太原市草坪杂草群落生态与科学管理研究
|
摘要
本文在野外调查的基础上,应用数量生态学方法对太原市春秋两季草坪植被的群落组成、植物群落的数量分类和排序、优势种的种间关联和优势种生态位进行了分析。
太原市草坪秋季杂草入侵种类达29科59属70种,其中菊科和禾本科的杂草最多；春季杂草有18科32属37种,菊科杂草最多。与春季相比,秋季草坪杂草种类更多,数量更大。
应用TWINSPAN和DCA相结合的方法对太原市草坪植被的生态关系进行分析,TWINSPAN分类将秋季所调查的72个样方划分为14个群丛,春季66个样方划分为8个群丛,其结果很好的反映了杂草的种类及盖度与草坪草之间的关系。秋季和春季的DCA排序结果一致,均表明人工管理养护水平是影响草坪杂草发生的主导因子,第一轴反映了草坪的土壤水分梯度变化,第二轴反映了草坪除杂修剪程度的变化。
在对太原市草坪进行χ2检验定性分析的基础上,采用Pearson相关系数和Spearmam秩相关系数方法定量地分析太原市草坪植物各物种间的关联程度,春秋两季优势种的χ2的检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数结果都表明太原市草坪植物种对间关联显著率低,正负关联比远小于1,说明草坪种对间的竞争力不强,群落结构不稳定。按照种的生态特征和生活习性,秋季25个优势种可划分为4个生态种组,春季比秋季少1个生态种组,因为有些杂草在春季调查期发生量小未成为优势种。
应用Shannon-Wiener指数和Pianka的方法研究了太原市春秋两季草坪优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠度,结果表明：秋季杂草中,马唐(1.415)、狗尾草(1.299)、早开堇菜(1.181)生态位宽度比其它杂草的大,生态位重叠值大的种对有独荇菜与牛筋草(0.483)、灰绿藜与反枝苋(0.487)；春季杂草中车前(1.242)、独荇菜(1.222)、蒲公英(1.184)、荠菜(1.149)生态位宽度较大,独荇菜与田旋花(0.392)、附地菜与车前(0.381)间的生态位重叠值大。
通过以上几个方面的讨论,对太原市草坪的科学管理提出了几条新建议。
Based on the field investigation, the lawn communities were studied by using quantitative vegetation ecology method, including community composition, ecological relationship analysis between the weeds and turf grasses, the interspecific relationship of the dominant plant species, niche characteristics of dominant population.
There were 70 weeds invasive in the autumn lawn, which belonged to 29 families,59 genera in the lawn of Taiyuan. Those species were mostly consisted of Composite and Grass Family. There were 37 weeds belonging to 18 families,32 genera in spring weeds and the Family possessing weeds most was Composite Family. Compared with spring weeds, the weeds species of autumn were more, and the coverage of weeds was larger.
TWINSPAN and DCA were applied to the analysis of the lawn communities. The result showed that:1) TWINSPAN classified the 72 quadrats of autumn weeds into 14 associations, and classified the 66 quadrats of spring weeds into 8 associations, the species composition and quantities of weeds communities were affected by species characteristics of lawn grasses; 2) DCA ordination of autumn communities were consistent with the result of spring communities. The result indicated that the management levels of lawn were the dominant factors responsible for the weed distribution in lawn. The first axis of DCA indicated the soil moisture gradient among the communities, while the second axis expressed the level of weeding and mowing.
The interspecific association and correlation of the dominant species of lawn vegetation were analyzed byχ2-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The result of theχ2-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient all showed that the most species-pairs were not correlative evidently and the ratios of positive and negative correlations were less than 1. That was to say competitiveness of the most species pairs was low and the community was unstable. According to biological features and the way of resource utilization, 25 dominant species of autumn were divided into 4 ecological groups and spring was one group less than autumn, because some weed species in spring did not sprout and grow.
