecommunication industry also experienced monopolization by China Telecom (originally, National Post Office) before the reform and opening up, and then competition introduced from China Unicom since 1994, and further "5+1" competition pattern after the second restructure in May, 2002, and now competition among China Telecom, China Unicom, and China Mobile since "six-into-three" restructure.
This thesis will consider the Chinese telecommunication market. First, this thesis will analyze competition strategies between the telecommunication operators based on product differentiation and network externality. And then, this thesis will, with regard to the 3G telecommunication technology, discuss the development strategies of the operators. The main contents are as follows:
(1) Review the history of the competition pattern in Chinese telecommunication market since the foundation of P.R.C. The whole process is divided into perfect monopolization period, competition-introducing period, and competition period. Features of each period are analyzed, and the importance incidents are presented. And then, review the history of the regulation policies in Chinese telecommunication market. The history is divided into three periods: the period of combination of government and enterprise, the period of initially separating enterprise from government, and the period of completely separating enterprise from government. Regulation policies in each period are analyzed.
(2) After presenting the definition of product differentiation in telecommunication market, we highlight the important role of differentiation. The ways to implement product differentiation are discussed, and take China Mobile and China Unicom as examples to illustrate the competition strategies based on brand differentiation. And then, we develop a pricing model based on brand differentiation and give the game equilibrium. Equilibrium analysis shows that the dominant operator can obtain more profit than the weak operator and its price is more steady.
Further, we establish a location model to analyze the long-run competition between the operators. We assume that the strategic location decisions are made simultaneously, and the tactical price decision can be made simultaneously or sequentially. We present the equilibrium price and location decisions. Results show that in both price competition games, the operators will be located at the endpoints of the Hotelling line.
(3) After presenting the definition of network externality, we analyze the network externality in telecommunication products. Based on this, we assume that the entrant firm can improve the utility of his products, and then establish a two-stage game model to analyze the entry-deterrence strategies of the firms. Equilibrium analysis shows that the incumbent firm can take the setup base as a deterrence strategy, but the entrant firm can enter the market by improving the quality and compatibility of his products. The impact of network externality on competition strategies is also discussed.
(4) Discuss the current situation of 3G technology in Chinese telecommunication market, and show that mobile commerce will be the key business of the operators in the near future. To analyze the factors that drive the mobile phone users to adopt mobile commerce, we establish a revised TAM model. Assumptions are developed and tested by empirical data. Results show that personal characteristics are significantly related to the perceived usefulness and easiness of mobile commerce, which can affect the users' attitude towards mobile commerce.
(5) Review the history of the three main operators: China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom, and compare their strengths after "six-into-three" restructure. The development strategies for the operators are analyzed by concluding services in the ear of mobile commerce.
本文将着眼于中国特色的电信市场,首先分别从电信市场中的产品差异化和网络外部性两个显著特性着手,分析我国电信运营商的竞争策略,然后着眼于当前的3G通信技术,说明在未来3G时代,三大电信运营商的竞争与发展策略,具体内容可概括如下:
(1)回顾了我国电信业的竞争格局从建国后至今的发展历程,将整个历程划分为完全垄断时期、引入竞争时期、竞争格局初步形成时期,分析了各个时期电信市场的特点,以及运营商拆分重组的重要事件,理清了我国电信业竞争格局的演变过程。此外,回顾了我国政府对电信业管制的发展历程,分析了从政企合一、垄断经营的阶段开始,到政企初步分离,电信领域引入竞争阶段,再到当前政企分离、有序竞争阶段的过程中,政府对电信运营商监管和价格规制的相关政策和措施。
(2)从电信市场中的差异化定义着手,指出差异化对电信业竞争的重要作用,以及电信运营商实施产品差异化的主要方式,并以中国移动和中国联通为例,对比分析了两个运营商的品牌差异化战略。以此为基础,我们建立了基于品牌差异化的定价模型,给出了模型的均衡,分析表明,强势运营商的期望利润高于弱势运营商的期望利润,且价格更为稳定。
此外,我们还建立了运营商的市场定位模型,以分析运营商的长期竞争策略。假设运营商同时决定长期的市场定位策略,而对短期的价格策略,我们分同时决定和先后决定两种情况讨论。我们给出了运营商的价格均衡和市场定位均衡,结果分析表明,对两种价格竞争博弈,两个运营商的均衡市场定位都是分别位于Hotelling线段的两端。
(3)从网络外部性的定义着手,分析了我国电信产品的网络外部性及表现。以此为基础,假设进入者可以通过技术创新提高产品效用,建立了两阶段博弈模型,以分析了运营商的进入与遏制策略。模型的均衡结果表明,在位运营商可以将控制前期的用户安置基础作为遏制策略,而进入运营商可以将提高技术创新质量和技术兼容性作为切入市场的竞争策略;最后分析了网络外部性对运营商的差异化竞争策略的影响;
(4)阐述了3G技术在我国电信市场的发展及现状,指出移动电子商务相关业务将是运营商未来发展的关键业务。为分析中国手机用户使用移动商务的驱动因素,建立了改进的TAM模型,在此基础上提出假设。实证结果表明,用户个体特征的因素与用户对移动商务的感知有用性和感知易用性显著相关,通过这两个因子进而影响用户对移动电子商务的使用态度。
(5)分析了我国三大电信运营商——中国电信、中国移动和中国联通的成长过程,对比了三者在“六合三"电信重组前后的实力情况。在总结移动商务时代产品及服务种类的基础上,分析了三者在重组后的发展战略。
Telecommunication industry is one of the national basic industries. Competition between telecommunication operators is related to not only the profits of the operators, but also the welfare of the people. Like the histories in the other countries, Chinese telecommunication industry also experienced monopolization by China Telecom (originally, National Post Office) before the reform and opening up, and then competition introduced from China Unicom since 1994, and further "5+1" competition pattern after the second restructure in May, 2002, and now competition among China Telecom, China Unicom, and China Mobile since "six-into-three" restructure.
This thesis will consider the Chinese telecommunication market. First, this thesis will analyze competition strategies between the telecommunication operators based on product differentiation and network externality. And then, this thesis will, with regard to the 3G telecommunication technology, discuss the development strategies of the operators. The main contents are as follows:
(1) Review the history of the competition pattern in Chinese telecommunication market since the foundation of P.R.C. The whole process is divided into perfect monopolization period, competition-introducing period, and competition period. Features of each period are analyzed, and the importance incidents are presented. And then, review the history of the regulation policies in Chinese telecommunication market. The history is divided into three periods: the period of combination of government and enterprise, the period of initially separating enterprise from government, and the period of completely separating enterprise from government. Regulation policies in each period are analyzed.
(2) After presenting the definition of product differentiation in telecommunication market, we highlight the important role of differentiation. The ways to implement product differentiation are discussed, and take China Mobile and China Unicom as examples to illustrate the competition strategies based on brand differentiation. And then, we develop a pricing model based on brand differentiation and give the game equilibrium. Equilibrium analysis shows that the dominant operator can obtain more profit than the weak operator and its price is more steady.
Further, we establish a location model to analyze the long-run competition between the operators. We assume that the strategic location decisions are made simultaneously, and the tactical price decision can be made simultaneously or sequentially. We present the equilibrium price and location decisions. Results show that in both price competition games, the operators will be located at the endpoints of the Hotelling line.
