近十年中美评论视野中的莫里森小说《秀拉》
摘要
托妮·莫里森(Toni Morrison,1931—)是当代美国文学界极具影响力的黑人女作家,也是迄今为止唯一获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国黑人女作家。托妮·莫里森在其文学创作中注重保存和弘扬黑人文化,塑造了许多前所未有的鲜活的黑人女性形象。通过这些颠覆传统的黑人女性形象的塑造,莫里森把自己的笔锋直指黑人女性的内心世界,深刻而又细腻地展现了在种族歧视和性别歧视的双重压迫下,黑人妇女的真正心声。莫里森修正了过去美国黑人文学偏重描写男性的倾向,开始从黑人妇女的视角来观照周围的世界,使黑人女性的生活经验和感受得到真正的验证和抒发。
托妮·莫里森是一位多产的黑人女作家,迄今为止她已经写了九部长篇小说,一篇童话,一部戏剧和一本散文集等等。《秀拉》(Sula,1973)是莫里森的第二部作品,其在莫里森的创作生涯中占据重要作用,《秀拉》的出版曾经在美国文学界引起轩然大波,并且成为评论界的“宠儿”,这主要是由于莫里森笔下的秀拉(小说的同名主人公)的叛逆和不符合常规。这部小说通过对三位典型的黑人女性形象---伊娃、秀拉和奈尔的刻画,探索了黑人女性找寻自我认同的痛苦与艰辛,彰显了黑人女性意识正在觉醒这一主题。1975年,莫里森正是凭借《秀拉》获得了美国国家图书奖和俄亥俄文萃图书奖的提名。1993年,诺贝尔评选委员会也对《秀拉》的创作风格和生动的人物形象给与了高度评价。
鉴于此,本文作者试图以莫里森小说《秀拉》为研究切入点,通过对比美国和中国国内文学评论界对莫里森小说《秀拉》近十年的译介、研究和评论状况,从研究主体、研究内容、研究和批评视角等方面对莫里森小说《秀拉》的中美研究现状进行了梳理和分析,探讨了美国和中国评论界对莫里森小说《秀拉》的研究特色和态势,并且提出了我国在《秀拉》这部小说的研究上存在的问题以及今后可能的研究方向。
经过全面的综述和详实的对比分析,作者得出结论：在美国对《秀拉》研究主体更广泛,研究方法更多样,批评视角更丰富。因此,我们期待有更多关于《秀拉》和莫里森其他作品的研究资料的引进,来推动国内对《秀拉》的研究的发展。
尽管本研究只是以《秀拉》为切入点的个案研究,但作者期望本研究的结论在某种意义上会对中国文学界对莫里森及其作品的整体研究和评论现状产生一定的参考和启发作用。
Toni Morrison (1931-) as one of the most prominent novelists in contemporary American literature, is so far the first and the only Afro-American women writer who wins the Nobel Prize for Literature (1993). Toni Morrison tries hard to protect and carry forward black culture. She revises the tendency and the habit of having males as protagonists in literary creation and begins to observe and judge the world from the perspective of the black women so as to make their life experience and feeling really be tested and expressed. She portrays vivid black women characters, who have never occured before in other black writers'writings. Through the portrayal of the black women images who always overturn the tradition, Toni Morrison points to the inside of the black females, and at the same time reveals finely and deeply the heartfelt wishes of the black women under racial and sexual oppression.
Toni Morrison is a productive writer to some extent and so far she has produced nine novels, a tale, a paly and a collection of essays. Sula, Toni Morrison's second novel, published in 1973, holds an important position in her writings and its publication stirred American literary field because of the special and rebellious image—Sula, who greatly gave rise to people's surprise and the critics' comments. In 1975, it was Sula that made Morrison get a nomination for the National Book Award and Ohioana Book Award and the novel was also highly praised by the Nobel Prize committee for it's unique style and vivid characters.