Niche breadths and niche overlaps of dominant species of the lawn plant communities were measured and analyzed using the indexes proposed by Shannon-Wiener and Pianka. The results indicated that:1) In autumn, the niche breadths of Digitaria sanguinalis(1.415), Setaria viridis(1.299) and Viola prioantha(1.181) were bigger than the others. The niche overlaps of the dominant species in Lepidium apetalum and Eleusine indica(0.483), Chenopodium glaucum and Amaranthus retroflexu(0.487) were big.2) In spring, Plantago asiatica(1.242), Lepidium apetalum(1.222), Taraxacum mongolicum(1.184) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (1.149) have bigger niche breadths. The niche overlap between Lepidium apetalum and Convolvulus arvensis (0.392), Trigonotis peduncularis and Plantago asiatica (0.381) were more than that of other species-pairs.
According to the above research, some new strategies about the lawn scientific management were proposed.
太原市草坪秋季杂草入侵种类达29科59属70种,其中菊科和禾本科的杂草最多；春季杂草有18科32属37种,菊科杂草最多。与春季相比,秋季草坪杂草种类更多,数量更大。
应用TWINSPAN和DCA相结合的方法对太原市草坪植被的生态关系进行分析,TWINSPAN分类将秋季所调查的72个样方划分为14个群丛,春季66个样方划分为8个群丛,其结果很好的反映了杂草的种类及盖度与草坪草之间的关系。秋季和春季的DCA排序结果一致,均表明人工管理养护水平是影响草坪杂草发生的主导因子,第一轴反映了草坪的土壤水分梯度变化,第二轴反映了草坪除杂修剪程度的变化。
在对太原市草坪进行χ2检验定性分析的基础上,采用Pearson相关系数和Spearmam秩相关系数方法定量地分析太原市草坪植物各物种间的关联程度,春秋两季优势种的χ2的检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数结果都表明太原市草坪植物种对间关联显著率低,正负关联比远小于1,说明草坪种对间的竞争力不强,群落结构不稳定。按照种的生态特征和生活习性,秋季25个优势种可划分为4个生态种组,春季比秋季少1个生态种组,因为有些杂草在春季调查期发生量小未成为优势种。
应用Shannon-Wiener指数和Pianka的方法研究了太原市春秋两季草坪优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠度,结果表明：秋季杂草中,马唐(1.415)、狗尾草(1.299)、早开堇菜(1.181)生态位宽度比其它杂草的大,生态位重叠值大的种对有独荇菜与牛筋草(0.483)、灰绿藜与反枝苋(0.487)；春季杂草中车前(1.242)、独荇菜(1.222)、蒲公英(1.184)、荠菜(1.149)生态位宽度较大,独荇菜与田旋花(0.392)、附地菜与车前(0.381)间的生态位重叠值大。
通过以上几个方面的讨论,对太原市草坪的科学管理提出了几条新建议。
Based on the field investigation, the lawn communities were studied by using quantitative vegetation ecology method, including community composition, ecological relationship analysis between the weeds and turf grasses, the interspecific relationship of the dominant plant species, niche characteristics of dominant population.
There were 70 weeds invasive in the autumn lawn, which belonged to 29 families,59 genera in the lawn of Taiyuan. Those species were mostly consisted of Composite and Grass Family. There were 37 weeds belonging to 18 families,32 genera in spring weeds and the Family possessing weeds most was Composite Family. Compared with spring weeds, the weeds species of autumn were more, and the coverage of weeds was larger.
TWINSPAN and DCA were applied to the analysis of the lawn communities. The result showed that:1) TWINSPAN classified the 72 quadrats of autumn weeds into 14 associations, and classified the 66 quadrats of spring weeds into 8 associations, the species composition and quantities of weeds communities were affected by species characteristics of lawn grasses; 2) DCA ordination of autumn communities were consistent with the result of spring communities. The result indicated that the management levels of lawn were the dominant factors responsible for the weed distribution in lawn. The first axis of DCA indicated the soil moisture gradient among the communities, while the second axis expressed the level of weeding and mowing.
The interspecific association and correlation of the dominant species of lawn vegetation were analyzed byχ2-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The result of theχ2-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient all showed that the most species-pairs were not correlative evidently and the ratios of positive and negative correlations were less than 1. That was to say competitiveness of the most species pairs was low and the community was unstable. According to biological features and the way of resource utilization, 25 dominant species of autumn were divided into 4 ecological groups and spring was one group less than autumn, because some weed species in spring did not sprout and grow.