(3) After presenting the definition of network externality, we analyze the network externality in telecommunication products. Based on this, we assume that the entrant firm can improve the utility of his products, and then establish a two-stage game model to analyze the entry-deterrence strategies of the firms. Equilibrium analysis shows that the incumbent firm can take the setup base as a deterrence strategy, but the entrant firm can enter the market by improving the quality and compatibility of his products. The impact of network externality on competition strategies is also discussed.
(4) Discuss the current situation of 3G technology in Chinese telecommunication market, and show that mobile commerce will be the key business of the operators in the near future. To analyze the factors that drive the mobile phone users to adopt mobile commerce, we establish a revised TAM model. Assumptions are developed and tested by empirical data. Results show that personal characteristics are significantly related to the perceived usefulness and easiness of mobile commerce, which can affect the users' attitude towards mobile commerce.
(5) Review the history of the three main operators: China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom, and compare their strengths after "six-into-three" restructure. The development strategies for the operators are analyzed by concluding services in the ear of mobile commerce.
引文
[1]Adams D A,Nelson R R,Todd P A.Perceived usefulness,ease of use,and usage of information technology:A replication',MIS Quarterly,1992,16(2):227-247.
[2]Agarwal R,Prasad J.A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology[J].Informaton Systems Research,1998,9(2):204-215.
[3]Ajzen I,Fishbein M.Belief,attitude,intention and behavior:An introduction to theory and research[M].Addision-Wesley,1975.
[4]Anderson S P,De Palma A,Thisse J F.Discrete choice theory of product differentiation[M].MIT Press,2001.
[5]Arthur W B.Competing technologies,increasing returns,and lock-in by historical events[J].Economic Journal,1989,99(394):116-131.
[6]Aspremont D C,Gabszewicz J J,Thisse J F.On Hotelling's stability in competition[J].Econometrics,1979,47(5):1145-1150.
[7]Asvanund A,Clay K,Krishnan R,Smith M D.An empirical analysis of network externalities in peer-to-peer music-sharing networks[J].Information Systems Research,2004,15(2):155-174.
[8]Baake P,Boom A.Vertical product differentiation,network externalities and compatibility decisions[J].Intenational Journal of Industrial Organization,2001,19(6):267-284.
[9]Balasubramanian S,Peterson R A,Jarvenpaa S L.Exploring the implications of M-commerce for markets and marketing[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2002,30(4):348-361.
[10]Barnes S J.The mobile commerce value chain:Analysis and future developments[J].International Journal of Information Management,2002,22(2):91-110.
[11]Basu A,Mazumdar T,Raj S.Indirect network externality effects on product attributes[J].Marketing Science,2003,22(2):209-221.
[12]Belleflamme P,Bloch F.Price and quantity experimentation:A synthesis[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2001,19:1563-1582.
[13]Benamati J,Rajkumar T M.The application development outsourcing decision:An application of the technology acceptance model[J].The Journal of Computer Information Systems,Summer 2002,42(4):35-43.
[14]Berry S T.Estimating discrete-choice models of product differentiation[J].The RAND Journal of Economics,1994,25(2):242-262.
[15]Brenner S.Hotelling games with three,four,and more players[J].Journal of Regional Science,2005,45(4):851-864.
[16]Burton-Jones A,Hubona G S.Individual differences and usage behavior:revisiting a technology acceptance model assumption[J].Database for Advances in Information Systems,Spring 2005,36(2):58-77.
[17]Burton-Jones A,Hubona G S.The mediation of external variables in the technology acceptance model[J].Information and Management,2006,43(6):706-717.
[18]Cabral L,Salant D,Woroch G.Monopoly pricing with network externalities[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,1999,17(5):199-214.
[19]Capello R.The city network paradigm:measuring urban network externalities[J].Urban Studies,2000,37(11):1925-1945.
[20]Carroll J,Howard S,Vetere F,Peck J,Murphy J.Just what do the youth of today want? Technology appropriation by young people[A].Proc.35~(th) Hawaii International Conference of System Science,IEEE Computer Society Press,2002.
[21]Choi J,Seol H,Lee S,Cho H,Park H.Customer satisfaction factors of mobile commerce in Korea[J].Internet Research,2008,18(3):313-335.
[22]Christou C,Vettas N.Location choices under quality uncertainty[J].Mathematical Social Sciences,2005,50(3):268-278.
[23]Chung Y T.Risky quality choice[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2001,19:185-212.
[24]Clemons E K,Hann H,Hitt L M.Price dispersion and differentiation in online travel:An empirical investigation[J].Management Science,2002,48(4):534-549.
[25]Coibion O,Einav L,Hallak J C.Equilibrium demand elasticities across quality segments[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2007,25(1):13-30.
[26]Cotell T,Koput K.Software variety and hardware value:a case study of complementary network externalities in the microcomputer software industry[J].Journal Engineering and Technology Management,1998,15:309-338.
[27]Coursaris C,Hassanein K.Understanding M-commerce A consumer-centric Model[J].Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce,2002,3(3):247-271.
[28]Cynthia L,Wagner G.Steady-state growth in a Hotelling model of resource extraction[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2007,54(1):68-83.
[29]Daughety A F,Reinganum J F.Competition and confidentiality:Signaling quality in a duopoly when there is universal private information[J].Games and Economic Behavior,2007,58(1):94-120.
[30]Davis F D,Bagozzi R P,Warshaw P R.Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1992,22(14):1111-1132.
[31]Davis F D.Perceived usefulness,perceived ease of use,and user acceptance of information technology[J].MIS Quarterly,1989,13(3):319-333.
[32]Dawar N,Anderson P F.The effects of order and direction on multiple brand extensions[J].Journal of Business Research,1994,30(6):119-129.
[33]Dranove D,Satterthwaite M A.Monopolistic competition when price and quality are imperfectly observable[J].RAND Journal of Economics,1992,23(4):518-534.
[34]Eastin M S.Diffusion of e-commerce:An analysis of the adoption of four e-commerce activities[J].Telematics and Informatics,2002,19(3):251-267.
[35]Eaton B C.Spatial competition revised[J].Canadian Journal of Economics,1972,5(2):268-278.
[36]Economides N.Network externalities complementarities,and invitations to enter[J].European Journal of Political Economy,1996,12(2):211-233.
[37]Economides N.The economics of networks[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,1996,14(6):673-699.
[38]Erdem T,Swait J.Brand equality as a signaling phenomenon[J].Journal of Comsumer Psychology,1989,7(2):131-157.
[39]Eric T,Kang J W.Trade,foreign direct investment or acquisition:Optimal entry modes for multinationals[J].Journal of Development Economics,2005,77(1):207-228.
[40]Etteman J.Three phrases in the creation of information inequities:An empirical assessment of a prototype videotex systems[J].Journal of Broadcasting,1984,28:293-385.
[41]Farrell J,Katz M.Competition or predation? Schumpeterian rivalry in network industries[R].Working paper,Berkeley,University of California,2001.
[42]Fishbein,M.and Ajzen,I.(1975) Beliefs,Attitudes,Intention,and Behavior:An Introduction of Theory and Research,Addison-Wesley,Reading,MA.
[43]Fudenberg D,Tirole J.Pricing a network good to deter entry[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,2000,48(4):371-390.
[44]Gandal N,Kende M.The dynamics of technological adoption in hardware/software systems:the case of compact disc players[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2000,31(1):43-61.
[45]Gandal N.Competing compatibility standards and network externalities in the PC software market[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1995,77(4):599-608.
[46]Gandal N.Hedonic price indexes for spreadsheets and empirical test for network externalities[J].Rand Journal of economics,1994,25(1):160-170.
