抹不去的黑色印记
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摘要
托妮·莫里森是美国甚至世界文学史上重要的黑人女作家之一。她的作品中没有对奴隶制和白人社会的尖锐批判和沉痛控诉,而是讲述了一个又一个受奴隶制压迫的黑人精神世界的畸变与扭曲的悲剧。她的代表作《宠儿》经发表就震动了美国文学界,并且被认为是美国黑人历史的一座纪念碑。
本文把少数民族心理学运用在对小说中人物的分析上,从人物的性格到人物的命运再到他们的抗争,都作了具体的分析。本文的目的在于通过运用少数民族心理学这一理论及其最新研究成果应用于对文本的分析,最终揭露奴隶制对黑人身心的毁灭性的影响—黑人永远无法摆脱他们的黑色印记。
本文共分五个部分。第一部分是引言。主要介绍了作者的生平、作品及其在文坛的地位,并介绍了国内外文学界目前对这一主题的研究状况。
第二部分是关于美国奴隶制以及它对作者的影响。这一部分首先详细介绍了美国奴隶制的历史及其对整个美国社会的影响,然后讨论了奴隶制对作者写作的巨大影响和作者在作品中对奴隶制的挑战。
第三部分把少数民族心理学这一理论运用到对小说中三个主要人物的分析上。首先,是对这一理论的历史及发展状况的介绍,然后就是将理论运用到实践的过程。无论是善良的贝比,慈爱的塞丝还是勇敢的丹芙,都在奴隶制的压迫下丧失了她们作为人的基本条件—自由。她们的人物性格中都带有典型的受压迫性,甚至整个黑人民族都是如此。
第四部分讨论了人物各自对奴隶制的抗争以及他们注定失败的原因。贝比晚年对颜色的幻想使她有了一定的精神寄托,塞丝杀婴的行为表明了她思想上一定程度的觉醒,丹芙的成长和对母亲的拯救似乎使她完全摆脱了奴隶制的影响,但是,她们的努力都无法改变黑人在美国社会的劣势地位,直至今日。淡薄的种族认同感、根深蒂固的肤色主义和消极的刻板威胁决定了他们的命运。
最后,第五部分是总结,是对全文的概括。它再次强调了奴隶制对黑人民族的影响,尤其是精神方面几近毁灭性的影响,引人重新思考少数民族这一重要的社会问题。
Toni Morrison is one of the most important black female writers in the literature history of America and even of the whole world. There is no penetrating criticism or resentful denouncement on slavery or the White society in her books. Instead, her books are all the tragedies of the distortion and aberration of the black people's spiritual world after they were oppressed and tortured by slavery. Once her representative work Beloved was published, it shocked the American literary circles and was considered a monument of the history of African Americans.
The thesis applied ethnic minority psychology into character comprehending and analyzed in details their characteristics, fate and struggle. The thesis aims at disclosing the destructive influence slavery exerted on both the physical and mental aspects of black people through applying this theory and its latest research results into analyzing the text.
This thesis is made up of five chapters. The first chapter is introduction. It introduced the life and works of the writer and also mentioned the latest researches at home and abroad in this field.
Chapter two tells the slavery and its influence on the writer. It firstly introduced the history of slavery and its influence on the whole American society and secondly tells its influence on the writer and the writer's challenge to the system in turn.
Chapter three applied ethnic minority psychology in to practice. The first part is the introduction of this theory and its latest research results and then it comes to the process of applying. No matter what it is kind Baby, loving Sethe or courageous Denver, they lost the basic condition as a human being under the oppression of slavery, that is, freedom. There is obvious characteristic of being oppressed in the nature of these women, and even of the whole black people.
Chapter four discussed the struggle of three characters and the reasons of their doomed failure. Baby's imagination about color during the last period of her life gave her comfort. Sethe's killing her baby displayed her awakening awareness to a certain extent. And Denver's growth and behavior of saving her mother seemingly enabled her get rid of the influence of slavery. However, their struggle couldn't_change the inferior status of black people in American society, until nowadays. Their fate is determined by slim ethnic identification, deep-rooted colorism and negative stereotype threat.
And the last chapter is the conclusion and summary of the whole thesis. It emphasized the great influence of slavery on the black people, especially the destructive influence on their mental world, causing people to reconsider the social problem of ethnic minorities.