This thesis is a research review.lt aims to analyse the extensive literature of Sula both in America and in China.It compares the two countries'research from the perspectives of research subjects, research content and critical approaches, to exploe the features and trends of Sula's research in America and China and reveals the existing problems in view of the above.
Through careful analysis and comparison, the thesis arrives at the conclusion that the research subjects are more diversified, the research content is more inclusive and the critical approaches are more comprehensive in America.
托妮·莫里森是一位多产的黑人女作家,迄今为止她已经写了九部长篇小说,一篇童话,一部戏剧和一本散文集等等。《秀拉》(Sula,1973)是莫里森的第二部作品,其在莫里森的创作生涯中占据重要作用,《秀拉》的出版曾经在美国文学界引起轩然大波,并且成为评论界的“宠儿”,这主要是由于莫里森笔下的秀拉(小说的同名主人公)的叛逆和不符合常规。这部小说通过对三位典型的黑人女性形象---伊娃、秀拉和奈尔的刻画,探索了黑人女性找寻自我认同的痛苦与艰辛,彰显了黑人女性意识正在觉醒这一主题。1975年,莫里森正是凭借《秀拉》获得了美国国家图书奖和俄亥俄文萃图书奖的提名。1993年,诺贝尔评选委员会也对《秀拉》的创作风格和生动的人物形象给与了高度评价。
鉴于此,本文作者试图以莫里森小说《秀拉》为研究切入点,通过对比美国和中国国内文学评论界对莫里森小说《秀拉》近十年的译介、研究和评论状况,从研究主体、研究内容、研究和批评视角等方面对莫里森小说《秀拉》的中美研究现状进行了梳理和分析,探讨了美国和中国评论界对莫里森小说《秀拉》的研究特色和态势,并且提出了我国在《秀拉》这部小说的研究上存在的问题以及今后可能的研究方向。
经过全面的综述和详实的对比分析,作者得出结论：在美国对《秀拉》研究主体更广泛,研究方法更多样,批评视角更丰富。因此,我们期待有更多关于《秀拉》和莫里森其他作品的研究资料的引进,来推动国内对《秀拉》的研究的发展。
尽管本研究只是以《秀拉》为切入点的个案研究,但作者期望本研究的结论在某种意义上会对中国文学界对莫里森及其作品的整体研究和评论现状产生一定的参考和启发作用。
Toni Morrison (1931-) as one of the most prominent novelists in contemporary American literature, is so far the first and the only Afro-American women writer who wins the Nobel Prize for Literature (1993). Toni Morrison tries hard to protect and carry forward black culture. She revises the tendency and the habit of having males as protagonists in literary creation and begins to observe and judge the world from the perspective of the black women so as to make their life experience and feeling really be tested and expressed. She portrays vivid black women characters, who have never occured before in other black writers'writings. Through the portrayal of the black women images who always overturn the tradition, Toni Morrison points to the inside of the black females, and at the same time reveals finely and deeply the heartfelt wishes of the black women under racial and sexual oppression.
Toni Morrison is a productive writer to some extent and so far she has produced nine novels, a tale, a paly and a collection of essays. Sula, Toni Morrison's second novel, published in 1973, holds an important position in her writings and its publication stirred American literary field because of the special and rebellious image—Sula, who greatly gave rise to people's surprise and the critics' comments. In 1975, it was Sula that made Morrison get a nomination for the National Book Award and Ohioana Book Award and the novel was also highly praised by the Nobel Prize committee for it's unique style and vivid characters.
This thesis is a research review.lt aims to analyse the extensive literature of Sula both in America and in China.It compares the two countries'research from the perspectives of research subjects, research content and critical approaches, to exploe the features and trends of Sula's research in America and China and reveals the existing problems in view of the above.
Through careful analysis and comparison, the thesis arrives at the conclusion that the research subjects are more diversified, the research content is more inclusive and the critical approaches are more comprehensive in America.
引文
① Taylor Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi. 1994.p.157.
② Taylor Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi. 1994.p.161.