[47]Gatignon,H.and Robertson,T.S.(1985) 'A propositional inventory for new diffusion research',Journal of Consumer Research,Vol.11,No.4,pp.849-867.
[48]Gefen D,Karahanna E.Trust and TAM in online shopping:an integrated model[J].MIS Quarterly,2003,27(1):51-90.
[49]Gefen D.TAM or just plain habit:A look at experienced online shoppers[J].Journal of End User Computing,2003,15(3):1-13.
[50]Gefen D,Straub D W.Gender differences in the perception and use of e-mail:An extension to the technology acceptance model[J].MIS Quarterly,1997,21(4):389-400.
[51]George D A R.Two-dimensional product differentiation under duopoly:an application to product and service reliability.Working paper,Edinburgh of Economics,University of Edinburgh,2003.
[52]Grajek M.Estimating network effectand compatibility in mobile telecommunications[R].Working Paper,2003.
[53]Gunsaekaran A,Ngai E.Special issue on mobile commerce:Strategies,technologies and applications[J].Decision Support Systems,2003,35(1):187-188.
[54]Gupta S,Jain D C,Sawhney M S.Modeling the evolution of markets with indirect network externalities:An application to digital television[j].Marketing Science,1999,18(3):396-416.
[55]Hair J F,Anderson R E,Tatham R L,Black W C.Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings[M].Prentice-Hall,Upper Saddle River,1998.
[56]Hamoudi H,Moral M J.Equilibrium existence in the linear model:Concave versus convex transportation costs[J].Journal of Regional Science,2005,84(2):201-219.
[57]Hong S J,Tam K Y.Understanding the adoption of multipurpose information appliances:The case of mobile data services[J].Information Systems Research,2006,17(2):162-179.
[58]Hoppe H C,Lehmann G U.Price competition in markets with customer testing:the captive customer effect[J].Economic Theory,2008,35(3):497-521.
[59]Horton,R.P.,Buck,T.,Waterson,P.E.and Clegg,C.W.(2001) 'Explaining intranet use with the technology acceptance model',Journal of Information Technology,Vol.16,pp.237-249.
[60]Hotelling H.Stability in competition[J].Economic Journal,1929,39:41-57.
[61]Hsu L.A hotelling model of fiscal competition[J].Public Finance Review,2005,33(4):520-535.
[62]Hu P J,Chau PY,Liu S K,Olivia R,Tam K Y.Examining the technology acceptance model using physician acceptance of telemedicine technology',Journal of Management Information System,1999,16(2):91-112.
[63]Huang S,Kuzyutin D.Incentive compatible pricing strategies for product differentiation in durable-goods markets.Working paper,Ford Research Laboratory,Dearborn,Mi,2002.
[64]Hung S Y,Ku C Y,Chang C M.Critical factors of WAP services adoption:an empirical study[J].Electronic Commerce Research & Applications,2003,2(1):42-60.
[65]Irmen A,Thisse J F.Competition in multi-characteristics spaces:Hotelling was almost right[J].Journal of Economic Theory,1998,78(1):76-102.
[66]Kats A.More on Hotelling's stability in competition[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,1995,13(1):89-93.
[67]Katz M L,Shapiro C.Network externality,competition and compatibility[J].American Economic Review,1985,75(3):424-440.
[68]Katz M L,Shapiro C.Systems competition and network effects[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1994,8:93-115.
[69]Kauffman R J,McAndrews J,Wang Y.Opening the "black box" of network externalities in network adoption[J].Information Systems Research,2000,11(1):61-83.
[70]Kim H W,Chan H C,Gupta S.Value-based adoption of mobile Internet:An empirical investigation[j].Decision Support System,2007,43(1):111-126.
[71]Kim J Y.Product compatibility as a signal of quality in a marketwith network externalities[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2002,20:949-964.
[72]Kim N,Han J K,Srivastava R K.A dynamic IT adoption model for the SOHO market:PC generational decisions with technological expectations[J].Management Science,2002,48(2):222-240.
[73]Kim S,Nam S.Across the threshold:Role of performance and compatibility in innovative new products' market penetration[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2004,33(8):689-699.
[74]Klimenko M.Policies and international trade agreements on technical compatibility for industries with network externalities[J].Journal of International Economics,2009,77(2):151-166.
[75]Knol,W.H.and Stroeken,J.H.M.(2001) 'The diffusion and adoption of information technology in small- and mediums-zed enterprises through IT scenarios',Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,Vol.13,No.2,pp.227-246.
[76]Kraemer,K.L.,Gurbaxani,V.and King,J.L.(1992) 'Economic development,government policy,and the diffusion of computing in Asia-Pacific countries',Public Administrative Review,Vol.52,No.2,pp.146-156.
[77]Kraut R,Mukhopadhyay T,Szczypula J,et al.Information and communication:Alternative uses of the Internet in households[J].Inform.Systems Research,1999,10(4):287-303.
[78]Krugman P.Scale economies,product differentiation,and the pattern of trade[j].The American Economic Review,1980,70(5):950-959.
[79]Kumar,S.and Zahn,C.(2003) 'Mobile communications:Evolution and impact on business Operations',Technovation,Vol.23,Vol.6,pp.515-520.
[80]Lambertini L,Orsini R.The existence of equilibrium in a differentiated duopoly with network externalities[J].Japanese Economic Review,2005,56(1):55-66.
[81]Lambertini L,Orsini R.Vertical differentiated monopoly with a positional good[J].Austrailian Economics Papers,2002,41(2):151-163.
[82]Lanzi D.Competition and open source with perfect software compatibility[J].Information Economics & Policy,2009,21(3):192-200.
[83]Lanzi D.Competition and open source with perfect software compatibility[J].Information Economics & Policy,2009,21(3):192-200.
[84]Laralde H,Stehle J,Jensen P.Analytical solution of a multi-dimensional Hotelling model with quadratic transportation costs[J].Regional Science & Urban Economics,2009,39(3):343-349.
[85]LaRose,R.and Atkin,D.(1992) 'Audiotext and the reinvention of the telephone as a mass medium',Journalism Quarterly,Vol.69,No.2,pp.413-421.
[86]Lederer,A.L.,Maupin,D.J.,Sena,M.P.and Zhuang,Y.L.(2000) 'The technology acceptance model and the World Wide Web',Decision Support System,Vol.29,No.3,pp.269-282.
[87]Lee S,Tsai Y,Jih W.An empirical examination of customer perceptions of mobile advertising[J].Information Resources Management Journal,2006,19(4):39-55.
[88]Legris P,Ingham J,Collerette P.Why do people use information technology:A critical review of the technology acceptance model[J].Information and Management,2003,40(3):191-204.
[89]Leung K,Antypas J.Improving returns on M-commerce investment[J].Journal of Business Strategy,2001,22(5):12-14.
[90]Li S,Glass R,Record H.The influence of gender on new technology adoption and use-mobile commerce[J].Journal of Internet Commerce,2008,7(2):270-289.
[91]Liebowitz S J,Margolis S E.Network externality:An uncommon tragedy[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1994,8:133-154.
[92]Llobert G,Manove M.Sequential innovation,network effects and the choice of compatibility[R].Working paper,Boston University and CEMFI,2004.
[93]Lucas,H.C.and Spitler,V.(2000) 'Implementation in a world of workstations and networks',Information and Management,Vol.38,No.2,pp.119-128.
[94]MacKie-Mason J K,Varian H R.Pricing the Internet[A].Kahin B,Keller J.eds.Public Access to the Internet[M].MIT Press,1995:269-314.
