AGV用超级电容与蓄电池电电混合的实验研究
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摘要
随着社会的发展和科学技术的进步,人们对绿色能源和生态环境保护越来越重视,超级电容作为一种新型储能元件引起了人们的广泛关注。超级电容具有高功率密度、超长循环寿命、工作温度范围宽、适宜大电流快速充放电、环境友好、无记忆效应等传统二次电池无可替代的优点。本课题针对昆船公司生产的AGV(Automatic Guided Vehicle,AGV)在使用传统二次电池中所存在的功率密度低、不宜进行高倍率大电流充电、使用寿命短、相对价格高、需定期维护、污染环境的缺点进行改进研究。论文结合AGV自身特点研究了超级电容与蓄电池电电混合的储能特性；并讨论了在电源容量低、充电倍率高的情况下AGV充电站的布置,给出了充电控制策略。
论文对超级电容的基本特性进行了实验研究与分析,对超级电容容量、等效串联内阻、漏电流、等效并联内阻、自放电等参数给出了多种简单易行的实验测定方法。介绍了超级电容的理论基础；详细分析了超级电容容量偏差率对储能的影响,并设计了一简单的电压均衡电路。
论文分别对超级电容与蓄电池直接并联混合储能以及基于Buck-Boost功率变换器的混合模型进行了理论分析,建立了混合储能的模型,分析了超级电容模块和蓄电池模块的主要参数对混合储能系统的影响。分别对超级电容与蓄电池的直接并联和基于Buck-Boost变换器并联的方式进行了脉冲式放电的仿真分析和实验研究；论文还特别针对超级电容与磷酸铁锂电池的直接并联混合进行了实验分析。阐明了混合电源在脉动负载下,超级电容所起到的功率缓冲作用,减小了脉动负载对蓄电池的损害。在基于Buck-Boost功率变换器的混合模型中,超级电容作为主电源使用,而蓄电池仅作为辅助电源,使蓄电池始终处于浮充状态,也相当于备用电源。论文对纯超级电容和通过功率变换器的混合储能电源在AGV中进行了模拟实验,完成了对超级电容组件的参数设计计算,并对实验结果进行了综合的评价,给出了超级电容在AGV中的应用价值。
探索研究了以超级电容为主电源的AGV充电站的分散布置方法,阐述了充电站集中布置与分散布置的优缺点,突出了分散布置的重要性与必要性。讨论了充电站分散布置应遵循的原则,并设计了符合以超级电容为主电源的AGV充电控制策略。最后,文章基于eM-Plant软件并根据充电控制策略的要求建立了仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析。采用分散布置的充电站对解决超级电容的容量不足、减少AGV在充电途中的能量消耗以及发挥超级电容高倍率大电流充电的优势有较高的应用价值。
With the social development and scientific and technological progress, people are paying more and more attention on green energy and environmental protection, supercapacitors as a new type of energy storage devices has aroused extensive attention. Supercapacitors have high power density, long cycle life, wide operating temperature range, suitable for high-current rapid charging and discharging, environment-friendly, no memory effect etc., which is the traditional secondary battery irreplaceable advantages. The paper for Automatic Guided Vehicle which is the production of the Kunming ship equipment group Co., LTD in the use of traditional secondary battery to the existence of power density is low, not suitable for high-rate high-current charging, life is short, relatively expensive, requiring regular maintenance, pollution of the environment of the shortcomings to improvement. The paper combines the characteristics of AGV and studied the supercapacitor and battery hybrid energy storage characteristics; and discussed the AGV charging station layout under the condition of the power capacity is low and charging rate is higher, and gives the charge control strategy.
Papers on the basic characteristics of supercapacitor experimental research and analysis, and for the supercapacitor capacity, equivalent series resistance, leakage current, equivalent parallel resistance, self-discharges and other parameters are given a variety of simple and easy method. Introduced the theoretical basis of supercapacitors; a detailed analysis of the supercapacitor energy storage capacity of deviation ratio on the impact of the module capacity, and designed a simple voltage equalization circuit.