本文把少数民族心理学运用在对小说中人物的分析上,从人物的性格到人物的命运再到他们的抗争,都作了具体的分析。本文的目的在于通过运用少数民族心理学这一理论及其最新研究成果应用于对文本的分析,最终揭露奴隶制对黑人身心的毁灭性的影响—黑人永远无法摆脱他们的黑色印记。
本文共分五个部分。第一部分是引言。主要介绍了作者的生平、作品及其在文坛的地位,并介绍了国内外文学界目前对这一主题的研究状况。
第二部分是关于美国奴隶制以及它对作者的影响。这一部分首先详细介绍了美国奴隶制的历史及其对整个美国社会的影响,然后讨论了奴隶制对作者写作的巨大影响和作者在作品中对奴隶制的挑战。
第三部分把少数民族心理学这一理论运用到对小说中三个主要人物的分析上。首先,是对这一理论的历史及发展状况的介绍,然后就是将理论运用到实践的过程。无论是善良的贝比,慈爱的塞丝还是勇敢的丹芙,都在奴隶制的压迫下丧失了她们作为人的基本条件—自由。她们的人物性格中都带有典型的受压迫性,甚至整个黑人民族都是如此。
第四部分讨论了人物各自对奴隶制的抗争以及他们注定失败的原因。贝比晚年对颜色的幻想使她有了一定的精神寄托,塞丝杀婴的行为表明了她思想上一定程度的觉醒,丹芙的成长和对母亲的拯救似乎使她完全摆脱了奴隶制的影响,但是,她们的努力都无法改变黑人在美国社会的劣势地位,直至今日。淡薄的种族认同感、根深蒂固的肤色主义和消极的刻板威胁决定了他们的命运。
最后,第五部分是总结,是对全文的概括。它再次强调了奴隶制对黑人民族的影响,尤其是精神方面几近毁灭性的影响,引人重新思考少数民族这一重要的社会问题。
Toni Morrison is one of the most important black female writers in the literature history of America and even of the whole world. There is no penetrating criticism or resentful denouncement on slavery or the White society in her books. Instead, her books are all the tragedies of the distortion and aberration of the black people's spiritual world after they were oppressed and tortured by slavery. Once her representative work Beloved was published, it shocked the American literary circles and was considered a monument of the history of African Americans.
The thesis applied ethnic minority psychology into character comprehending and analyzed in details their characteristics, fate and struggle. The thesis aims at disclosing the destructive influence slavery exerted on both the physical and mental aspects of black people through applying this theory and its latest research results into analyzing the text.
This thesis is made up of five chapters. The first chapter is introduction. It introduced the life and works of the writer and also mentioned the latest researches at home and abroad in this field.
Chapter two tells the slavery and its influence on the writer. It firstly introduced the history of slavery and its influence on the whole American society and secondly tells its influence on the writer and the writer's challenge to the system in turn.
Chapter three applied ethnic minority psychology in to practice. The first part is the introduction of this theory and its latest research results and then it comes to the process of applying. No matter what it is kind Baby, loving Sethe or courageous Denver, they lost the basic condition as a human being under the oppression of slavery, that is, freedom. There is obvious characteristic of being oppressed in the nature of these women, and even of the whole black people.
Chapter four discussed the struggle of three characters and the reasons of their doomed failure. Baby's imagination about color during the last period of her life gave her comfort. Sethe's killing her baby displayed her awakening awareness to a certain extent. And Denver's growth and behavior of saving her mother seemingly enabled her get rid of the influence of slavery. However, their struggle couldn't_change the inferior status of black people in American society, until nowadays. Their fate is determined by slim ethnic identification, deep-rooted colorism and negative stereotype threat.
And the last chapter is the conclusion and summary of the whole thesis. It emphasized the great influence of slavery on the black people, especially the destructive influence on their mental world, causing people to reconsider the social problem of ethnic minorities.
引文
[1]http://www.amazon.ca/reader/076191966
[2]http://www.womenhistory.about.com
[3]Gail Pellett. A Writer's Work with Toni Morrison, Parts Ⅰ and Ⅱ.Public Affairs Television, 1990.
[4]Rawick, George P. The Unwritten History of Slavery.The American Slave:A Composite Autobiography. Westport, CT:Greenwood P,1972.
