迷失与探索
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摘要
作为美国文学的一部分,华裔美国文学以及非裔美国文学已经成为一道引人注目的文学风景线。而在这道文学风景线上有两名作家每每被人谈起时就会显得格外引人注目,她们就是谭恩美和托妮·莫里森。本文从后殖民女性主义角度分析了这两名作家的代表作《最蓝的眼睛》和《喜福会》中非裔女性以及华裔女性共同面临的身份危机以及失语现象,总结出她们身份重建的过程,旨在探讨当今全球化语境中少数族裔的身份迷失问题并对她们的身份重建有所启发。
本论文共分为六个部分。
第一部分简要介绍了美籍非裔作家托妮·莫里森和美籍华裔作家谭恩美的生平、影响以及她们的重要作品《最蓝的眼睛》和《喜福会》。
第二部分则是对托妮·莫里森和谭恩美两位作家以及她们著作《最蓝的眼睛》和《喜福会》的国内外评论进行整体的综述。
第三部分主要以后殖民女性主义为理论基础分析了两部作品中的后殖民女性主义的体现,并简要论述了后殖民女性主义的发展过程,为本文建立坚实的理论基础。
第四、五部分是本文的主体,探讨了美籍非裔和华裔母女对于身份的迷失与探索。尽管两部作品的写作背景不尽相同,但同为美国少数民族族裔文学重要分支,这两部代表作反映了美国社会的“白人优越论”和“白人至上观”对生活在美国的少数族裔的影响。本章分别探讨了在这种影响下两部作品中的母爱的迷茫导致了女儿们的痛苦生活。
第六部分总结了两部作品中华裔以及非裔母女在种族、性别和阶级的三重压迫下迷失自我和寻回自我的过程,得出了在美国的少数族裔尤其是女性只有牢记本民族的精神不屈服于主流霸权文化才能立身于强权社会的结论。
Chinese American literature and African American literature, as two branches of American literature, attract more and more attention from all over the world. Among all those famous authors from minority, two female writers, Toni Morrison and Amy Tan are quite conspicuous.
This thesis analyzes The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison from the newly-rising perspective of post-colonial feminism; studies African American and Chinese American women’s identity crisis and aphasia problem and points out the process of rebuilding identity. The aim is to illuminate the minority groups who are lost in western countries.
The thesis is divided into six parts:
The first part introduces Toni Morrison’s and Amy Tan’s life, influences and their important works: The Bluest Eye and The Joy Luck Club.
The second part of the thesis is about the literature review on two authors and two books at home and abroad.
The third part explains the theoretical basis of the thesis: post-colonial feminism and points out the reflection of the post-colonial feminism theory in two books.
The fourth and the fifth parts are the main body of the paper which is about the loss and the quest for identity of African American and Chinese American mothers and daughters in the United States. Though the backgrounds of two novels are quite different, both of them reveal how the view of“the white is superior”changes the American minority ethnic people in life, how the bewilderment of mother-love leads to the daughters’suffering and how the“black skin, white mask”makes the minorities lose their identity.
The last part of the paper is the conclusion. This chapter reveals the process of Chinese American and African American mothers’and daughters’loss and quest for the identity and concludes that the minorities in America, especially the females, have to hold their own ethnic spirit and survive in such a society as America.
本论文共分为六个部分。
第一部分简要介绍了美籍非裔作家托妮·莫里森和美籍华裔作家谭恩美的生平、影响以及她们的重要作品《最蓝的眼睛》和《喜福会》。
第二部分则是对托妮·莫里森和谭恩美两位作家以及她们著作《最蓝的眼睛》和《喜福会》的国内外评论进行整体的综述。
第三部分主要以后殖民女性主义为理论基础分析了两部作品中的后殖民女性主义的体现,并简要论述了后殖民女性主义的发展过程,为本文建立坚实的理论基础。
第四、五部分是本文的主体,探讨了美籍非裔和华裔母女对于身份的迷失与探索。尽管两部作品的写作背景不尽相同,但同为美国少数民族族裔文学重要分支,这两部代表作反映了美国社会的“白人优越论”和“白人至上观”对生活在美国的少数族裔的影响。本章分别探讨了在这种影响下两部作品中的母爱的迷茫导致了女儿们的痛苦生活。
第六部分总结了两部作品中华裔以及非裔母女在种族、性别和阶级的三重压迫下迷失自我和寻回自我的过程,得出了在美国的少数族裔尤其是女性只有牢记本民族的精神不屈服于主流霸权文化才能立身于强权社会的结论。
Chinese American literature and African American literature, as two branches of American literature, attract more and more attention from all over the world. Among all those famous authors from minority, two female writers, Toni Morrison and Amy Tan are quite conspicuous.