The equivalent model of directly paralleled Supercapacitor/Battery hybrid energy storage and the model that based on the Buck-Boost power converter of the theoretical analysis respectively in this paper, the hybrid storage model was setup, the main parameters of supercapacitor module and battery module to the impact of hybrid storage energy systems was analyzed. Respectively, directly paralleled Supercapacitor/Battery hybrid energy storage and based on the paralleled Buck-Boost power converter with the pulse discharging was simulation analyzed and experimental studied; This paper also specifically carries experimental analysis on supercapacitor and lithium iron phosphate batteries direct parallel hybrid. To clarify the hybrid power under the pulse loads, the supercapacitor played a power buffer role which reduced the damage when the pulse load put on the battery. Based on the Buck-Boost power converter hybrid energy storage model, the supercapacitor as the main power usage, while the battery is only as an auxiliary power supply, so battery is always in floating state, is also equivalent to standby power. Simulation experiments carried on the pure supercapacitors and hybrid energy storage through the power converter power supply in the AGV, completed the parameters of the supercapacitor module design calculations and a comprehensive evaluation carried out on the experimental results, give the application value of supercapacitor in AGV.
Exploration and study of the AGV that used supercapacitor as main power layout method of charging stations, described charging stations of centralized and decentralized layout of the advantages and disadvantages, highlighting the importance and necessity of decentralized arrangement. Discussed the charging station decentralized layout principles to be followed, and charging control strategies was designed to comply with AGV that used supercapacitor as main power. Finally, the article is based on eM-Plant software and in accordance with the requirements of charging control strategies setup a simulation model, and give the simulation analysis. Using the decentralized arrangement of charging stations to solve the capacity shortage of supercapacitor, reducing the energy consumption when AGV in the charge en route, there is a high application value in develop supercapacitor with high-rate charging current.
论文对超级电容的基本特性进行了实验研究与分析,对超级电容容量、等效串联内阻、漏电流、等效并联内阻、自放电等参数给出了多种简单易行的实验测定方法。介绍了超级电容的理论基础；详细分析了超级电容容量偏差率对储能的影响,并设计了一简单的电压均衡电路。
论文分别对超级电容与蓄电池直接并联混合储能以及基于Buck-Boost功率变换器的混合模型进行了理论分析,建立了混合储能的模型,分析了超级电容模块和蓄电池模块的主要参数对混合储能系统的影响。分别对超级电容与蓄电池的直接并联和基于Buck-Boost变换器并联的方式进行了脉冲式放电的仿真分析和实验研究；论文还特别针对超级电容与磷酸铁锂电池的直接并联混合进行了实验分析。阐明了混合电源在脉动负载下,超级电容所起到的功率缓冲作用,减小了脉动负载对蓄电池的损害。在基于Buck-Boost功率变换器的混合模型中,超级电容作为主电源使用,而蓄电池仅作为辅助电源,使蓄电池始终处于浮充状态,也相当于备用电源。论文对纯超级电容和通过功率变换器的混合储能电源在AGV中进行了模拟实验,完成了对超级电容组件的参数设计计算,并对实验结果进行了综合的评价,给出了超级电容在AGV中的应用价值。
探索研究了以超级电容为主电源的AGV充电站的分散布置方法,阐述了充电站集中布置与分散布置的优缺点,突出了分散布置的重要性与必要性。讨论了充电站分散布置应遵循的原则,并设计了符合以超级电容为主电源的AGV充电控制策略。最后,文章基于eM-Plant软件并根据充电控制策略的要求建立了仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析。采用分散布置的充电站对解决超级电容的容量不足、减少AGV在充电途中的能量消耗以及发挥超级电容高倍率大电流充电的优势有较高的应用价值。
With the social development and scientific and technological progress, people are paying more and more attention on green energy and environmental protection, supercapacitors as a new type of energy storage devices has aroused extensive attention. Supercapacitors have high power density, long cycle life, wide operating temperature range, suitable for high-current rapid charging and discharging, environment-friendly, no memory effect etc., which is the traditional secondary battery irreplaceable advantages. The paper for Automatic Guided Vehicle which is the production of the Kunming ship equipment group Co., LTD in the use of traditional secondary battery to the existence of power density is low, not suitable for high-rate high-current charging, life is short, relatively expensive, requiring regular maintenance, pollution of the environment of the shortcomings to improvement. The paper combines the characteristics of AGV and studied the supercapacitor and battery hybrid energy storage characteristics; and discussed the AGV charging station layout under the condition of the power capacity is low and charging rate is higher, and gives the charge control strategy.