[95]Mai C C,Peng S K.Cooperation vs competition in a spatial model[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1999,29:463-472.
[96]Mangani A.Profit and audience maximization in broadcasting markets[J].Information Economics and Policy,2003,15(3):305-315.
[97]Matsumura T,Matsushima N.Cost differentials and mixed strategy equilibria in a Hotelling model[J].Annals of Regional Science,2009,43(1):215 -234.
[98]Meyer D.Consumer study tells wireless industry to go back to basics[J].Wireless News,2001,20(44):45.
[99]Monroe K B,Krishnan R.The effect of price on subjective product evaluation[A].Jacoby J O.eds.Perceived Quality[M].Lexington Books,Lexington MA,1985:209-232.
[100]Moon J,Kim Y.Extending the TAM for a World Wide Web context[J].Information and Management, 2001,38(4): 217-230.
[101] Moore G C, Benbasat I. Development of an instrument to measure the perception of adopting an information technology innovation[J]. Information Systems Research, 1991,2(3): 192-222.
[102] Morris M G, Venkatesh V. Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force[J]. Personnel Psychology, 2000, 53(2): 375-403.
[103] Motta M. Endogenous quality choice: price vs. quantity competition[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 1993,41(2): 113-132.
[104] Nicolas J, Eric S. A note on compatibility and entry in a circular model of product differentiation[J]. Economic Bulletin, 2004,12(1): 1-9.
[105] O'Cass A, Fenench T. Web retailing adoption: Exploring the nature of Internet users Web retailing behaviour[J]. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2003,10(2): 81-94.
[106] Olson J R, Boyer K K. Factors influencing the utilization of internet purchasing in small organizations[J]. Journal of Operations Management, 2003,21(2): 225-245.
[107] Pavlou P A. Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the Technology Acceptance Model[J]. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2003, 7(3): 101-134.
[108] Pijpers G, Bemelmans T, Heemstra F J, van Montfort K. Senior executives' use of information technology [J]. Information and Software Technology, 2001, 43(15): 959-971.
[109] Puu T. Hotelling's "Ice cream dealers" with elastic demand[J]. Annals of Regional Science, 2002, 36(1): 1-17.
[110] Riemenschneider C K, Harrison D A, Mykytyn Jr P P. Understanding it adoption decision in small business: Integrating current theories[J]. Information and Management, 2003,40(4): 269-285.
[111] Rogers E M. Diffusion of Innovations(5th Ed) [M]. The Free Press, New York, 2003.
[112] Rohlfs J. A theory of interdependent demand for a communications service[J]. Bell Journal of Economics, 1974, 5(1): 16-37.
[113] Saloner G, Shepard A. Adoption of technologies with network effects: An empirical examination of the adoption of automated teller machines[J]. NBER Working Paper, 1992.
[114] Salop S. Monopolistic competition with outside goods [J]. Bell Journal of Economics, 1979,10(1): 141-156.
[115] Samuelson P A. The monopolistic competition revolution[A]. Kuenne R E, Chamberlin E. eds. Monopolistic Competition Theory: Studies in Impact[M]. Wiley, 1967:105-138.
[116] Schmitt N. Product imitation, product differentiation and international trade[J]. International Economic Review, 1995, 36:583-607.
[117] Seim K. An empirical model of firm entry with endogenous product-type choices[J]. RAND Journal of Economics, 2006,37(3): 619-640.
[118] Selten R. Reexamination of the perfectness concept for equilibrium points in extensive games[J]. International Journal of Game Theory, 1975,4(1): 25-55.
[119] Shankar V, Bayus B L. Network effects and competition: An empirical analysis of the home video game industry [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2003, 24: 375-384.
[120] Shurmer M. An investigation into sources of network externalities in the packaged PC software market[J]. Information Economics and Policy, 1993, 5(3): 231-251.
[121] Siau K, Shen Z. Building customer trust in mobile commerce[J]. Communications of the ACM, 2003,46(4): 91-94.
[122] Sivakumar K. Asymmetric quality-tier competition: An alternative explanation[J]. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 2007,16(6): 415-421.
[123] Sivakumar K. Price-tier competition: Distinguishing between intertier competition and intratier competition[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2003, 56(12): 947-960.
[124] Smithies A. Optimal location in spatial competition[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1941, June: 423-439.
[125] Spullber D F, Yoo C S. Network regulation: the many faces of access[J]. Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 2005,1(4): 635-678.
[126] Sung Y C, Minhi H. Network externality and future usage of Internet services[J]. Internet Research, 2007,17(2): 156-168.
[127] Sussman S W, Siegal W S. Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption [J]. Information Systems Research, Mar 2003, 14(1): 47-65.
[128] Thomas, D. (2003) 'M-commerce: A false start', Computer Weekly, No. 18.
[129] van der Heijden, H. (2003) 'Factors influencing the usage of websites: The case of a generic portal in the Netherlands', Information & Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 541-549.
[130]Venkatesh V,Brown S.A longitudinal investigatiorm of personal computers in homes:Adoption determinants and emerging challenges[J].MIS Quarterly,2001,25(1):71-102.
[131]Venkatesh V,Davis F D.A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model:Four longitudinal field studies[J].Management Science,2000,46(2):186-204.
[132]Venkatesh V,Morris M G.Why do not men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender,social influence,and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior[J].MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1):115-139.
[133]Venkatesh V.Morris G.Davis F D,User acceptance of information technology:Toward a unified view[J].MIS Quarterly,2003,27(3):425-478.
[134]Venkatesh V,Davis F D.A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model:Four longitudinal field studies[J].Management Science,2000,46(2):186-204.
[135]Venkatesh V,Morris M G.,Davis G.B.User acceptance of information technology:Toward a unified view[J].MIS Quarterly,2003,27(3):425-478.
[136]Viscusi W K,Vernon J M,Harrington J E,NetLibrary I.Economics of regulation and antitrust[M].MIT Press Cambridge,1995.
[137]Wejnert B.Integrating models of diffusion of innovations:A conceptual framework[J].Annual Review Sociology,2002,28(1):297-326.
[138]Wey K,Hong S.Refuse-derived fuel as a secondary energy in Taiwan-Using Hotelling space allocation model[J].Resources Policy,2006,31(4):204-210.
[139]Woeckener B.Spatial competition with an outside good and distributed reservation prices[J].Journal of Economics,2002,77(2):185-196.
[140]Yang K.Exploring factors affecting consumer intention to use mobile advertising in taiwan[J].Journal of International Consumer Marketing;2007,20(1):33-49.
[141]Zhu K,Weyant J P.Strategic decisions of new technology adoption under asymmetric information:A game-theoretic model[J].Decision Sciences,Fall 2003,34(4):643-675.
[142]丙明杰,陶志刚.中国产业竞争力报告[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2004年7月第1版,第86页。
[143]陈芳,马军海.中国移动通信市场动态博弈过程模型研究[J].西安电子科技大 学学报(社会科学版),2008,4:63-67.
[144]邓朝华,鲁耀斌,张金隆.基于TAM和网络外部性的移动服务使用行为研究[J].管理学报,2007,3:216-221.
[145]刁新军,杨德礼,胡润波.基于Stackelberg博弈均衡的双寡头企业竞争策略[J].运筹与管理,2008,12:20-25.
[146]高昉,余明阳.多维属性空间中的横向产品差异化决策[J].上海交通大学学报,2009,4:620-623.