Niche breadths and niche overlaps of dominant species of the lawn plant communities were measured and analyzed using the indexes proposed by Shannon-Wiener and Pianka. The results indicated that:1) In autumn, the niche breadths of Digitaria sanguinalis(1.415), Setaria viridis(1.299) and Viola prioantha(1.181) were bigger than the others. The niche overlaps of the dominant species in Lepidium apetalum and Eleusine indica(0.483), Chenopodium glaucum and Amaranthus retroflexu(0.487) were big.2) In spring, Plantago asiatica(1.242), Lepidium apetalum(1.222), Taraxacum mongolicum(1.184) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (1.149) have bigger niche breadths. The niche overlap between Lepidium apetalum and Convolvulus arvensis (0.392), Trigonotis peduncularis and Plantago asiatica (0.381) were more than that of other species-pairs.
According to the above research, some new strategies about the lawn scientific management were proposed.
引文
[1]陈培昶,陈忠新,庄仁发,徐翔.中国园林,2000,16(2),29.
[2]韩烈保,孙吉雄,刘自学.草坪建植与管理[M].北京,中国农业大学出版社,1998,11-15.
[3]Stephens R J. Theory and practice of weed control[M]. London, Macmillan Press Ltd.,1982,174-179.
[4]孙吉雄.草坪学[M].北京,中国农业出版社,1995,101-120.
[5]赵姣,武小钢,杨秀云,韩霞.太原市公园春季草坪杂草生态特征初步分析[J].草坪与草坪,2009(5)：65-67.
[6]刘建宁,王运琦,闫柳松,吴欣明,张燕.太原地区草坪主要杂草及其发生规律[C]//洪绂曾.21世纪草业科学展望--国际草业(草地)学术大会论文集.北京,中国农业大学出版社,2001,450-452.
[7]李美娟.太原市草坪杂草综合防治策略[J].山西林业,2007,(4),33-34.
[8]Hill M O. TWINSPAN-A FORTRAN Program for Arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two-way Table by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes [M]. Ithaca: Cornell University,1979.
[9]王伯荪,彭少麟.南亚热带常绿阔叶林种间联结测定技术研究——Ⅰ种间联结测式的探讨与修正[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1985,9(4),274-285.
[10]Braak C J F Ter. CANOCO-A FORTRAN Program for Canonical Community Ordination by [Partial] [Detrended] [Canonical] Correspondence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis and Redundancy Analysis, principal component analysis and redundancy analysis. New York:Cornell University Press,1991.
[11]贺金生等.中国中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林主要类型的物种多样性特征[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4),303-311.
[12]尚玉昌.现代生态学中的生态位理论[J].生态学杂志,1988,5(2),77-84.
[13]上官铁梁,张峰.山西绵山植被优势种群的分布格局与种间联结的研究.武汉植物学研究,1988,6(4),357-364.
[14]陈中义,陈家宽.长喙毛莨泽泻的种群分布格局和种群内种间关联[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(1),56-61.
[15]张金屯.2004.数量生态学[M].北京,科学出版社,10-150.
[16]Wilson JB, Roxburgh SH, Watkins AJ Limitation in plant-species coexistence at a point: a study in a New Zealand lawn [J]. Veg Sci,2009,3,711-714.
[17]Mason NWH, Wilson JB Mechanisms of species coexistence in a lawn community:mutual corroboration between two independent assembly rules [J]. Comm Ecol,2006,7,109-116.
[18]Thompson K, Hodgson JG, Smith RN, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2004) Urban domestic gardens (Ⅲ):Composition and diversity of lawn floras[J]. Veg Sci2004,15,371-376.
[19]Glenn H. Stewart, Maria E. Ignatieva, Colin D. Meurk Urban Biotopes of Aotearoa New Zealand(URBANZ)(Ⅰ):composition and diversity of temperate urban lawns in Christchurch[J]. Urban Ecosystem,2009,12,233-248.
[20]刘方明,孟维韧,李功琼等.佳木斯大学校园草坪杂草群落组成和多样性研究[J].河北农业科学,2009,13(2),36-37,54.
[21]谭永钦,张国安,郭尔祥.草坪杂草生态位研究[J].生态学报,2004,26(6),1300-1304.
[22]马宗仁,阳承胜,常向前,郭辉.高尔夫球场草坪—杂草群落中主要杂草种类年消长动态及时间生态位[J].生态学报,2004,24(10),2230-2237.