[5]Story, Ralph D. Sacrifice and Surrender:Sethe in Toni Morrison's Beloved.CLA Journal, 2002.
[6]Washington, Teresa N. The Mother-Daughter'aje'Rela-tionship in Toni Morrison's Beloved..African American Review,2005.
[7]Morrison, Toni. Beloved [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[8]Morrison Toni. Behind the Making of the Black Book. The Black Book. New York: Random House,1974.
[9]Barbara, H. Solomon. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison's Beloved [M]. New York:G. K. Hall & Co.1998.
[10]Ron David. Toni Morrison Explained:A Reader's Road Map to the Novels [M]. New York: Random House,2000.
[11]Gordon C. Nagayama Hall, Gloria Gia Maramba. In Search of Cultural Diversity:Recent Literature in Cross-Cultural and Ethnic Minority Psychology [J]. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,2001.
[12]West, Cornel. Race Matters [M]. New York:Random House,1993.
[13]Zhu Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[14]Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature [M]. Beijing; Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004.
[15]Andrea O's Reilly. Toni Morrison and Motherhood [M]. State University of New York, 2001.
[16]Adell, Sandra. Literary Master, Volume 4 Toni Morrison [M]. University of Wisconsin-Madison,2002.
[17]Sun Xiaorui. Motherhood and Maternal Love Shaped under Slavery in Beloved [J]. Journal of Language and Literature Studies,2009.
[18]Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl [M]. New York:Penguin Books,2000.
[19]Atwood, Margaret. Haunted by their Nightmares. New York Times Book Review,1987.
[20]Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. Claiming the Heritage:African-American Women Novelists and History. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1991.
[21]Barbaras Hill Rigney. The Voices of Toni Morrison [M]. Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1991.
[22]Eusebio L Rodrigues. The Telling of Beloved [J]. Journal of Narrative Technique,1991.
[23]张建.心理学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[24]李维屏.英美文学研究论丛(第五辑).上海：上海外语教育出版社,2006.
[25]简同.百部世界文学名著赏析.北京：北京燕山出版社,2001.
[26]滕金秋.从黑人女性主义批评视角解读托妮·莫里森的《宠儿》[J].山东文学,2009.
[27]贾丽婷.略论《宠儿》中三代黑人女性形象[J].长春工业大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[28]王守仁,吴新云.性别·种族·文化：托妮·莫里森与美国二十世纪黑人文学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999.
[29]M.阿特伍德.驱散不了的噩梦[J].外国文艺,1994.
[30]杨新立.摆脱不掉的命运枷锁[J].郑州航空管理学院学报,2006.
[31]韩秀.论托妮·莫里森小说《宠儿》三代黑人妇女自我的寻找[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[32]赵怡.论《宠儿》中黑人自我意识及民族意识的重塑问题[J].西安文理学院学报(社会科学版),2009.
[33]张劲梅,张庆林.当代美国少数族裔心理学研究动态[J].世界民族.
[34]万明钢,李艳红,崔伟.美国民族心理学研究的发展历史[J].民族教育研究,2006.
[35]李艳华.试论《宠儿》个人意识的缺失到民族意识的回归[J].作家,2009.
[36]王腊宝,毛卫强.托妮·莫里森与美国黑人民族文化的重建[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2003.
[37]许美珍.论《宠儿》的非洲性[J].湖南医科大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[38]张龙然.论《宠儿》中的黑人母女关系[J].池州学院学报,2009.
[39]杨中举.从《黑色之书》到代表作《宠儿》——诺贝尔奖得主托妮·莫里森的编辑生涯与小说创作的启示[J].编辑之友,2007.
[40]刘银平.《宠儿》——一部美国黑人的文学经典[J].广西教育学院学报,2009.
[41]郑辉,董晓烨.艰难的寻根路——《根》与《宠儿》之比较[J].东北农业大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[42]潘惠霞.解读《宠儿》中黑人姓名的隐喻意义[J].外语教学,2007.
[43]田亚曼.托妮·莫里森小说《宠儿》中丹芙的成长解读[J].电影文学,2009.
[2]http://www.womenhistory.about.com
[3]Gail Pellett. A Writer's Work with Toni Morrison, Parts Ⅰ and Ⅱ.Public Affairs Television, 1990.