③ Taylor Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi. 1994.p.270.
① Stepto, Robert B.1977."'Intimte Things in Place':A Conversation with Toni Morrison." Massachusetts Review 18 (Autumn 1977):473-489. In Toni Morrison:Critical Perspectives Past and Present, ed. Gates. L. Henry, and K. A. New York:Amistad Press,1993.379-382
①王玉括.美国莫里森研究综述[J].英美文学研究论丛,2007(01)p.232-245.
②Carole B. Davis, Black Women, Writing and Identity, London and New York:Routledge.1994.p.102.
②陈法春,西方莫里森研究中的几个焦点,文学研究,2003年,第22-26页。
① Morrison Toni. Sula.New York:Penguin.1973. p.143.
② Christian, Barbara. Images of Black Women in Afro-American Literature:From Stereotype to Character,1975.in Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
③ Barbara Christian. Black Women Novelists:The Development of a Tradition,1892-1976. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,1980.
① Christian, Barbara. Trajectories of Self-Definition.1983. in Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
② Adell Sandra. Literary Masters:Toni Morrison, Detroit:Thomson Gale,2002.p.73.
①苏珊·兰瑟(Susan S. Lanser),《虚构的权威——女性作家与叙述声音》,黄必康译,北京大学出版社,2002年。
① Taylor-Guthrie Danille.ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1994.p.7.
②李芳,山东师范大学,硕士论文,《秀拉》的女性主义解读.2009年5月,第24-25页。
③ Morrison Toni. Sula.New York:Penguin.1973. p.57.
①张洪伟,蔡青,他们也是迷惘的一代--论《秀拉》中的战争与死亡主题,大连民族学院学2004年12月,第55-57页。
①Carole B. Davis. Black Women, Writing and Identity. London and New York:Routledge.1994. p.102.
① Peach Linden (ed.)Toni Morrison, London:Mac Millan Press Ltd.2000. p.9.
② Davis Cynthia. A Self, Society, and Myth in Toni Morrison's Fiction. Toni Morrison. Ed. New York:St. Martin's Press,1998.27-42.
③ Adell Sandra. Literary Masters:Toni Morrison, Detroit:Thomson Gale,2002.p.115-116
[1]Adell, Sandra, Literary Masters:Toni Morrison [M]. Detroit:Thomson Gale, 2002.
[2]Bischoff,Joan The Novels of Toni Morrison:Studies in Thwarted Sensitivity[J]. Studies in Black Literature,1975.
[3]Candice M. Jenkins. Pure Black:Class, Color, and Intraracial Politics in Toni Morrison'sParadise[J]. Modern Fiction Studies,2006,52 (2):270-296.
[4]Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers [M]. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
[5]Christian, Barbara,Black Women Novelists:The Development of a Tradition, 1892-1976 [M]. Westport, Conn:Greenwood Press,1980
[6]Carby,V,Hazel Reconstructing Womanhood:the Emergence of the Afro—American Woman Novelist[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1992.
[7]Conner,Mar,C. The Aesthetics of Toni Morrison:Speaking the Unspeakable[M]. University Press of Mississippi,2000.
[8]Davis,Carole B.. Black Women, Writing and Identity [M]. London and New York:Routledge,1994.
[9]Dubey, Madhu. No Bottom and No Top:Oppositions in Sula[M]. New York:St. Martin's Press,1998.
[10]Elizabeth, M. Cannon. Following the Traces of Female Desire in Toni Morrison's Jazz[J]. African American Review,1997,57(3):235-247.
[11]Mbalia,Doreatha D. Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness[M]. London:Associated University Presses,1991.
[12]Gates. L. Henry, and K. A, ed. Toni Morrison:Critical Perspectives Past and Present [M]. New York:Amistad Press,1993.
[13]Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., ed. The Signifying Monkey:A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism.
[14]Jackson,Chuck,. A Headless Display:Sula, Soldiers, and Lynching[J]. Modern Fiction Studies,2006,52 (2):374-392.
