《秀拉》中的自我追寻
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摘要
黑人妇女的自由解放运动从来没有停止过。她们受到白人的歧视,也在男权社会中饱受痛苦。在黑人妇女遭受种族主义和性别主义双重歧视的环境下,妇女主义应运而生。妇女主义一经爱丽丝·沃克提出便“致力于整个民族的,男性和女性的,生存和完整。”妇女主义者认为男性和女性可以和谐共处,为取得最终的解放妇女应该珍视姐妹情谊和文化传统。
托尼·莫里森(1931-)是非裔美国文学和当代美国文学史上最卓越的作家之一究其一生,她对黑人尤其是黑人妇女的生活和命运倾注了极大的心血。她的作品也紧紧围绕着黑人妇女的苦难和救赎。《秀拉》就是这样的一部作品。这部小说的主题是黑人女性对自我的追寻,情节围绕秀拉和内儿两人之间的情谊展开。
秀拉作为小说的同名主人公极其关注对自我的追求。但是,她对自我的定义却过于以自我为中心。这导致了她只关注私人的自我,对公众自我和集体自我却置若罔闻。本文从妇女主义的视角研究了《秀拉》追寻自我的过程。秀拉去世前仍没有完成对自我的追寻。但是在追寻自我这方面,她并不是一个彻底的失败者,因为她唤醒了她的闺蜜内儿继续她未走完的路。
本文共有三章。引论部分简要介绍了托尼·莫里森的生平及主要作品,尤其是对《秀拉》这本小说的介绍及其文献综述。第一章阐释了黑人妇女遭受的来自种族和性别的双重歧视,说明了爱丽丝.沃克提倡的妇女主义的形成和特点,以及妇女主义和自我之间的关系。第二章通过秀拉与同社区中的男性和女性的关系探讨了秀拉追寻自我的过程。在追寻自我的过程中,她对“底层”的男人和女人抱一种蔑视和极不尊重的态度,也毫不关心黑人文化和传统。所有这些造就了她追寻自我的失败。最后一章解释了秀拉和内儿之间深深的姐妹情谊。在本章中作者得出如下结论：秀拉追寻自我的过程有其成功的一面,因为她的行为唤醒了闺蜜内儿作为黑人女性追寻自我的过程。
Black women's struggle for liberation and freedom has been ceaseless. Not only are they looked down upon by the white world, but also suffer in a male-dominated world. Formation of womanism is the production of dual discrimination of racism and sexism against black women. Advocated by Alice Walker, womanism is "committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female." Womanists propose that men and women can live harmoniously together and for the final emancipation, women should attach great importance to their sisterhood bond and cultural heritage.
Toni Morrison (1931-) is one of the most notable and distinguished writer in Afro-American literature and contemporary American literature. Through all her life she is concerned with the life and destinies of the blacks, especially black women. Her writing also revolves around the sufferings and salvation for black females. Sula is one typical example in case. As a novel about black women's quest for self, it concentrates on the friendship between Sula and Nel.
Sula, the main character in the novel Sula, concerns a lot about pursuing selfhood. Yet, her self-definition is so self-centered that she pays close attention only to the private self and makes herself blind to her public self and collective self. The concept of "self", the combination of the private self, the public self and the collective self, is in accordance with womanism. From the perspective of womanism, the thesis makes a research on the process of quest for self in Sula. Sula dies years before she accomplishes her quest for self, yet she is not a complete failure, for she awakens her bosom friend Nel to continue her journey of quest for self.
This thesis is composed of three chapters. The introduction briefly introduces Toni Morrison's life experiences, her main works, especially Sula, and literature review of Sula. Chapter one explains the dual discrimination of racism and sexism that black women have to face with and the formation and features of womanism advocated by Alice Walker as well as the interconnection between womanism and self. Chapter two accounts for Sula's quest for self through her association with men and women in her community. In this process, she holds disparaging and disrespectful attitude towards men and women in the Bottom. Additionally, she shows no interest in the black culture and heritage. All of these lead to her failure as a black woman quest for self. The last chapter deals with the sisterhood bond between Sula and Nel. From this chapter, this thesis concludes that Sula is also successful in her quest for self, for she awakens Nel to pursue her selfhood as a black woman.