Papers on the basic characteristics of supercapacitor experimental research and analysis, and for the supercapacitor capacity, equivalent series resistance, leakage current, equivalent parallel resistance, self-discharges and other parameters are given a variety of simple and easy method. Introduced the theoretical basis of supercapacitors; a detailed analysis of the supercapacitor energy storage capacity of deviation ratio on the impact of the module capacity, and designed a simple voltage equalization circuit.
The equivalent model of directly paralleled Supercapacitor/Battery hybrid energy storage and the model that based on the Buck-Boost power converter of the theoretical analysis respectively in this paper, the hybrid storage model was setup, the main parameters of supercapacitor module and battery module to the impact of hybrid storage energy systems was analyzed. Respectively, directly paralleled Supercapacitor/Battery hybrid energy storage and based on the paralleled Buck-Boost power converter with the pulse discharging was simulation analyzed and experimental studied; This paper also specifically carries experimental analysis on supercapacitor and lithium iron phosphate batteries direct parallel hybrid. To clarify the hybrid power under the pulse loads, the supercapacitor played a power buffer role which reduced the damage when the pulse load put on the battery. Based on the Buck-Boost power converter hybrid energy storage model, the supercapacitor as the main power usage, while the battery is only as an auxiliary power supply, so battery is always in floating state, is also equivalent to standby power. Simulation experiments carried on the pure supercapacitors and hybrid energy storage through the power converter power supply in the AGV, completed the parameters of the supercapacitor module design calculations and a comprehensive evaluation carried out on the experimental results, give the application value of supercapacitor in AGV.
Exploration and study of the AGV that used supercapacitor as main power layout method of charging stations, described charging stations of centralized and decentralized layout of the advantages and disadvantages, highlighting the importance and necessity of decentralized arrangement. Discussed the charging station decentralized layout principles to be followed, and charging control strategies was designed to comply with AGV that used supercapacitor as main power. Finally, the article is based on eM-Plant software and in accordance with the requirements of charging control strategies setup a simulation model, and give the simulation analysis. Using the decentralized arrangement of charging stations to solve the capacity shortage of supercapacitor, reducing the energy consumption when AGV in the charge en route, there is a high application value in develop supercapacitor with high-rate charging current.