[147]高建刚.单一出厂定价制度下的厂商区位选择[J].云南财经大学学报,2007,1:86-91.
[148]何德华,鲁耀斌.移动商务技术接受问题的研究述评[J].电子科技大学学报(社科版),2008,10(5):46-50.
[149]胡建兵.基于三角形分布的纵向产品差异化模型[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2008,4:425-431.
[150]黄海波.电信管制:从监督垄断到鼓励竞争IM].北京:经济科学出版社,2002年12月第一版,第176页.
[151]黄浩,刘鲁,王建军.基于TAM的移动内容服务采纳分析[J].南开管理评论,2008,11(6):42-47.
[152]黄中文.我国电信业发展历程与深化改革[J].工业技术经济,2004,1:2-4.
[153]吉宏伟,孙武军.网络外部性、转移成本与产品兼容性决策分析[J].管理学报,2007.11:729-736.
[154]廖刚,陈宏民,潘小军.基于产品差异化的航空联盟定价[J].系统管理学报,2007.4:376-381.
[155]刘冰,金永生.移动商务驱动因素的研究方法述评[J].北京邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2008,10:6-11.
[156]刘珊,董舒翼.对电信资费上下限区间规制的探讨[J].电信科学,2009,4:82-86.
[157]刘文雯,高平,徐博艺.企业信息技术采纳行为研究综述[J].研究与发展管理,2005,17(3):52-57.
[158]刘艳春,高立群.存在成本差异的双寡头企业选址定价博弈[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,5:417-420.
[159]鲁文龙,陈宏民.网络外部性与我国第三代移动通信标准竞争[J].管理工程学 报,2004,4:113-115.
[160]鲁耀斌,邓朝华,章淑婷.基于True-TAM的移动服务消费者采纳研究[J].信息系统学报,2007a,1(1):46-59.
[161]鲁耀斌,沈平,陈致豫.基于TTF的不同类型的组织移动商务采纳案例研究[J].工业技术经济,2007b,6:48-53.
[162]潘小军,陈宏民,廖刚.基于网络外部性的商品税与产品差异化分析[J].管理科学学报,2005,4:43-49.
[163]彭英,陈圻.我国电信价格规制的理论与实证研究[J].价格月刊,2007,1:16-18.
[164]石岿然,盛昭瀚,肖条军.双寡头纵向产品差异化市场的演化稳定战略[J].预测,2004a,3:45-49.
[165]石岿然,肖条军.双寡头纵向产品差异化市场的演化博弈分析[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2004b,34(4):523-528.
[166]舒兆平.基于价值网的移动通信运营商标准竞争战略研究[J].现代管理科学,2007,9:51-54.
[167]孙雪梅.我国电信业的资费管制研究[J].价格月刊,2006,3:11-12.
[168]王国才,陶鹏德.网络产品差异化竞争、市场均衡与价格歧视研究[J].系统工程学报,2008,6:316-324.
[169]王国才,陶鹏德.网络外部性存在下的产品差异化竞争与价格歧视策略[J].南大商学评论,2006,4:42-52.
[170]邢明青,王来生,孙洪罡,王霞.在消费者偏好不确定下双寡头定位定价博弈[J].运筹与管理,2007,2:40-44.
[171]熊汝善.电信资费现状及建议[J].价格月刊,2006,3:26-27.
[172]徐兵,朱道立.具有网络外部性的扩展Hotelling模型[J].管理科学学报,2007,1:9-17.
[173]杨光明,鲁耀斌,刘伟.移动商务消费者初始信任影响因素的实证研究[J].情报杂志,2009,7:175-179.
[174]杨广青,蒋录全,王浣尘,陈明义.Bertrand竞争下融资策略与产品差异化策略的博弈分析[J].中国管理科学,2008,4:88-94.
[175]张凯,李向阳.具有产能约束的网络型寡头垄断产业链中企业决策模型研究 [J].中国管理科学,2009,2:76-82.
[176]张松,吴先锋.中国移动差异化竞争战略理论分析和应用[J].电信快报,2006,11:20-22.
[177]周涛.基于感知价值的移动商务用户接受行为研究[J].杭州电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2007,12:32-36.
[178]朱振中,吕廷杰.具有负的双边网络外部性的媒体市场竞争研究[J].管理科学学报,2007,6:13-23.
[2]Agarwal R,Prasad J.A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology[J].Informaton Systems Research,1998,9(2):204-215.
[3]Ajzen I,Fishbein M.Belief,attitude,intention and behavior:An introduction to theory and research[M].Addision-Wesley,1975.
[4]Anderson S P,De Palma A,Thisse J F.Discrete choice theory of product differentiation[M].MIT Press,2001.
[5]Arthur W B.Competing technologies,increasing returns,and lock-in by historical events[J].Economic Journal,1989,99(394):116-131.
[6]Aspremont D C,Gabszewicz J J,Thisse J F.On Hotelling's stability in competition[J].Econometrics,1979,47(5):1145-1150.
[7]Asvanund A,Clay K,Krishnan R,Smith M D.An empirical analysis of network externalities in peer-to-peer music-sharing networks[J].Information Systems Research,2004,15(2):155-174.
[8]Baake P,Boom A.Vertical product differentiation,network externalities and compatibility decisions[J].Intenational Journal of Industrial Organization,2001,19(6):267-284.
[9]Balasubramanian S,Peterson R A,Jarvenpaa S L.Exploring the implications of M-commerce for markets and marketing[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2002,30(4):348-361.
[10]Barnes S J.The mobile commerce value chain:Analysis and future developments[J].International Journal of Information Management,2002,22(2):91-110.
[11]Basu A,Mazumdar T,Raj S.Indirect network externality effects on product attributes[J].Marketing Science,2003,22(2):209-221.
[12]Belleflamme P,Bloch F.Price and quantity experimentation:A synthesis[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2001,19:1563-1582.
[13]Benamati J,Rajkumar T M.The application development outsourcing decision:An application of the technology acceptance model[J].The Journal of Computer Information Systems,Summer 2002,42(4):35-43.
[14]Berry S T.Estimating discrete-choice models of product differentiation[J].The RAND Journal of Economics,1994,25(2):242-262.
[15]Brenner S.Hotelling games with three,four,and more players[J].Journal of Regional Science,2005,45(4):851-864.
[16]Burton-Jones A,Hubona G S.Individual differences and usage behavior:revisiting a technology acceptance model assumption[J].Database for Advances in Information Systems,Spring 2005,36(2):58-77.
[17]Burton-Jones A,Hubona G S.The mediation of external variables in the technology acceptance model[J].Information and Management,2006,43(6):706-717.
[18]Cabral L,Salant D,Woroch G.Monopoly pricing with network externalities[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,1999,17(5):199-214.
[19]Capello R.The city network paradigm:measuring urban network externalities[J].Urban Studies,2000,37(11):1925-1945.
[20]Carroll J,Howard S,Vetere F,Peck J,Murphy J.Just what do the youth of today want? Technology appropriation by young people[A].Proc.35~(th) Hawaii International Conference of System Science,IEEE Computer Society Press,2002.
[21]Choi J,Seol H,Lee S,Cho H,Park H.Customer satisfaction factors of mobile commerce in Korea[J].Internet Research,2008,18(3):313-335.
[22]Christou C,Vettas N.Location choices under quality uncertainty[J].Mathematical Social Sciences,2005,50(3):268-278.
[23]Chung Y T.Risky quality choice[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2001,19:185-212.