This thesis analyzes The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison from the newly-rising perspective of post-colonial feminism; studies African American and Chinese American women’s identity crisis and aphasia problem and points out the process of rebuilding identity. The aim is to illuminate the minority groups who are lost in western countries.
The thesis is divided into six parts:
The first part introduces Toni Morrison’s and Amy Tan’s life, influences and their important works: The Bluest Eye and The Joy Luck Club.
The second part of the thesis is about the literature review on two authors and two books at home and abroad.
The third part explains the theoretical basis of the thesis: post-colonial feminism and points out the reflection of the post-colonial feminism theory in two books.
The fourth and the fifth parts are the main body of the paper which is about the loss and the quest for identity of African American and Chinese American mothers and daughters in the United States. Though the backgrounds of two novels are quite different, both of them reveal how the view of“the white is superior”changes the American minority ethnic people in life, how the bewilderment of mother-love leads to the daughters’suffering and how the“black skin, white mask”makes the minorities lose their identity.
The last part of the paper is the conclusion. This chapter reveals the process of Chinese American and African American mothers’and daughters’loss and quest for the identity and concludes that the minorities in America, especially the females, have to hold their own ethnic spirit and survive in such a society as America.
引文
①Qin Zongbi, On the Pilgrimage of Hybrid Cultural Identity in the Joy Luck Club, 2009:21
Chin, Frank. Born in the USA: A Story of Japanese America, 1991:32
Dreifus, Claudia. Chloe Wofford Talks about Toni Morrison [M]. New York Times, 1994
Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. The Soul of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches [M]. Greenwich, Conn: Fawcett Publications,Inc.,2005: 78.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth [M]. NewYork: Grove Press, 1965:118.
Hughes,Langston.“Let America Be America Again”[G] // In W. Lowenfels (ed.).“Poets of Today. NewYork: International”1964:5
Koenig, Rhoda. Review in New York, 1982: 82
Li, Guicang. The Literature of Chinese American Identity, DAI-A 63/01, 2002:188
Li, Huihui. Representations of Code Switching in Asian American Women’s Literature (2001), DAI-A 62/07, p. 2425, Jan 2002
Linden Peach. Toni Morrison,Basingstoke[M]. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd.,1995
Mckay, Nellie. An Interview with Toni Morrison [J]. Contemporary Literature, 1983:24
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Under Western Eye. Feminist Review, Autumn, 1988:27
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye New York: Pocket Books, a division of Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1972.
Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, 1997: 54
Payant, Katherine B. Becoming and Bonding: Contemporary Feminism and Popular Fiction by American Women Writers [M]. London: Greenwood Press, 1993.
Schell, Orville. Your Mother Is in Your Bones [N]. The New York Times Book Review, 1989:3
Rigney, Barbara Hill The Voice of Toni Morrison [M]. Columbus: Ohio State University Press,1991.
Rober Stepto Intimate Things in Place: A Conversation with Toni Morrison Sam Durrant.Postcolonial Narrative and the Work of Mourning[M]. New York State University of New York Press,2004.
Selden, Raman & Peter Widdowson & Peter Brooker. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory[M]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, 2004.
Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club [M]. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1989.
Taylor Danille Guthrie, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994:88
Taylor, Paul C.“Malcolm’s Conk and Danto’s Colours; or Four Logical Petitions Concerning Race, Beauty, and Aesthetics”, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 57, No. 1, 1999
Kun, Wang. The Subversion and demolishment of patriarchal culture, 2006:20
W.E.B. Du Bois . The Souls of Black Folk, http://www.bartleby.com/114/, 1903
Weedon, C: Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective, 2002
Wilkerson, Margaret B“The Dramatic Voice in Toni Morrison’s Novels”in Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Boston: Hall, 1988
Williams, P. and Chrisman, L(ed.) Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory :a Reader, Columbia University Press, New York.
Wills, Joy Genealogy of Rejection in Morrison’s The Bluest Eye:Published with express written permission, 1999.
Zhu, Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. http://www.time.com/time/community/pulitzerinterview.html http://www.en.utexas.edu/amlit/amlitprivate/texts/morrison1.html.