[15]McKay, Nellie Y, ed. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison [M]. Boston:G.K. Hall, 1988.
[16]Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye[M]. New York:Washington Square Press,1970.
[17]Morrison, Toni. Sula[M]. New York:Penguin,1973.
[18]Mori, Aoi, Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse [M]. New York:P. Lang 1999.M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1988.
[19]McKay, Nellie Y, ed Critical Essays on Toni Morrison [M]. Boston, Massachusetes:G. K. Hall & Co,1988.
[20]Peterson, Nancy,J. ed. Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical Approaches [M]. Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
[21]Peach, Linden, ed. Toni Morrison [M]. New York:St. Martin's Press,1998.
[22]Peterson, Nancy J., ed.Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical [M]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
[23]Richard,L. Schur. Locating Paradise in the Post-Civil Rights Era:Toni Morrison and Critical Race Theory[M].Contemporary Literature,2004,45 (2):276-299.
[24]Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison [M]. Ohio State University Press,1991.
[25]Stepto, Robert B. Intimate Things In Place:A Conversation with Toni Morrison[M]. Michael S. Harper and Stepto, Urbana:U of Illinois P,1979: 213-29.
[26]Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison[C]. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1994.
[27]ZhaoZhiyun and Liu Cuilan. The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Vlorrison's Sula and the Politics of Race[J]. Literature,2006.
[28]Unspeakable Things Unspoken:The Afro-American Presence in American Literature [J]. Michigan Quarterly Review,1989,28:1-34.
[29]陈法春.西方莫里森研究中的几个焦点[J].文学研究,2003(6)：22-26.
[30]陈伟.国内莫里森研究综述[J].科技信息,2007(02)：149-150.
[31]杜志卿：《秀拉》的后现代叙事特征探析[J].外国文学,2004(5)：80-86.
[32]_____.国内托妮·莫里森作品的译介述评[J].中国翻译,2005(2)：78-81.
[33]_____.托妮·莫里森研究在中国[J].当代外国文学,2007(04)：122-129.
[34]段慧.莫里森《秀拉》的女性形象分析.南京师范大学硕士论文,2005,5.
[35]范良芹.莫里森研究在美国[J].科技信息(学术研究),2008(02)：136-137.
[36]贺家乐.托妮·莫里森《秀拉》的原型阐释.湖南师范大学硕士论文,2006.
[37]贺淑娟.二十年来国内莫里森研究综述[J].安徽文学,2007(10)：217-220.
[38]胡允恒译,秀拉[M].北京：北京社会科学出版社,1988.
[39]焦小婷.《爵士乐》后现代现实主义叙述阐释[J].四川外语学院学报,2005(1)：25--28.
[40]李芳.《秀拉》的女性主义解读.山东师范大学硕士论文,2009,5.
[41]李喜芬.艰辛的“自我构建”之旅—对莫里森小说《秀拉》的女性主义解读[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2005(5)：80-83.
[42]金美兰.以身体为契机的男权颠覆—《秀拉》的女性主义身体政治[J].湖州师范学院学报,2010(11)：p41-43.
[43]刘君涛.从镜像结构看《秀拉》的人物组合与叙事风格[J].外国文学研究,2000(4)：77-81.
[44]牛磊磊,郭莉.“叛逆之花”的凋零--莫瑞森《秀拉》中秀拉的叛逆之旅[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2007(2)：144-145.
[45]蒲秀美.从莫里森的《秀拉》看美国黑人女性寻找自我的两难困境[J].西南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(4)：93-96.
[46]任晓兰.《秀拉》—一个喻指的文体.中南大学硕士论文,2007.
[47]田亚曼.秀拉寻求自我的成功与失败一对托妮·莫里森的小说《秀拉》中女主人公的分析[J].沈阳建筑上程学院学报(社会科学版),2004(5)：55-57.