[4]Rawick, George P. The Unwritten History of Slavery.The American Slave:A Composite Autobiography. Westport, CT:Greenwood P,1972.
[5]Story, Ralph D. Sacrifice and Surrender:Sethe in Toni Morrison's Beloved.CLA Journal, 2002.
[6]Washington, Teresa N. The Mother-Daughter'aje'Rela-tionship in Toni Morrison's Beloved..African American Review,2005.
[7]Morrison, Toni. Beloved [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[8]Morrison Toni. Behind the Making of the Black Book. The Black Book. New York: Random House,1974.
[9]Barbara, H. Solomon. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison's Beloved [M]. New York:G. K. Hall & Co.1998.
[10]Ron David. Toni Morrison Explained:A Reader's Road Map to the Novels [M]. New York: Random House,2000.
[11]Gordon C. Nagayama Hall, Gloria Gia Maramba. In Search of Cultural Diversity:Recent Literature in Cross-Cultural and Ethnic Minority Psychology [J]. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,2001.
[12]West, Cornel. Race Matters [M]. New York:Random House,1993.
[13]Zhu Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[14]Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature [M]. Beijing; Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2004.
[15]Andrea O's Reilly. Toni Morrison and Motherhood [M]. State University of New York, 2001.
[16]Adell, Sandra. Literary Master, Volume 4 Toni Morrison [M]. University of Wisconsin-Madison,2002.
[17]Sun Xiaorui. Motherhood and Maternal Love Shaped under Slavery in Beloved [J]. Journal of Language and Literature Studies,2009.
[18]Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl [M]. New York:Penguin Books,2000.
[19]Atwood, Margaret. Haunted by their Nightmares. New York Times Book Review,1987.
[20]Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. Claiming the Heritage:African-American Women Novelists and History. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1991.
[21]Barbaras Hill Rigney. The Voices of Toni Morrison [M]. Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1991.
[22]Eusebio L Rodrigues. The Telling of Beloved [J]. Journal of Narrative Technique,1991.
[23]张建.心理学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[24]李维屏.英美文学研究论丛(第五辑).上海：上海外语教育出版社,2006.
[25]简同.百部世界文学名著赏析.北京：北京燕山出版社,2001.
[26]滕金秋.从黑人女性主义批评视角解读托妮·莫里森的《宠儿》[J].山东文学,2009.
[27]贾丽婷.略论《宠儿》中三代黑人女性形象[J].长春工业大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[28]王守仁,吴新云.性别·种族·文化：托妮·莫里森与美国二十世纪黑人文学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999.
[29]M.阿特伍德.驱散不了的噩梦[J].外国文艺,1994.
[30]杨新立.摆脱不掉的命运枷锁[J].郑州航空管理学院学报,2006.
[31]韩秀.论托妮·莫里森小说《宠儿》三代黑人妇女自我的寻找[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[32]赵怡.论《宠儿》中黑人自我意识及民族意识的重塑问题[J].西安文理学院学报(社会科学版),2009.
[33]张劲梅,张庆林.当代美国少数族裔心理学研究动态[J].世界民族.
[34]万明钢,李艳红,崔伟.美国民族心理学研究的发展历史[J].民族教育研究,2006.
[35]李艳华.试论《宠儿》个人意识的缺失到民族意识的回归[J].作家,2009.
[36]王腊宝,毛卫强.托妮·莫里森与美国黑人民族文化的重建[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2003.
[37]许美珍.论《宠儿》的非洲性[J].湖南医科大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[38]张龙然.论《宠儿》中的黑人母女关系[J].池州学院学报,2009.
[39]杨中举.从《黑色之书》到代表作《宠儿》——诺贝尔奖得主托妮·莫里森的编辑生涯与小说创作的启示[J].编辑之友,2007.
[40]刘银平.《宠儿》——一部美国黑人的文学经典[J].广西教育学院学报,2009.
[41]郑辉,董晓烨.艰难的寻根路——《根》与《宠儿》之比较[J].东北农业大学学报(社会科学版),2009.
[42]潘惠霞.解读《宠儿》中黑人姓名的隐喻意义[J].外语教学,2007.
[43]田亚曼.托妮·莫里森小说《宠儿》中丹芙的成长解读[J].电影文学,2009.