托尼·莫里森(1931-)是非裔美国文学和当代美国文学史上最卓越的作家之一究其一生,她对黑人尤其是黑人妇女的生活和命运倾注了极大的心血。她的作品也紧紧围绕着黑人妇女的苦难和救赎。《秀拉》就是这样的一部作品。这部小说的主题是黑人女性对自我的追寻,情节围绕秀拉和内儿两人之间的情谊展开。
秀拉作为小说的同名主人公极其关注对自我的追求。但是,她对自我的定义却过于以自我为中心。这导致了她只关注私人的自我,对公众自我和集体自我却置若罔闻。本文从妇女主义的视角研究了《秀拉》追寻自我的过程。秀拉去世前仍没有完成对自我的追寻。但是在追寻自我这方面,她并不是一个彻底的失败者,因为她唤醒了她的闺蜜内儿继续她未走完的路。
本文共有三章。引论部分简要介绍了托尼·莫里森的生平及主要作品,尤其是对《秀拉》这本小说的介绍及其文献综述。第一章阐释了黑人妇女遭受的来自种族和性别的双重歧视,说明了爱丽丝.沃克提倡的妇女主义的形成和特点,以及妇女主义和自我之间的关系。第二章通过秀拉与同社区中的男性和女性的关系探讨了秀拉追寻自我的过程。在追寻自我的过程中,她对“底层”的男人和女人抱一种蔑视和极不尊重的态度,也毫不关心黑人文化和传统。所有这些造就了她追寻自我的失败。最后一章解释了秀拉和内儿之间深深的姐妹情谊。在本章中作者得出如下结论：秀拉追寻自我的过程有其成功的一面,因为她的行为唤醒了闺蜜内儿作为黑人女性追寻自我的过程。
Black women's struggle for liberation and freedom has been ceaseless. Not only are they looked down upon by the white world, but also suffer in a male-dominated world. Formation of womanism is the production of dual discrimination of racism and sexism against black women. Advocated by Alice Walker, womanism is "committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female." Womanists propose that men and women can live harmoniously together and for the final emancipation, women should attach great importance to their sisterhood bond and cultural heritage.
Toni Morrison (1931-) is one of the most notable and distinguished writer in Afro-American literature and contemporary American literature. Through all her life she is concerned with the life and destinies of the blacks, especially black women. Her writing also revolves around the sufferings and salvation for black females. Sula is one typical example in case. As a novel about black women's quest for self, it concentrates on the friendship between Sula and Nel.
Sula, the main character in the novel Sula, concerns a lot about pursuing selfhood. Yet, her self-definition is so self-centered that she pays close attention only to the private self and makes herself blind to her public self and collective self. The concept of "self", the combination of the private self, the public self and the collective self, is in accordance with womanism. From the perspective of womanism, the thesis makes a research on the process of quest for self in Sula. Sula dies years before she accomplishes her quest for self, yet she is not a complete failure, for she awakens her bosom friend Nel to continue her journey of quest for self.
This thesis is composed of three chapters. The introduction briefly introduces Toni Morrison's life experiences, her main works, especially Sula, and literature review of Sula. Chapter one explains the dual discrimination of racism and sexism that black women have to face with and the formation and features of womanism advocated by Alice Walker as well as the interconnection between womanism and self. Chapter two accounts for Sula's quest for self through her association with men and women in her community. In this process, she holds disparaging and disrespectful attitude towards men and women in the Bottom. Additionally, she shows no interest in the black culture and heritage. All of these lead to her failure as a black woman quest for self. The last chapter deals with the sisterhood bond between Sula and Nel. From this chapter, this thesis concludes that Sula is also successful in her quest for self, for she awakens Nel to pursue her selfhood as a black woman.
引文
Bakerman, Jane S. "Failures of Love:Female Initiation in the Novels of Toni Morrison.' American Literature. Durham:Duke University Press,1981.
Bambara, Toni Cade, ed. The Black Woman; An Anthology. New York:New American Library,1970.
Bouson, J. Brooks. Quiet as It's Kept:Shame, Trauma and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison. Albany:State University of New York Press,2000.
Darling, Marsha Jean and Toni Morrison. "In the Realm of Responsibility:A Conversation with Toni Morrison." The Women's Review of Books,5(1988):5-6
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York:Blue Heron Press,1986.
Evans, Marie. Black Women Writers(1950-1980):A Critical Evaluation. New York: Doubleday,1984.
Galehouse, Maggie. "New World Woman:Toni Morrison's Sula." Papers on Language & Literature,12(1999):339-362.
Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women:The Tradition in English. New York:Norton,1985.
Gilligan, Carole. In a Different Voice. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1982.
Goldberger, Nancy Rule and Jody BennetVeroff, ed. The Culture and Psychology Reader. New York:New York University Press,1995.
Harris, Trudier. Fiction and Folklore:The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxvill:University of Tennessee Press,1991.
Hernton, Calvin C. The Sexual Mountain and Black Women Writers. New York:Anchor Press,1987.
Hooks, bell. Feminist Theory:From Margin to Center. Boston:South End Press,1984.
Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1978.
King, Deborah K. "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness:The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology." Signs,11 (1988):14.
LeClair, Tom. In the Lloop, Don Delillo and the System Novel. Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1987.