[24]Clemons E K,Hann H,Hitt L M.Price dispersion and differentiation in online travel:An empirical investigation[J].Management Science,2002,48(4):534-549.
[25]Coibion O,Einav L,Hallak J C.Equilibrium demand elasticities across quality segments[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2007,25(1):13-30.
[26]Cotell T,Koput K.Software variety and hardware value:a case study of complementary network externalities in the microcomputer software industry[J].Journal Engineering and Technology Management,1998,15:309-338.
[27]Coursaris C,Hassanein K.Understanding M-commerce A consumer-centric Model[J].Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce,2002,3(3):247-271.
[28]Cynthia L,Wagner G.Steady-state growth in a Hotelling model of resource extraction[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2007,54(1):68-83.
[29]Daughety A F,Reinganum J F.Competition and confidentiality:Signaling quality in a duopoly when there is universal private information[J].Games and Economic Behavior,2007,58(1):94-120.
[30]Davis F D,Bagozzi R P,Warshaw P R.Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1992,22(14):1111-1132.
[31]Davis F D.Perceived usefulness,perceived ease of use,and user acceptance of information technology[J].MIS Quarterly,1989,13(3):319-333.
[32]Dawar N,Anderson P F.The effects of order and direction on multiple brand extensions[J].Journal of Business Research,1994,30(6):119-129.
[33]Dranove D,Satterthwaite M A.Monopolistic competition when price and quality are imperfectly observable[J].RAND Journal of Economics,1992,23(4):518-534.
[34]Eastin M S.Diffusion of e-commerce:An analysis of the adoption of four e-commerce activities[J].Telematics and Informatics,2002,19(3):251-267.
[35]Eaton B C.Spatial competition revised[J].Canadian Journal of Economics,1972,5(2):268-278.
[36]Economides N.Network externalities complementarities,and invitations to enter[J].European Journal of Political Economy,1996,12(2):211-233.
[37]Economides N.The economics of networks[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,1996,14(6):673-699.
[38]Erdem T,Swait J.Brand equality as a signaling phenomenon[J].Journal of Comsumer Psychology,1989,7(2):131-157.
[39]Eric T,Kang J W.Trade,foreign direct investment or acquisition:Optimal entry modes for multinationals[J].Journal of Development Economics,2005,77(1):207-228.
[40]Etteman J.Three phrases in the creation of information inequities:An empirical assessment of a prototype videotex systems[J].Journal of Broadcasting,1984,28:293-385.
[41]Farrell J,Katz M.Competition or predation? Schumpeterian rivalry in network industries[R].Working paper,Berkeley,University of California,2001.
[42]Fishbein,M.and Ajzen,I.(1975) Beliefs,Attitudes,Intention,and Behavior:An Introduction of Theory and Research,Addison-Wesley,Reading,MA.
[43]Fudenberg D,Tirole J.Pricing a network good to deter entry[J].Journal of Industrial Economics,2000,48(4):371-390.
[44]Gandal N,Kende M.The dynamics of technological adoption in hardware/software systems:the case of compact disc players[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2000,31(1):43-61.
[45]Gandal N.Competing compatibility standards and network externalities in the PC software market[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1995,77(4):599-608.
[46]Gandal N.Hedonic price indexes for spreadsheets and empirical test for network externalities[J].Rand Journal of economics,1994,25(1):160-170.
[47]Gatignon,H.and Robertson,T.S.(1985) 'A propositional inventory for new diffusion research',Journal of Consumer Research,Vol.11,No.4,pp.849-867.
[48]Gefen D,Karahanna E.Trust and TAM in online shopping:an integrated model[J].MIS Quarterly,2003,27(1):51-90.
[49]Gefen D.TAM or just plain habit:A look at experienced online shoppers[J].Journal of End User Computing,2003,15(3):1-13.
[50]Gefen D,Straub D W.Gender differences in the perception and use of e-mail:An extension to the technology acceptance model[J].MIS Quarterly,1997,21(4):389-400.
[51]George D A R.Two-dimensional product differentiation under duopoly:an application to product and service reliability.Working paper,Edinburgh of Economics,University of Edinburgh,2003.
[52]Grajek M.Estimating network effectand compatibility in mobile telecommunications[R].Working Paper,2003.
[53]Gunsaekaran A,Ngai E.Special issue on mobile commerce:Strategies,technologies and applications[J].Decision Support Systems,2003,35(1):187-188.
[54]Gupta S,Jain D C,Sawhney M S.Modeling the evolution of markets with indirect network externalities:An application to digital television[j].Marketing Science,1999,18(3):396-416.
[55]Hair J F,Anderson R E,Tatham R L,Black W C.Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings[M].Prentice-Hall,Upper Saddle River,1998.
[56]Hamoudi H,Moral M J.Equilibrium existence in the linear model:Concave versus convex transportation costs[J].Journal of Regional Science,2005,84(2):201-219.
[57]Hong S J,Tam K Y.Understanding the adoption of multipurpose information appliances:The case of mobile data services[J].Information Systems Research,2006,17(2):162-179.
[58]Hoppe H C,Lehmann G U.Price competition in markets with customer testing:the captive customer effect[J].Economic Theory,2008,35(3):497-521.
[59]Horton,R.P.,Buck,T.,Waterson,P.E.and Clegg,C.W.(2001) 'Explaining intranet use with the technology acceptance model',Journal of Information Technology,Vol.16,pp.237-249.
[60]Hotelling H.Stability in competition[J].Economic Journal,1929,39:41-57.
[61]Hsu L.A hotelling model of fiscal competition[J].Public Finance Review,2005,33(4):520-535.
[62]Hu P J,Chau PY,Liu S K,Olivia R,Tam K Y.Examining the technology acceptance model using physician acceptance of telemedicine technology',Journal of Management Information System,1999,16(2):91-112.
[63]Huang S,Kuzyutin D.Incentive compatible pricing strategies for product differentiation in durable-goods markets.Working paper,Ford Research Laboratory,Dearborn,Mi,2002.
[64]Hung S Y,Ku C Y,Chang C M.Critical factors of WAP services adoption:an empirical study[J].Electronic Commerce Research & Applications,2003,2(1):42-60.
[65]Irmen A,Thisse J F.Competition in multi-characteristics spaces:Hotelling was almost right[J].Journal of Economic Theory,1998,78(1):76-102.
[66]Kats A.More on Hotelling's stability in competition[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,1995,13(1):89-93.
[67]Katz M L,Shapiro C.Network externality,competition and compatibility[J].American Economic Review,1985,75(3):424-440.
[68]Katz M L,Shapiro C.Systems competition and network effects[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1994,8:93-115.
[69]Kauffman R J,McAndrews J,Wang Y.Opening the "black box" of network externalities in network adoption[J].Information Systems Research,2000,11(1):61-83.
[70]Kim H W,Chan H C,Gupta S.Value-based adoption of mobile Internet:An empirical investigation[j].Decision Support System,2007,43(1):111-126.
[71]Kim J Y.Product compatibility as a signal of quality in a marketwith network externalities[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2002,20:949-964.
[72]Kim N,Han J K,Srivastava R K.A dynamic IT adoption model for the SOHO market:PC generational decisions with technological expectations[J].Management Science,2002,48(2):222-240.
[73]Kim S,Nam S.Across the threshold:Role of performance and compatibility in innovative new products' market penetration[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2004,33(8):689-699.
[74]Klimenko M.Policies and international trade agreements on technical compatibility for industries with network externalities[J].Journal of International Economics,2009,77(2):151-166.