[23]温明章,杜生明,陈越.我国草坪科学的现状与发展[J].生命科学,1999,11(5),218-220.
[24]周凯,郭维明,徐迎春.菊科植物化感作用研究进展[J].生态学报,2004,24(8),1780-1788.
[25]谭永钦,张国安,周兴苗.我国草坪杂草防除研究进展[J].四川草原,2001,(2),18-21.
[26]谭永钦,周兴苗,张国安等.武汉市区草坪主要杂草[J].杂草科学,2001,(3),8-9,37.
[27]王亚莉,范宏伟,史洪中等.冷季型草坪草在信阳地区生态适应性研究[J].中国园林,2001,(2),79-81.
[28]周家福,干友民,李志丹等.川西北高寒草地退化演替群落的数量分类与排序[J].湖北农业科学,2008,47(2),207-210
[29]吴东丽,上官铁梁,张金屯.滹沱河流域湿地植被的数量分类和排序[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(4),648-654.
[30]李晋鹏,上官铁梁,孟东平.山西吕梁山南段植物群落的数量分类和排序研 究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(5),615-619.
[31]郭东罡,上官铁梁.中条山中段植物群落数量分类与排序研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2005,23(5),444-448.
[32]Ludwig J, Reynolds J. Statistical ecology. New York, Acdemic Press,1991.
[33]张金屯,焦蓉.关帝山神尾沟森林群落木本植物种间联结性与相关性研究[J].植物研究,2003,23(4),458-463.
[34]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.山西绵山植被木本植物优势种群种间关联[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(3),295-298.
[35]简敏菲,刘琪,朱笃等.九连山常绿阔叶林乔木优势种群的种间关联性分析[J].植物生态学报,33(4),672-680.
[36]周先叶,王伯荪,李鸣光等.广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中群落的种间联结性分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3),332-339.
[37]范瑛.草坪杂草的发生及综合防除[J].杂草科学,2006,(4),6-8.
[38]岳茂峰,冯莉,杨彩宏.广州市草坪主要杂草年动态变化[J].杂草科学,2008,(4)26-28.
[39]周利民.广州市区草坪杂草调查[J].草业科学,1999,13(6),42-48.
[40]肖宋高,李娟,张卓文,王文恩,吴笛.草坪杂草入侵及其竞争效应[J].草业学报,2009,26(1),111-118.
[41]王琳,张金屯.历山山地草甸优势种的种间关联和相关分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(8),1435-1440.
[42]张克荣,党海山,张全发.秦岭金水河岸弃耕地草本植物种间关系[J].武汉植物学研究,2009,27(3),306-311.
[43]黄英姿.生态位理论研究中的数学方法[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(3),331-337.
[44]王刚,赵松岭,张鹏云.关于生态位定义的探讨及生态位重叠计测公式改进的研究[J].生态学报,1984,4(2),119-127.
[45]余世效.物种多维生态位宽度测度[J].生态学报,1994,14(1),32-39.
[46]张林静,岳明.不同生态位计测方法在绿洲荒漠过渡带上的应用研究[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4),71-75.
[47]郭水良,李扬汉.农田杂草生态位研究的意义及方法探讨[J].生态学报,1998,18(5),496-503.
[48]刘会超,孙振元.三种野生堇菜属植物引种及其园林应用[J].中国园林,2006,1(13),1-4.
[49]岳茂峰,冯莉,杨彩宏.珠三角地区四季草坪杂草群落组成及其生态位[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12),2483-2488.
[50]王仁忠.放牧影响下羊草草原主要植物种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(4),304-311.
[51]李军玲,张金屯.太行山中段段植物群落优势种生态位研究[J].植物研究,2006,26(2),156-162.
[52]张峰,上官铁梁.翅果油树群落优势种群生态位分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(1),70-74.
[53]李斌,李素清,张金屯.云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群生态位研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(1),6-13.
[54]谢春平,伊贤贵,王贤荣.野生早樱群落乔木层优势种群生态位研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2008,34(5),578-585.
[55]邓铁军,文军,贤振华,黎桦,曾东强.广西城市草坪杂草的种群及发生调查[J].植物保护,2004,30(6),61-63.