引文
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[9]Adm W.Stienecker,Thomas Stuart,Cyrus Ashtiani.An ultracapacitor circuit for reducing sulfation in lead acid batteries for Mild Hybird Electric Vehicles.Journal of power sources,2006,156:755-762
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[12]王然,苗小丽.大功率超级电容器的发展与应用.电池工业,2008,13(3)：191-216
[13]衡建坡.电动公交车用超级电容器.中国电动汽车研究与开发,2005：160-168
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[21]R. A. Dougal, S.Liu, L. Gao, M. Blackwelder. Virtual test bed for advanced power sources. Journal of power sources,2002(110):285-294
[22]王鑫.超级电容在汽车启动中的应用.国外电子元器件,2006,(5)：57-59
[23]唐西胜.超级电容器储能应用于分布式发电系统的能量管理及稳定性研究[博士学位论文].北京,中国科学院电工研究所,2006
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[30]姚雨迎.超级电容的实际电参数模型与特性研究[硕士学位论文].哈尔宾,哈 尔滨工业大学,2004
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[2]Spyker R L,Nelms R M.Optimization of double-layer capacitor arrays.IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,Jan-Feb 2000,36(1):194-198
[3]中国超级电容器行业市场调查及投资分析报告2008-2009版
[4]许检红,王然,陈经坤等.超级电容在电动汽车上应用的研究进展.电池工业,2008,13(5)：344-348
[5]陈永真,李锦.电容器手册.北京：科学出版社,2008
[6]Li Zhongxue,Chen Jie.An impedance-based approach to predict the state-of-charge for carbon-based supercapacitors.Microelectronic Engineering,2008,85:1549-1554
[7]Spyker R L,Nelms R M. Classical equivalent circuit parameters for a double-layer capacitor.IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, July 2000,36(3):829-836
[8]Do Yang Jung,Young Ho Kim,Sun Wook Kim,Suck-Hyun Lee.Development of ultracapacitor modules for 42-V automotive electrical systems.Journal of power Sources 2003,114:366-373
[9]Adm W.Stienecker,Thomas Stuart,Cyrus Ashtiani.An ultracapacitor circuit for reducing sulfation in lead acid batteries for Mild Hybird Electric Vehicles.Journal of power sources,2006,156:755-762
[10]http://www.aowei.com/index.htm.2009.11
[11]陈英放,李媛媛,邓梅根.超级电容器的原理及应用.电子原件与材料,2008,27(4)：6-9
[12]王然,苗小丽.大功率超级电容器的发展与应用.电池工业,2008,13(3)：191-216
[13]衡建坡.电动公交车用超级电容器.中国电动汽车研究与开发,2005：160-168
[14]程立文,汪继强,谭玲生.超级电容器的技术与应用市场发展简评.电源技术,2007,31(11)：921-925
[15]张臣.超级电容电动公交车动力系统匹配研究与设计[硕士学位论文].上海,上 海交通大学,2006
[16]储军.电动车用超级电容参数特性的、实验研究[硕士学位论文].上海,上海交通大学,2004
[17]段甫毅.超级电容电动公交客车电气系统研究[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨,哈尔滨工业大学,2005
[18]胡毅,陈轩恕,杜砚,尹婷.超级电容器的应用与发展.电力设备,2008,9(1)：19-22
[19][美]David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy著,汪继强等译.电池手册.北京：化学工业出版社,2007
[20]Peter J. Hall, Euan J. Bain. Energy-storage technologies and electricity generation. Energy Policy,2008(36):4352-4355
[21]R. A. Dougal, S.Liu, L. Gao, M. Blackwelder. Virtual test bed for advanced power sources. Journal of power sources,2002(110):285-294
[22]王鑫.超级电容在汽车启动中的应用.国外电子元器件,2006,(5)：57-59
[23]唐西胜.超级电容器储能应用于分布式发电系统的能量管理及稳定性研究[博士学位论文].北京,中国科学院电工研究所,2006
[24]Marina Mastragostino, Francesca Soavi. Strategies for high-performance supercapacitors for HEV. Journal of power sources.2007(174):89-93
[25][加]B E Conway著,陈艾等译.电化学超级电容器—科学原理及技术应用.北京：化学工业出版社,2005
[26]Gualous H., Bouquain D., Berthon A., Kauffmann J.M. Experimental study of supercapacitor serial resistance and capacitance variations with temperature Journal of Power Sources,2003,123(1):86-93
[27]Moss P.M., Zheng J.P., Au G., Cygan P.J., and Plichta E.J. Transmission line model for describing power performance of electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2007,154:A1020-A1025
[28]Marie-Francoise J.N.,Gualous H., Outbib R., Berthon A..42V Power Net with supercapacitor and battery for automotive applications [J].Journal of Power Sources,2005,143:275-283
[29]Dougal R.A., Gao L.,Liu S.,Ultracapacitor model with automatic order selection and capacity scaling for dynamic system simulation[J].Journal of Power Source,2004,126:250-257
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