[75]Knol,W.H.and Stroeken,J.H.M.(2001) 'The diffusion and adoption of information technology in small- and mediums-zed enterprises through IT scenarios',Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,Vol.13,No.2,pp.227-246.
[76]Kraemer,K.L.,Gurbaxani,V.and King,J.L.(1992) 'Economic development,government policy,and the diffusion of computing in Asia-Pacific countries',Public Administrative Review,Vol.52,No.2,pp.146-156.
[77]Kraut R,Mukhopadhyay T,Szczypula J,et al.Information and communication:Alternative uses of the Internet in households[J].Inform.Systems Research,1999,10(4):287-303.
[78]Krugman P.Scale economies,product differentiation,and the pattern of trade[j].The American Economic Review,1980,70(5):950-959.
[79]Kumar,S.and Zahn,C.(2003) 'Mobile communications:Evolution and impact on business Operations',Technovation,Vol.23,Vol.6,pp.515-520.
[80]Lambertini L,Orsini R.The existence of equilibrium in a differentiated duopoly with network externalities[J].Japanese Economic Review,2005,56(1):55-66.
[81]Lambertini L,Orsini R.Vertical differentiated monopoly with a positional good[J].Austrailian Economics Papers,2002,41(2):151-163.
[82]Lanzi D.Competition and open source with perfect software compatibility[J].Information Economics & Policy,2009,21(3):192-200.
[83]Lanzi D.Competition and open source with perfect software compatibility[J].Information Economics & Policy,2009,21(3):192-200.
[84]Laralde H,Stehle J,Jensen P.Analytical solution of a multi-dimensional Hotelling model with quadratic transportation costs[J].Regional Science & Urban Economics,2009,39(3):343-349.
[85]LaRose,R.and Atkin,D.(1992) 'Audiotext and the reinvention of the telephone as a mass medium',Journalism Quarterly,Vol.69,No.2,pp.413-421.
[86]Lederer,A.L.,Maupin,D.J.,Sena,M.P.and Zhuang,Y.L.(2000) 'The technology acceptance model and the World Wide Web',Decision Support System,Vol.29,No.3,pp.269-282.
[87]Lee S,Tsai Y,Jih W.An empirical examination of customer perceptions of mobile advertising[J].Information Resources Management Journal,2006,19(4):39-55.
[88]Legris P,Ingham J,Collerette P.Why do people use information technology:A critical review of the technology acceptance model[J].Information and Management,2003,40(3):191-204.
[89]Leung K,Antypas J.Improving returns on M-commerce investment[J].Journal of Business Strategy,2001,22(5):12-14.
[90]Li S,Glass R,Record H.The influence of gender on new technology adoption and use-mobile commerce[J].Journal of Internet Commerce,2008,7(2):270-289.
[91]Liebowitz S J,Margolis S E.Network externality:An uncommon tragedy[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,1994,8:133-154.
[92]Llobert G,Manove M.Sequential innovation,network effects and the choice of compatibility[R].Working paper,Boston University and CEMFI,2004.
[93]Lucas,H.C.and Spitler,V.(2000) 'Implementation in a world of workstations and networks',Information and Management,Vol.38,No.2,pp.119-128.
[94]MacKie-Mason J K,Varian H R.Pricing the Internet[A].Kahin B,Keller J.eds.Public Access to the Internet[M].MIT Press,1995:269-314.
[95]Mai C C,Peng S K.Cooperation vs competition in a spatial model[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1999,29:463-472.
[96]Mangani A.Profit and audience maximization in broadcasting markets[J].Information Economics and Policy,2003,15(3):305-315.
[97]Matsumura T,Matsushima N.Cost differentials and mixed strategy equilibria in a Hotelling model[J].Annals of Regional Science,2009,43(1):215 -234.
[98]Meyer D.Consumer study tells wireless industry to go back to basics[J].Wireless News,2001,20(44):45.
[99]Monroe K B,Krishnan R.The effect of price on subjective product evaluation[A].Jacoby J O.eds.Perceived Quality[M].Lexington Books,Lexington MA,1985:209-232.
[100]Moon J,Kim Y.Extending the TAM for a World Wide Web context[J].Information and Management, 2001,38(4): 217-230.
[101] Moore G C, Benbasat I. Development of an instrument to measure the perception of adopting an information technology innovation[J]. Information Systems Research, 1991,2(3): 192-222.
[102] Morris M G, Venkatesh V. Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force[J]. Personnel Psychology, 2000, 53(2): 375-403.
[103] Motta M. Endogenous quality choice: price vs. quantity competition[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 1993,41(2): 113-132.
[104] Nicolas J, Eric S. A note on compatibility and entry in a circular model of product differentiation[J]. Economic Bulletin, 2004,12(1): 1-9.
[105] O'Cass A, Fenench T. Web retailing adoption: Exploring the nature of Internet users Web retailing behaviour[J]. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2003,10(2): 81-94.
[106] Olson J R, Boyer K K. Factors influencing the utilization of internet purchasing in small organizations[J]. Journal of Operations Management, 2003,21(2): 225-245.
[107] Pavlou P A. Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the Technology Acceptance Model[J]. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2003, 7(3): 101-134.
[108] Pijpers G, Bemelmans T, Heemstra F J, van Montfort K. Senior executives' use of information technology [J]. Information and Software Technology, 2001, 43(15): 959-971.
[109] Puu T. Hotelling's "Ice cream dealers" with elastic demand[J]. Annals of Regional Science, 2002, 36(1): 1-17.
[110] Riemenschneider C K, Harrison D A, Mykytyn Jr P P. Understanding it adoption decision in small business: Integrating current theories[J]. Information and Management, 2003,40(4): 269-285.
[111] Rogers E M. Diffusion of Innovations(5th Ed) [M]. The Free Press, New York, 2003.
[112] Rohlfs J. A theory of interdependent demand for a communications service[J]. Bell Journal of Economics, 1974, 5(1): 16-37.
[113] Saloner G, Shepard A. Adoption of technologies with network effects: An empirical examination of the adoption of automated teller machines[J]. NBER Working Paper, 1992.
[114] Salop S. Monopolistic competition with outside goods [J]. Bell Journal of Economics, 1979,10(1): 141-156.
[115] Samuelson P A. The monopolistic competition revolution[A]. Kuenne R E, Chamberlin E. eds. Monopolistic Competition Theory: Studies in Impact[M]. Wiley, 1967:105-138.
[116] Schmitt N. Product imitation, product differentiation and international trade[J]. International Economic Review, 1995, 36:583-607.
[117] Seim K. An empirical model of firm entry with endogenous product-type choices[J]. RAND Journal of Economics, 2006,37(3): 619-640.
[118] Selten R. Reexamination of the perfectness concept for equilibrium points in extensive games[J]. International Journal of Game Theory, 1975,4(1): 25-55.
[119] Shankar V, Bayus B L. Network effects and competition: An empirical analysis of the home video game industry [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2003, 24: 375-384.
[120] Shurmer M. An investigation into sources of network externalities in the packaged PC software market[J]. Information Economics and Policy, 1993, 5(3): 231-251.
[121] Siau K, Shen Z. Building customer trust in mobile commerce[J]. Communications of the ACM, 2003,46(4): 91-94.
[122] Sivakumar K. Asymmetric quality-tier competition: An alternative explanation[J]. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 2007,16(6): 415-421.
[123] Sivakumar K. Price-tier competition: Distinguishing between intertier competition and intratier competition[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2003, 56(12): 947-960.