[56]沈国辉,杨烈.我国草坪杂草与化学防除的现状及存在的问题[J].上海农业学报,2000,16,49-53.
[57]张远兵,刘爱荣,张雪平.13个冷季型草坪草品种在蚌埠地区的适应性研究[J].草业科学,2009,26(4),127-133.
[58]Bormann FH, Balmori D, Geballe GT. Resigning the American Lawn: a search for environmental harmony[M]. New Haven, Yale University Press,2001.
[2]韩烈保,孙吉雄,刘自学.草坪建植与管理[M].北京,中国农业大学出版社,1998,11-15.
[3]Stephens R J. Theory and practice of weed control[M]. London, Macmillan Press Ltd.,1982,174-179.
[4]孙吉雄.草坪学[M].北京,中国农业出版社,1995,101-120.
[5]赵姣,武小钢,杨秀云,韩霞.太原市公园春季草坪杂草生态特征初步分析[J].草坪与草坪,2009(5)：65-67.
[6]刘建宁,王运琦,闫柳松,吴欣明,张燕.太原地区草坪主要杂草及其发生规律[C]//洪绂曾.21世纪草业科学展望--国际草业(草地)学术大会论文集.北京,中国农业大学出版社,2001,450-452.
[7]李美娟.太原市草坪杂草综合防治策略[J].山西林业,2007,(4),33-34.
[8]Hill M O. TWINSPAN-A FORTRAN Program for Arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two-way Table by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes [M]. Ithaca: Cornell University,1979.
[9]王伯荪,彭少麟.南亚热带常绿阔叶林种间联结测定技术研究——Ⅰ种间联结测式的探讨与修正[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,1985,9(4),274-285.
[10]Braak C J F Ter. CANOCO-A FORTRAN Program for Canonical Community Ordination by [Partial] [Detrended] [Canonical] Correspondence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis and Redundancy Analysis, principal component analysis and redundancy analysis. New York:Cornell University Press,1991.
[11]贺金生等.中国中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林主要类型的物种多样性特征[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4),303-311.
[12]尚玉昌.现代生态学中的生态位理论[J].生态学杂志,1988,5(2),77-84.
[13]上官铁梁,张峰.山西绵山植被优势种群的分布格局与种间联结的研究.武汉植物学研究,1988,6(4),357-364.
[14]陈中义,陈家宽.长喙毛莨泽泻的种群分布格局和种群内种间关联[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(1),56-61.
[15]张金屯.2004.数量生态学[M].北京,科学出版社,10-150.
[16]Wilson JB, Roxburgh SH, Watkins AJ Limitation in plant-species coexistence at a point: a study in a New Zealand lawn [J]. Veg Sci,2009,3,711-714.
[17]Mason NWH, Wilson JB Mechanisms of species coexistence in a lawn community:mutual corroboration between two independent assembly rules [J]. Comm Ecol,2006,7,109-116.
[18]Thompson K, Hodgson JG, Smith RN, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2004) Urban domestic gardens (Ⅲ):Composition and diversity of lawn floras[J]. Veg Sci2004,15,371-376.
[19]Glenn H. Stewart, Maria E. Ignatieva, Colin D. Meurk Urban Biotopes of Aotearoa New Zealand(URBANZ)(Ⅰ):composition and diversity of temperate urban lawns in Christchurch[J]. Urban Ecosystem,2009,12,233-248.
[20]刘方明,孟维韧,李功琼等.佳木斯大学校园草坪杂草群落组成和多样性研究[J].河北农业科学,2009,13(2),36-37,54.
[21]谭永钦,张国安,郭尔祥.草坪杂草生态位研究[J].生态学报,2004,26(6),1300-1304.
[22]马宗仁,阳承胜,常向前,郭辉.高尔夫球场草坪—杂草群落中主要杂草种类年消长动态及时间生态位[J].生态学报,2004,24(10),2230-2237.
[23]温明章,杜生明,陈越.我国草坪科学的现状与发展[J].生命科学,1999,11(5),218-220.
[24]周凯,郭维明,徐迎春.菊科植物化感作用研究进展[J].生态学报,2004,24(8),1780-1788.
[25]谭永钦,张国安,周兴苗.我国草坪杂草防除研究进展[J].四川草原,2001,(2),18-21.