Lewis, Vashti Crutcher. "African Tradition in Toni Morrison's Sula." Phylon,48(1987): 91-97.
Lounsberry, Barbara and Grace Ann Hovet. "Principles of Perception in Toni Morrison's Sula." African American Review,13(1979):126-29.
Madsen, Deborah L. Feminist Theory and Literary Practice. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006.
McKay, Nellie Y., ed. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Boston:G. K. Hall,1988.
Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. London:Abacus,1971.
Montgomery, Maxine Lavon. "The Apocalypse as Structure and Theme in Toni Morrison's Sula." African American Review,23(1989):127-37.
Morgan, Robin, ed. Sisterhood is Powerful:An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement. New York:Vintage Books A Division of Random House,1970.
Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York:Plume,1973.
Morrison, Toni and Nellie McKay. "An Interview with Toni Morrison." Contemparary Literature. Madsin:University of Wisconsin Press,1983.
Munro, C. Lynn. "The Tattooed Heart and the Serpentine Eye:Morrison's Choice of Epigraph for Sula." African American Review,18(1984):150-54.
Nigro, Marie. "Frustration and Denial in Toni Morrison's Sula." Journal of Black Studies, 28(1998):724-37.
O'reilly, Andrea. Toni Morrison and Motherhood:A Politics of the Heart. New York:State University of New York Press,2004.
Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom:Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison s Novels. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995.
Pal, Sunanda. "From Periphery to Center:Toni Morrison's Self Affirming Fiction.' Economic and Political Weekly,29(1994):2439-43.
Peach, Linden. Toni Morrison. New York:St. Martin's Press,2000.
Pessoni, Michele. "She Was Laughing at Their God:Discovering the Goddess Within in Sula." African American Review,29 (1995):439-51.
Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
Selden, Raman. A Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky,1985.
Smith, Barbara. "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism." Conditions,61 (1977):25-44.
Sokoloff, Janice M. "Notes on the Mythical Eva in Toni Morrison's Sula." Journal of Black Studies,4(1986):429-34
Spacks, Patricia Meyer. The Female Imagination. New York:Avon Books,1972.
Spiller, Hortense J. Balck, White and in Color:Essays on American Literature and Culture. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2001.
Stein, Karen F. "Toni Morrison's Sula:A Black Woman's Epic." African American Review, 18(1984):146-50.
Stepto, Robert. From Behind the Veil:A Study of Afro-American Narrative. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1979.
Showalter, Elaine, ed. The New Feminist Criticiam:Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory. New York:Random House,1985.
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994
Walker, Alice. "One Child of One's Own--An Essay on Creativity," Ms., August 1979. "Coming Apart." In Lederer Laura, ed. Take Back the Night:Women on Pornography. New York:William Morrow and Company,1980. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens:Womanist Prose. San Diego:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1983.
West, John T. "Sula:Existentialist Heroine." Publications of the Mississippi Philological Association,31.4(1998):74-79.
Wisker, Gina. Post-Colonial and African American Women's Writing:A Critical Introduction. New York:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000.
Zhao Zhiyun. "In Search of Black Women's Self:Toni Morrison and Her Sula." Thesis. Inner Mongolia University,2004.
贝尔.胡克斯著,晓征、平林译：《女权主义理论：从边缘到中心》。南京：江苏 人民出版社,2001。
常耀信：《美国文学史》。天津：南开大学出版社,2003。
黄晖：“20世纪美国黑人文学批评理论”,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期。
毛信德：《美国黑人文学的巨星---托尼·莫里森小说创作论》。杭州：浙江大学出版社,2006。
唐红梅：《种族、性别与身份认同：美国黑人女作家爱丽丝·沃克、托尼·莫里森小说创作研究》。北京：民族出版社,2006。
田亚曼：《母爱与成长：托尼·莫里森小说研究》。北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009。
托尼.莫里森著,陈苏东、胡允桓译：《最蓝的眼睛---托尼·莫里森长篇小说集》。海口：南海出版公司,2005。
王守仁,吴新云：《性别.种族.文化》。北京：北京大学出版社,1999。
Bambara, Toni Cade, ed. The Black Woman; An Anthology. New York:New American Library,1970.
Bouson, J. Brooks. Quiet as It's Kept:Shame, Trauma and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison. Albany:State University of New York Press,2000.
Darling, Marsha Jean and Toni Morrison. "In the Realm of Responsibility:A Conversation with Toni Morrison." The Women's Review of Books,5(1988):5-6
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York:Blue Heron Press,1986.
Evans, Marie. Black Women Writers(1950-1980):A Critical Evaluation. New York: Doubleday,1984.
Galehouse, Maggie. "New World Woman:Toni Morrison's Sula." Papers on Language & Literature,12(1999):339-362.
Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women:The Tradition in English. New York:Norton,1985.