[48]托妮·莫里森[美].秀拉[M].中国社会科学出版社,1988,6.
[49]王家湘.黑人民间文化的继承者—谈托妮·莫里森的小说艺术[J].文艺报,1994(1)：15.
[50]王玉.再现缺失重塑历史—解读《娇女》：一部特殊的后现代文本[J].外国语言文学,2006(2)：122-125.
[51]王玉括.美国莫里森研究综述[J].英美文学研究论丛,2007(01)：232-245.
[52]魏颖超.一株挺拔的红衫—评托尼·莫里森《秀拉》中的叛逆者形象[J].社科纵横,1995(5)：34-37.
[53]修树新.托妮·莫里森小说的文学伦理学批评.东北师范大学博士论文,2009,12.
[54]杨黎迎.寻求自我---对《秀拉》中女性角色的分析.华中师范大学硕士论文,2001.
[55]杨曦.种族歧视制度下一朵带刺的玫瑰—评美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森的小说《秀拉》[J].黔东南民族师专学报,2001(10)：p61-62.
[56]周敏.论托妮·莫里森小说《秀拉》中黑人女性的自我救赎[J].文化研究,2009(11)：246-248.
[57]周小平.“我早该想到那些鸟意味着什么了”--读托尼·莫里森的《秀拉》[J].外国文学研究,1998(2)：68-69.
[58]_____.莫瑞森《秀拉》中的时间形式及其意味》[J].外国文学研究,1997(1)：98-101.
[59]朱新福.托尼·莫里森的族裔文化语境[J].外国文学研究,2004(3)：54-60,171.
[60]谢华.托妮·莫里森长篇小说《秀拉》之解读[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版,2006(8)：37-39.
[61]张洪伟,蔡青.他们也是迷惘的一代—论《秀拉》中的战争与死亡主题[J].大连民族学院学报,2004(12)：55-57.
[62]郑成英Gender, Race and Culture—A Feminist Reading of Sula江西师范大 学,硕士论文,2003.
② Taylor Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi. 1994.p.161.
③ Taylor Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi. 1994.p.270.
① Stepto, Robert B.1977."'Intimte Things in Place':A Conversation with Toni Morrison." Massachusetts Review 18 (Autumn 1977):473-489. In Toni Morrison:Critical Perspectives Past and Present, ed. Gates. L. Henry, and K. A. New York:Amistad Press,1993.379-382
①王玉括.美国莫里森研究综述[J].英美文学研究论丛,2007(01)p.232-245.
②Carole B. Davis, Black Women, Writing and Identity, London and New York:Routledge.1994.p.102.
②陈法春,西方莫里森研究中的几个焦点,文学研究,2003年,第22-26页。
① Morrison Toni. Sula.New York:Penguin.1973. p.143.
② Christian, Barbara. Images of Black Women in Afro-American Literature:From Stereotype to Character,1975.in Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
③ Barbara Christian. Black Women Novelists:The Development of a Tradition,1892-1976. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,1980.
① Christian, Barbara. Trajectories of Self-Definition.1983. in Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
② Adell Sandra. Literary Masters:Toni Morrison, Detroit:Thomson Gale,2002.p.73.
①苏珊·兰瑟(Susan S. Lanser),《虚构的权威——女性作家与叙述声音》,黄必康译,北京大学出版社,2002年。
① Taylor-Guthrie Danille.ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1994.p.7.
②李芳,山东师范大学,硕士论文,《秀拉》的女性主义解读.2009年5月,第24-25页。
③ Morrison Toni. Sula.New York:Penguin.1973. p.57.
①张洪伟,蔡青,他们也是迷惘的一代--论《秀拉》中的战争与死亡主题,大连民族学院学2004年12月,第55-57页。
①Carole B. Davis. Black Women, Writing and Identity. London and New York:Routledge.1994. p.102.
① Peach Linden (ed.)Toni Morrison, London:Mac Millan Press Ltd.2000. p.9.