[26]谭永钦,周兴苗,张国安等.武汉市区草坪主要杂草[J].杂草科学,2001,(3),8-9,37.
[27]王亚莉,范宏伟,史洪中等.冷季型草坪草在信阳地区生态适应性研究[J].中国园林,2001,(2),79-81.
[28]周家福,干友民,李志丹等.川西北高寒草地退化演替群落的数量分类与排序[J].湖北农业科学,2008,47(2),207-210
[29]吴东丽,上官铁梁,张金屯.滹沱河流域湿地植被的数量分类和排序[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(4),648-654.
[30]李晋鹏,上官铁梁,孟东平.山西吕梁山南段植物群落的数量分类和排序研 究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(5),615-619.
[31]郭东罡,上官铁梁.中条山中段植物群落数量分类与排序研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2005,23(5),444-448.
[32]Ludwig J, Reynolds J. Statistical ecology. New York, Acdemic Press,1991.
[33]张金屯,焦蓉.关帝山神尾沟森林群落木本植物种间联结性与相关性研究[J].植物研究,2003,23(4),458-463.
[34]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.山西绵山植被木本植物优势种群种间关联[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(3),295-298.
[35]简敏菲,刘琪,朱笃等.九连山常绿阔叶林乔木优势种群的种间关联性分析[J].植物生态学报,33(4),672-680.
[36]周先叶,王伯荪,李鸣光等.广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中群落的种间联结性分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3),332-339.
[37]范瑛.草坪杂草的发生及综合防除[J].杂草科学,2006,(4),6-8.
[38]岳茂峰,冯莉,杨彩宏.广州市草坪主要杂草年动态变化[J].杂草科学,2008,(4)26-28.
[39]周利民.广州市区草坪杂草调查[J].草业科学,1999,13(6),42-48.
[40]肖宋高,李娟,张卓文,王文恩,吴笛.草坪杂草入侵及其竞争效应[J].草业学报,2009,26(1),111-118.
[41]王琳,张金屯.历山山地草甸优势种的种间关联和相关分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(8),1435-1440.
[42]张克荣,党海山,张全发.秦岭金水河岸弃耕地草本植物种间关系[J].武汉植物学研究,2009,27(3),306-311.
[43]黄英姿.生态位理论研究中的数学方法[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(3),331-337.
[44]王刚,赵松岭,张鹏云.关于生态位定义的探讨及生态位重叠计测公式改进的研究[J].生态学报,1984,4(2),119-127.
[45]余世效.物种多维生态位宽度测度[J].生态学报,1994,14(1),32-39.
[46]张林静,岳明.不同生态位计测方法在绿洲荒漠过渡带上的应用研究[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4),71-75.
[47]郭水良,李扬汉.农田杂草生态位研究的意义及方法探讨[J].生态学报,1998,18(5),496-503.
[48]刘会超,孙振元.三种野生堇菜属植物引种及其园林应用[J].中国园林,2006,1(13),1-4.
[49]岳茂峰,冯莉,杨彩宏.珠三角地区四季草坪杂草群落组成及其生态位[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(12),2483-2488.
[50]王仁忠.放牧影响下羊草草原主要植物种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(4),304-311.
[51]李军玲,张金屯.太行山中段段植物群落优势种生态位研究[J].植物研究,2006,26(2),156-162.
[52]张峰,上官铁梁.翅果油树群落优势种群生态位分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(1),70-74.
[53]李斌,李素清,张金屯.云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群生态位研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(1),6-13.
[54]谢春平,伊贤贵,王贤荣.野生早樱群落乔木层优势种群生态位研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2008,34(5),578-585.
[55]邓铁军,文军,贤振华,黎桦,曾东强.广西城市草坪杂草的种群及发生调查[J].植物保护,2004,30(6),61-63.
[56]沈国辉,杨烈.我国草坪杂草与化学防除的现状及存在的问题[J].上海农业学报,2000,16,49-53.
[57]张远兵,刘爱荣,张雪平.13个冷季型草坪草品种在蚌埠地区的适应性研究[J].草业科学,2009,26(4),127-133.
[58]Bormann FH, Balmori D, Geballe GT. Resigning the American Lawn: a search for environmental harmony[M]. New Haven, Yale University Press,2001.