艾晓明.2002.女性主义思潮导论.武汉:华中师范大学出版社
查尔斯·鲁亚斯. 1995.美国作家访谈录[M].粟旺,李文俊译.北京:中国对外
陈爱敏.2007.认同与疏离-美国华裔流散文学批评的东方主义视野人民文学.北京:人民文学出版社
程爱民.2003.美国华裔文学研究.北京:北京大学出版社,
程爱民. 2001.论谭恩美小说中的母亲形象及母女关系的文化内涵[J].南京:南京师范大学学报.107-13.
程乃珊,严映薇.1999.喜福会.杭州:浙江文艺出版社
胡俊.2007.非裔美国人探求身份之路—对托尼莫里森的小说的研究.北京:北京出版社,
罗刚,刘象愚.1999.后殖民主义文化理论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社
毛信德.2006.美国黑人文学的巨星:托妮·莫里森小说创作论.杭州:浙江大学出版社
莫瑞森.2005.最蓝的眼睛——世界文学论坛·新名著主义丛书.海南:南海出版社
裴善明.1997.诺贝尔文学奖获奖者访谈录[M].南京:江苏文艺出版社
石平萍.2005.母女关系与性别,种族的政治:美国华裔妇女学研究.郑州:河南大学出版社
田亚曼.2009.母爱与成长.北京:中国社会科学出版社
王守仁.1999.吴新云著性别种族文化托妮莫里森与二十一世纪美国黑人文学.北京:北京大学出版社,
王守仁,吴新云. 2004.性别种族文化—托尼·莫里森的小说创作[M].北京:北京大学出版社,
王岳川.1999.后殖民主义与新历史主义文论[M].济南:山东教育出版社
吴新云. 2007.身份的疆界:当代美国黑人女权主义思想透视.北京:中国社会科学出版社
杨莉馨.2002.西方女性主义文论研究.南京:江苏文艺出版社
袁彬,黄驰.2003.文化认同的悲剧.武汉:华中师范大学出版社
岳凤梅.2004.拉康与法国女性主义.北京:妇女研究论丛
张京媛. 1992.当代女性主义文学批评[C].北京:北京大学出版社
张京媛.1999.后殖民理论与文化批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社
张琼.2006.矛盾情结与艺术模糊性:超越政治和族裔的美国华裔文学.上海:复旦大学出版社
张瑞华. 2001.对谭恩美作品的文化思考[J].沈阳:辽宁师范大学学报77-81.
张首映.1999.西方二十世纪文论史[M].北京:北京大学出版社
张岩冰. 1998.女性主义文论[M].济南:山东教育出版社
章汝雯. 2006.托妮·莫里森研究.北京:外语教学与研究出版社
朱荣杰.2004.伤痛与弥合:托妮·莫里森小说/母爱主题的文化研究.洛阳:河南大学出版社
朱小琳. 2007.当代美国文学中的非裔女性形象刍议[J].北京:北京第二外国语学院学报
Chin, Frank. Born in the USA: A Story of Japanese America, 1991:32
Dreifus, Claudia. Chloe Wofford Talks about Toni Morrison [M]. New York Times, 1994
Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. The Soul of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches [M]. Greenwich, Conn: Fawcett Publications,Inc.,2005: 78.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth [M]. NewYork: Grove Press, 1965:118.
Hughes,Langston.“Let America Be America Again”[G] // In W. Lowenfels (ed.).“Poets of Today. NewYork: International”1964:5
Koenig, Rhoda. Review in New York, 1982: 82
Li, Guicang. The Literature of Chinese American Identity, DAI-A 63/01, 2002:188
Li, Huihui. Representations of Code Switching in Asian American Women’s Literature (2001), DAI-A 62/07, p. 2425, Jan 2002
Linden Peach. Toni Morrison,Basingstoke[M]. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd.,1995
Mckay, Nellie. An Interview with Toni Morrison [J]. Contemporary Literature, 1983:24
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Under Western Eye. Feminist Review, Autumn, 1988:27
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye New York: Pocket Books, a division of Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1972.
Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, 1997: 54
Payant, Katherine B. Becoming and Bonding: Contemporary Feminism and Popular Fiction by American Women Writers [M]. London: Greenwood Press, 1993.
Schell, Orville. Your Mother Is in Your Bones [N]. The New York Times Book Review, 1989:3
Rigney, Barbara Hill The Voice of Toni Morrison [M]. Columbus: Ohio State University Press,1991.