② Davis Cynthia. A Self, Society, and Myth in Toni Morrison's Fiction. Toni Morrison. Ed. New York:St. Martin's Press,1998.27-42.
③ Adell Sandra. Literary Masters:Toni Morrison, Detroit:Thomson Gale,2002.p.115-116
[1]Adell, Sandra, Literary Masters:Toni Morrison [M]. Detroit:Thomson Gale, 2002.
[2]Bischoff,Joan The Novels of Toni Morrison:Studies in Thwarted Sensitivity[J]. Studies in Black Literature,1975.
[3]Candice M. Jenkins. Pure Black:Class, Color, and Intraracial Politics in Toni Morrison'sParadise[J]. Modern Fiction Studies,2006,52 (2):270-296.
[4]Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers [M]. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
[5]Christian, Barbara,Black Women Novelists:The Development of a Tradition, 1892-1976 [M]. Westport, Conn:Greenwood Press,1980
[6]Carby,V,Hazel Reconstructing Womanhood:the Emergence of the Afro—American Woman Novelist[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1992.
[7]Conner,Mar,C. The Aesthetics of Toni Morrison:Speaking the Unspeakable[M]. University Press of Mississippi,2000.
[8]Davis,Carole B.. Black Women, Writing and Identity [M]. London and New York:Routledge,1994.
[9]Dubey, Madhu. No Bottom and No Top:Oppositions in Sula[M]. New York:St. Martin's Press,1998.
[10]Elizabeth, M. Cannon. Following the Traces of Female Desire in Toni Morrison's Jazz[J]. African American Review,1997,57(3):235-247.
[11]Mbalia,Doreatha D. Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness[M]. London:Associated University Presses,1991.
[12]Gates. L. Henry, and K. A, ed. Toni Morrison:Critical Perspectives Past and Present [M]. New York:Amistad Press,1993.
[13]Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., ed. The Signifying Monkey:A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism.
[14]Jackson,Chuck,. A Headless Display:Sula, Soldiers, and Lynching[J]. Modern Fiction Studies,2006,52 (2):374-392.
[15]McKay, Nellie Y, ed. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison [M]. Boston:G.K. Hall, 1988.
[16]Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye[M]. New York:Washington Square Press,1970.
[17]Morrison, Toni. Sula[M]. New York:Penguin,1973.
[18]Mori, Aoi, Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse [M]. New York:P. Lang 1999.M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1988.
[19]McKay, Nellie Y, ed Critical Essays on Toni Morrison [M]. Boston, Massachusetes:G. K. Hall & Co,1988.
[20]Peterson, Nancy,J. ed. Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical Approaches [M]. Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
[21]Peach, Linden, ed. Toni Morrison [M]. New York:St. Martin's Press,1998.
[22]Peterson, Nancy J., ed.Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical [M]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
[23]Richard,L. Schur. Locating Paradise in the Post-Civil Rights Era:Toni Morrison and Critical Race Theory[M].Contemporary Literature,2004,45 (2):276-299.
[24]Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison [M]. Ohio State University Press,1991.
[25]Stepto, Robert B. Intimate Things In Place:A Conversation with Toni Morrison[M]. Michael S. Harper and Stepto, Urbana:U of Illinois P,1979: 213-29.
[26]Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison[C]. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1994.
[27]ZhaoZhiyun and Liu Cuilan. The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Toni Vlorrison's Sula and the Politics of Race[J]. Literature,2006.
[28]Unspeakable Things Unspoken:The Afro-American Presence in American Literature [J]. Michigan Quarterly Review,1989,28:1-34.
[29]陈法春.西方莫里森研究中的几个焦点[J].文学研究,2003(6)：22-26.
[30]陈伟.国内莫里森研究综述[J].科技信息,2007(02)：149-150.
[31]杜志卿：《秀拉》的后现代叙事特征探析[J].外国文学,2004(5)：80-86.
[32]_____.国内托妮·莫里森作品的译介述评[J].中国翻译,2005(2)：78-81.