[124] Smithies A. Optimal location in spatial competition[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1941, June: 423-439.
[125] Spullber D F, Yoo C S. Network regulation: the many faces of access[J]. Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 2005,1(4): 635-678.
[126] Sung Y C, Minhi H. Network externality and future usage of Internet services[J]. Internet Research, 2007,17(2): 156-168.
[127] Sussman S W, Siegal W S. Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption [J]. Information Systems Research, Mar 2003, 14(1): 47-65.
[128] Thomas, D. (2003) 'M-commerce: A false start', Computer Weekly, No. 18.
[129] van der Heijden, H. (2003) 'Factors influencing the usage of websites: The case of a generic portal in the Netherlands', Information & Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 541-549.
[130]Venkatesh V,Brown S.A longitudinal investigatiorm of personal computers in homes:Adoption determinants and emerging challenges[J].MIS Quarterly,2001,25(1):71-102.
[131]Venkatesh V,Davis F D.A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model:Four longitudinal field studies[J].Management Science,2000,46(2):186-204.
[132]Venkatesh V,Morris M G.Why do not men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender,social influence,and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior[J].MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1):115-139.
[133]Venkatesh V.Morris G.Davis F D,User acceptance of information technology:Toward a unified view[J].MIS Quarterly,2003,27(3):425-478.
[134]Venkatesh V,Davis F D.A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model:Four longitudinal field studies[J].Management Science,2000,46(2):186-204.
[135]Venkatesh V,Morris M G.,Davis G.B.User acceptance of information technology:Toward a unified view[J].MIS Quarterly,2003,27(3):425-478.
[136]Viscusi W K,Vernon J M,Harrington J E,NetLibrary I.Economics of regulation and antitrust[M].MIT Press Cambridge,1995.
[137]Wejnert B.Integrating models of diffusion of innovations:A conceptual framework[J].Annual Review Sociology,2002,28(1):297-326.
[138]Wey K,Hong S.Refuse-derived fuel as a secondary energy in Taiwan-Using Hotelling space allocation model[J].Resources Policy,2006,31(4):204-210.
[139]Woeckener B.Spatial competition with an outside good and distributed reservation prices[J].Journal of Economics,2002,77(2):185-196.
[140]Yang K.Exploring factors affecting consumer intention to use mobile advertising in taiwan[J].Journal of International Consumer Marketing;2007,20(1):33-49.
[141]Zhu K,Weyant J P.Strategic decisions of new technology adoption under asymmetric information:A game-theoretic model[J].Decision Sciences,Fall 2003,34(4):643-675.
[142]丙明杰,陶志刚.中国产业竞争力报告[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2004年7月第1版,第86页。
[143]陈芳,马军海.中国移动通信市场动态博弈过程模型研究[J].西安电子科技大 学学报(社会科学版),2008,4:63-67.
[144]邓朝华,鲁耀斌,张金隆.基于TAM和网络外部性的移动服务使用行为研究[J].管理学报,2007,3:216-221.
[145]刁新军,杨德礼,胡润波.基于Stackelberg博弈均衡的双寡头企业竞争策略[J].运筹与管理,2008,12:20-25.
[146]高昉,余明阳.多维属性空间中的横向产品差异化决策[J].上海交通大学学报,2009,4:620-623.
[147]高建刚.单一出厂定价制度下的厂商区位选择[J].云南财经大学学报,2007,1:86-91.
[148]何德华,鲁耀斌.移动商务技术接受问题的研究述评[J].电子科技大学学报(社科版),2008,10(5):46-50.
[149]胡建兵.基于三角形分布的纵向产品差异化模型[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2008,4:425-431.
[150]黄海波.电信管制:从监督垄断到鼓励竞争IM].北京:经济科学出版社,2002年12月第一版,第176页.
[151]黄浩,刘鲁,王建军.基于TAM的移动内容服务采纳分析[J].南开管理评论,2008,11(6):42-47.
[152]黄中文.我国电信业发展历程与深化改革[J].工业技术经济,2004,1:2-4.
[153]吉宏伟,孙武军.网络外部性、转移成本与产品兼容性决策分析[J].管理学报,2007.11:729-736.
[154]廖刚,陈宏民,潘小军.基于产品差异化的航空联盟定价[J].系统管理学报,2007.4:376-381.
[155]刘冰,金永生.移动商务驱动因素的研究方法述评[J].北京邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2008,10:6-11.
[156]刘珊,董舒翼.对电信资费上下限区间规制的探讨[J].电信科学,2009,4:82-86.
[157]刘文雯,高平,徐博艺.企业信息技术采纳行为研究综述[J].研究与发展管理,2005,17(3):52-57.
[158]刘艳春,高立群.存在成本差异的双寡头企业选址定价博弈[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,5:417-420.
[159]鲁文龙,陈宏民.网络外部性与我国第三代移动通信标准竞争[J].管理工程学 报,2004,4:113-115.
[160]鲁耀斌,邓朝华,章淑婷.基于True-TAM的移动服务消费者采纳研究[J].信息系统学报,2007a,1(1):46-59.
[161]鲁耀斌,沈平,陈致豫.基于TTF的不同类型的组织移动商务采纳案例研究[J].工业技术经济,2007b,6:48-53.
[162]潘小军,陈宏民,廖刚.基于网络外部性的商品税与产品差异化分析[J].管理科学学报,2005,4:43-49.
[163]彭英,陈圻.我国电信价格规制的理论与实证研究[J].价格月刊,2007,1:16-18.
[164]石岿然,盛昭瀚,肖条军.双寡头纵向产品差异化市场的演化稳定战略[J].预测,2004a,3:45-49.
[165]石岿然,肖条军.双寡头纵向产品差异化市场的演化博弈分析[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2004b,34(4):523-528.
[166]舒兆平.基于价值网的移动通信运营商标准竞争战略研究[J].现代管理科学,2007,9:51-54.
[167]孙雪梅.我国电信业的资费管制研究[J].价格月刊,2006,3:11-12.
[168]王国才,陶鹏德.网络产品差异化竞争、市场均衡与价格歧视研究[J].系统工程学报,2008,6:316-324.
[169]王国才,陶鹏德.网络外部性存在下的产品差异化竞争与价格歧视策略[J].南大商学评论,2006,4:42-52.
[170]邢明青,王来生,孙洪罡,王霞.在消费者偏好不确定下双寡头定位定价博弈[J].运筹与管理,2007,2:40-44.
[171]熊汝善.电信资费现状及建议[J].价格月刊,2006,3:26-27.
[172]徐兵,朱道立.具有网络外部性的扩展Hotelling模型[J].管理科学学报,2007,1:9-17.
[173]杨光明,鲁耀斌,刘伟.移动商务消费者初始信任影响因素的实证研究[J].情报杂志,2009,7:175-179.
[174]杨广青,蒋录全,王浣尘,陈明义.Bertrand竞争下融资策略与产品差异化策略的博弈分析[J].中国管理科学,2008,4:88-94.
[175]张凯,李向阳.具有产能约束的网络型寡头垄断产业链中企业决策模型研究 [J].中国管理科学,2009,2:76-82.
[176]张松,吴先锋.中国移动差异化竞争战略理论分析和应用[J].电信快报,2006,11:20-22.
[177]周涛.基于感知价值的移动商务用户接受行为研究[J].杭州电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2007,12:32-36.
[178]朱振中,吕廷杰.具有负的双边网络外部性的媒体市场竞争研究[J].管理科学学报,2007,6:13-23.