Rober Stepto Intimate Things in Place: A Conversation with Toni Morrison Sam Durrant.Postcolonial Narrative and the Work of Mourning[M]. New York State University of New York Press,2004.
Selden, Raman & Peter Widdowson & Peter Brooker. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory[M]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, 2004.
Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club [M]. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1989.
Taylor Danille Guthrie, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994:88
Taylor, Paul C.“Malcolm’s Conk and Danto’s Colours; or Four Logical Petitions Concerning Race, Beauty, and Aesthetics”, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 57, No. 1, 1999
Kun, Wang. The Subversion and demolishment of patriarchal culture, 2006:20
W.E.B. Du Bois . The Souls of Black Folk, http://www.bartleby.com/114/, 1903
Weedon, C: Key Issues in Postcolonial Feminism: A Western Perspective, 2002
Wilkerson, Margaret B“The Dramatic Voice in Toni Morrison’s Novels”in Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Boston: Hall, 1988
Williams, P. and Chrisman, L(ed.) Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory :a Reader, Columbia University Press, New York.
Wills, Joy Genealogy of Rejection in Morrison’s The Bluest Eye:Published with express written permission, 1999.
Zhu, Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. http://www.time.com/time/community/pulitzerinterview.html http://www.en.utexas.edu/amlit/amlitprivate/texts/morrison1.html.
艾晓明.2002.女性主义思潮导论.武汉:华中师范大学出版社
查尔斯·鲁亚斯. 1995.美国作家访谈录[M].粟旺,李文俊译.北京:中国对外
陈爱敏.2007.认同与疏离-美国华裔流散文学批评的东方主义视野人民文学.北京:人民文学出版社
程爱民.2003.美国华裔文学研究.北京:北京大学出版社,
程爱民. 2001.论谭恩美小说中的母亲形象及母女关系的文化内涵[J].南京:南京师范大学学报.107-13.
程乃珊,严映薇.1999.喜福会.杭州:浙江文艺出版社
胡俊.2007.非裔美国人探求身份之路—对托尼莫里森的小说的研究.北京:北京出版社,
罗刚,刘象愚.1999.后殖民主义文化理论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社
毛信德.2006.美国黑人文学的巨星:托妮·莫里森小说创作论.杭州:浙江大学出版社
莫瑞森.2005.最蓝的眼睛——世界文学论坛·新名著主义丛书.海南:南海出版社
裴善明.1997.诺贝尔文学奖获奖者访谈录[M].南京:江苏文艺出版社
石平萍.2005.母女关系与性别,种族的政治:美国华裔妇女学研究.郑州:河南大学出版社
田亚曼.2009.母爱与成长.北京:中国社会科学出版社
王守仁.1999.吴新云著性别种族文化托妮莫里森与二十一世纪美国黑人文学.北京:北京大学出版社,
王守仁,吴新云. 2004.性别种族文化—托尼·莫里森的小说创作[M].北京:北京大学出版社,
王岳川.1999.后殖民主义与新历史主义文论[M].济南:山东教育出版社
吴新云. 2007.身份的疆界:当代美国黑人女权主义思想透视.北京:中国社会科学出版社
杨莉馨.2002.西方女性主义文论研究.南京:江苏文艺出版社
袁彬,黄驰.2003.文化认同的悲剧.武汉:华中师范大学出版社
岳凤梅.2004.拉康与法国女性主义.北京:妇女研究论丛
张京媛. 1992.当代女性主义文学批评[C].北京:北京大学出版社
张京媛.1999.后殖民理论与文化批评[M].北京:北京大学出版社
张琼.2006.矛盾情结与艺术模糊性:超越政治和族裔的美国华裔文学.上海:复旦大学出版社
张瑞华. 2001.对谭恩美作品的文化思考[J].沈阳:辽宁师范大学学报77-81.
张首映.1999.西方二十世纪文论史[M].北京:北京大学出版社
张岩冰. 1998.女性主义文论[M].济南:山东教育出版社
章汝雯. 2006.托妮·莫里森研究.北京:外语教学与研究出版社
朱荣杰.2004.伤痛与弥合:托妮·莫里森小说/母爱主题的文化研究.洛阳:河南大学出版社
朱小琳. 2007.当代美国文学中的非裔女性形象刍议[J].北京:北京第二外国语学院学报