[33]_____.托妮·莫里森研究在中国[J].当代外国文学,2007(04)：122-129.
[34]段慧.莫里森《秀拉》的女性形象分析.南京师范大学硕士论文,2005,5.
[35]范良芹.莫里森研究在美国[J].科技信息(学术研究),2008(02)：136-137.
[36]贺家乐.托妮·莫里森《秀拉》的原型阐释.湖南师范大学硕士论文,2006.
[37]贺淑娟.二十年来国内莫里森研究综述[J].安徽文学,2007(10)：217-220.
[38]胡允恒译,秀拉[M].北京：北京社会科学出版社,1988.
[39]焦小婷.《爵士乐》后现代现实主义叙述阐释[J].四川外语学院学报,2005(1)：25--28.
[40]李芳.《秀拉》的女性主义解读.山东师范大学硕士论文,2009,5.
[41]李喜芬.艰辛的“自我构建”之旅—对莫里森小说《秀拉》的女性主义解读[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2005(5)：80-83.
[42]金美兰.以身体为契机的男权颠覆—《秀拉》的女性主义身体政治[J].湖州师范学院学报,2010(11)：p41-43.
[43]刘君涛.从镜像结构看《秀拉》的人物组合与叙事风格[J].外国文学研究,2000(4)：77-81.
[44]牛磊磊,郭莉.“叛逆之花”的凋零--莫瑞森《秀拉》中秀拉的叛逆之旅[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2007(2)：144-145.
[45]蒲秀美.从莫里森的《秀拉》看美国黑人女性寻找自我的两难困境[J].西南民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(4)：93-96.
[46]任晓兰.《秀拉》—一个喻指的文体.中南大学硕士论文,2007.
[47]田亚曼.秀拉寻求自我的成功与失败一对托妮·莫里森的小说《秀拉》中女主人公的分析[J].沈阳建筑上程学院学报(社会科学版),2004(5)：55-57.
[48]托妮·莫里森[美].秀拉[M].中国社会科学出版社,1988,6.
[49]王家湘.黑人民间文化的继承者—谈托妮·莫里森的小说艺术[J].文艺报,1994(1)：15.
[50]王玉.再现缺失重塑历史—解读《娇女》：一部特殊的后现代文本[J].外国语言文学,2006(2)：122-125.
[51]王玉括.美国莫里森研究综述[J].英美文学研究论丛,2007(01)：232-245.
[52]魏颖超.一株挺拔的红衫—评托尼·莫里森《秀拉》中的叛逆者形象[J].社科纵横,1995(5)：34-37.
[53]修树新.托妮·莫里森小说的文学伦理学批评.东北师范大学博士论文,2009,12.
[54]杨黎迎.寻求自我---对《秀拉》中女性角色的分析.华中师范大学硕士论文,2001.
[55]杨曦.种族歧视制度下一朵带刺的玫瑰—评美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森的小说《秀拉》[J].黔东南民族师专学报,2001(10)：p61-62.
[56]周敏.论托妮·莫里森小说《秀拉》中黑人女性的自我救赎[J].文化研究,2009(11)：246-248.
[57]周小平.“我早该想到那些鸟意味着什么了”--读托尼·莫里森的《秀拉》[J].外国文学研究,1998(2)：68-69.
[58]_____.莫瑞森《秀拉》中的时间形式及其意味》[J].外国文学研究,1997(1)：98-101.
[59]朱新福.托尼·莫里森的族裔文化语境[J].外国文学研究,2004(3)：54-60,171.
[60]谢华.托妮·莫里森长篇小说《秀拉》之解读[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版,2006(8)：37-39.
[61]张洪伟,蔡青.他们也是迷惘的一代—论《秀拉》中的战争与死亡主题[J].大连民族学院学报,2004(12)：55-57.
[62]郑成英Gender, Race and Culture—A Feminist Reading of Sula江西师范大 学,硕士论文,2003.