Gilligan, Carole. In a Different Voice. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1982.
Goldberger, Nancy Rule and Jody BennetVeroff, ed. The Culture and Psychology Reader. New York:New York University Press,1995.
Harris, Trudier. Fiction and Folklore:The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxvill:University of Tennessee Press,1991.
Hernton, Calvin C. The Sexual Mountain and Black Women Writers. New York:Anchor Press,1987.
Hooks, bell. Feminist Theory:From Margin to Center. Boston:South End Press,1984.
Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1978.
King, Deborah K. "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness:The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology." Signs,11 (1988):14.
LeClair, Tom. In the Lloop, Don Delillo and the System Novel. Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1987.
Lewis, Vashti Crutcher. "African Tradition in Toni Morrison's Sula." Phylon,48(1987): 91-97.
Lounsberry, Barbara and Grace Ann Hovet. "Principles of Perception in Toni Morrison's Sula." African American Review,13(1979):126-29.
Madsen, Deborah L. Feminist Theory and Literary Practice. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006.
McKay, Nellie Y., ed. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Boston:G. K. Hall,1988.
Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics. London:Abacus,1971.
Montgomery, Maxine Lavon. "The Apocalypse as Structure and Theme in Toni Morrison's Sula." African American Review,23(1989):127-37.
Morgan, Robin, ed. Sisterhood is Powerful:An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement. New York:Vintage Books A Division of Random House,1970.
Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York:Plume,1973.
Morrison, Toni and Nellie McKay. "An Interview with Toni Morrison." Contemparary Literature. Madsin:University of Wisconsin Press,1983.
Munro, C. Lynn. "The Tattooed Heart and the Serpentine Eye:Morrison's Choice of Epigraph for Sula." African American Review,18(1984):150-54.
Nigro, Marie. "Frustration and Denial in Toni Morrison's Sula." Journal of Black Studies, 28(1998):724-37.
O'reilly, Andrea. Toni Morrison and Motherhood:A Politics of the Heart. New York:State University of New York Press,2004.
Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom:Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison s Novels. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1995.
Pal, Sunanda. "From Periphery to Center:Toni Morrison's Self Affirming Fiction.' Economic and Political Weekly,29(1994):2439-43.
Peach, Linden. Toni Morrison. New York:St. Martin's Press,2000.
Pessoni, Michele. "She Was Laughing at Their God:Discovering the Goddess Within in Sula." African American Review,29 (1995):439-51.
Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
Selden, Raman. A Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky,1985.
Smith, Barbara. "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism." Conditions,61 (1977):25-44.
Sokoloff, Janice M. "Notes on the Mythical Eva in Toni Morrison's Sula." Journal of Black Studies,4(1986):429-34
Spacks, Patricia Meyer. The Female Imagination. New York:Avon Books,1972.
Spiller, Hortense J. Balck, White and in Color:Essays on American Literature and Culture. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2001.
Stein, Karen F. "Toni Morrison's Sula:A Black Woman's Epic." African American Review, 18(1984):146-50.
Stepto, Robert. From Behind the Veil:A Study of Afro-American Narrative. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1979.
Showalter, Elaine, ed. The New Feminist Criticiam:Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory. New York:Random House,1985.
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994
Walker, Alice. "One Child of One's Own--An Essay on Creativity," Ms., August 1979. "Coming Apart." In Lederer Laura, ed. Take Back the Night:Women on Pornography. New York:William Morrow and Company,1980. In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens:Womanist Prose. San Diego:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1983.
West, John T. "Sula:Existentialist Heroine." Publications of the Mississippi Philological Association,31.4(1998):74-79.
Wisker, Gina. Post-Colonial and African American Women's Writing:A Critical Introduction. New York:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000.
Zhao Zhiyun. "In Search of Black Women's Self:Toni Morrison and Her Sula." Thesis. Inner Mongolia University,2004.
贝尔.胡克斯著,晓征、平林译：《女权主义理论：从边缘到中心》。南京：江苏 人民出版社,2001。
常耀信：《美国文学史》。天津：南开大学出版社,2003。
黄晖：“20世纪美国黑人文学批评理论”,《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期。
毛信德：《美国黑人文学的巨星---托尼·莫里森小说创作论》。杭州：浙江大学出版社,2006。
唐红梅：《种族、性别与身份认同：美国黑人女作家爱丽丝·沃克、托尼·莫里森小说创作研究》。北京：民族出版社,2006。
田亚曼：《母爱与成长：托尼·莫里森小说研究》。北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009。
托尼.莫里森著,陈苏东、胡允桓译：《最蓝的眼睛---托尼·莫里森长篇小说集》。海口：南海出版公司,2005。
王守仁,吴新云：《性别.种族.文化》。北京：北京大学出版社,1999。