层次型无线传感器网络关键技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(简称WSN)作为物联网的信息感知层,具有广阔的应用前景。其中静态层次型无线传感器网络节能等关键技术是当前研究的热点。本文选题来源于国家自然科学基金及国家科技重大专项等项目,具有重要的理论意义及实际意义。
本文在深入研究WSN多跳网络节能技术及相关协议的基础上,主要完成了以下具有创新性的研究成果：
针对WSN能量受限等特点,本文提出了一种基于双簇头交替和压缩感知的WSN路由协议(DCHACS). DCHACS采用两步簇头选举机制：第一步,采用分布式算法选举出临时簇头,临时簇头采用邻居簇优化算法动态调整各个簇的大小;第二步,综合考虑节点的剩余能量、位置信息,利用局部信息重新选举较优的簇头。在数据传输阶段,采用双簇头交替机制分担簇头节点的负担,采用压缩感知理论进行数据融合,采用簇头更换机制在特定条件下更换新簇头,并提出了能量高效的簇间路由算法。仿真结果表明,DCHACS能够显著提升网络的成簇性能,使得各个簇的大小分布更加均匀,大幅度减少了因簇头死亡而丢失的数据包个数,延长了网络寿命。
针对WSN多跳通信产生的热点问题,本文提出了一种基于粒子群优化的WSN非均匀网格划分机制(NuGPM). NuGPM采用基于网格的网络拓扑,采用粒子群优化算法搜索各层网格的最优宽度组合。在利用PSO算法求解优化问题时,巧妙的构造了新的粒子,简化了算法的复杂度；采用粒子校正算法,使得越界的粒子重新满足约束条件；设计了优化的评价函数及权重系数,使算法搜索到的最优解能够使各层网格的寿命尽可能的达到均衡,从而改善WSN多跳网络的热点问题。仿真结果表明,NuGPM能够均衡消耗网络能量,有效改善WSN多跳通信的热点问题。
本文提出了一种基于调度补偿和拓扑控制的WSN跨层协议(DCTC)。 DCTC网络层采用基于网格的分簇拓扑,MAC层采用TDMA机制,通过简化的网格寿命模型来降低算法的复杂度,并在能量均衡模型和分布式迭代算法的基础上,综合考虑网络层和MAC层的跨层优化,分别提出了TDMA调度补偿、动态拓扑控制、混合策略三种机制,精确计算出了各层网格的补偿时隙数和活跃节点数,以牺牲网络的吞吐量为代价均衡消耗网络能量。仿真结果表明,DCTC可以均衡消耗网络能量,显著改善WSN多跳通信的热点问题。
本文提出了一种基于能量均衡的WSN网络部署策略。首先提出了能量均衡的一般模型,由于一般模型采用逼近法则计算各层网格需要部署的节点数,计算时需要进行循环迭代,计算较为繁琐。采用冗余节点轮换休眠机制,提出了能量均衡的改进模型,改进模型降低了算法的复杂度,并且可以获得相同的性能改善。然而随着网络规模的增加,需要为离基站近的区域部署数量庞大的冗余节点才能实现能量均衡。为了降低部署成本,提出了一种约束条件下的次优部署策略,利用粒子群优化算法搜索约束条件下的最优冗余节点数。为实现次优部署策略下的能量均衡,采用追加部署策略和跨层优化机制,以进一步延长网络寿命。仿真结果表明,本文提出的网络部署策略可以有效改善WSN多跳通信的热点问题。
最后对全文进行了总结,并对今后无线传感器网络多跳通信热点问题的研究进行了展望。
As the information sensing layer of Internet of things, wireless sensor network (WSN) has a broad application prospect. The key technology of static WSN, such as energy saving, is the current research hot spot. The topic of this paper originates from the items such as NSFC (Natural Science Foundation of China) and National Science and Technology Major Project, and has important theoretical significance and practical significance.
In this paper, the energy-saving technology and related protocols are researched in depth, and the following innovative research findings are completed:
According to the characteristics of WSN like limited energy, a multi-hop routing protocol of WSN based on double cluster head alternation and compressed sensing (DCHACS) is proposed. In DCHACS, a two-step cluster head selection mechanism is adopted:in first step, a distributed algorithm is used to select the temporary cluster head, and the temporary cluster head utilizes the neighbor cluster optimization algorithm to dynamically adjust the size of the clusters; In second step, local information such as residual energy and location information of nodes is used to re-select better cluster heads. In the data transmission phase, the double cluster head alternation mechanism is adopted to reduce the burden of cluster head, the compressed sensing theory is used to aggregate data, and the cluster head replacement mechanism is adopted to replace old cluster head with the new one under certain conditions. Finally, DCHACS presents an energy-efficient inter-cluster routing algorithm. The simulation results show that DCHACS is able to significantly enhance the clustering performance of network, make the distribution of cluster's size more uniform, prominently reduce the number of lost packets due to the death of cluster head, and prolong the network's lifetime.
According to the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication, a non-uniform grid partition mechanism based on particle swarm optimization (NuGPM) is proposed. NuGPM adopts the network topology based on grid, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to search the best width-combination of grids in all layers. When using the PSO algorithm to solve the optimization problem, NuGPM tactfully constructs the new particle and simplifies the complexity of the algorithm; particle correction algorithm is adopted to make cross-border particles to satisfy the constraint conditions again; The optimal evaluation function and weight coefficient are designed to find the most optimal solution, and balance the lifetime of network as much as possible, so as to improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication. The simulation results show that NuGPM is able to balance the energy consumption of whole network, and improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication effectively.
A cross-layer protocol based on dispatching compensation and topology control (DCTC) is proposed to solve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication. In DCTC, the network layer adopts the clustering topology based on grid, and MAC layer adopts Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mechanism. A simplified lifetime model of grid is used to reduce the complexity of the algorithm. Based on energy balance model and distributed iterative algorithm, DCTC takes comprehensive consideration of cross-layer optimization between network layer and MAC layer, and presents three mechanisms, such as TDMA dispatching compensation, dynamic topology control, and mixed strategy, to precisely calculate the number of compensation time slot and active nodes for every layer grids. The analyzing results show that the three mechanisms proposed in DCTC are able to balance the energy consumption of network with the cost of reducing network's throughput. The simulation results show that DCTC is able to balance the energy consumption of network, and significantly improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication.
A network deployment strategy of WSN based on energy balance is proposed. The general model of energy balance is presented firstly. Because the general model utilizes approximation law to calculate the number of nodes which is needed to deploy for every layer grids, the calculation requests loop iteration and is very complicated. Then, the redundant nodes rotation dormancy mechanism is adopted to improve the general model. The improved model of energy balance can reduce the complexity of the algorithm, and obtain the same performance improvement. With the increase of network scale, however, it is need to deploy a large number of redundant nodes in the monitoring area near base station to achieve energy balance. In order to reduce the deployment cost, a suboptimal deployment strategy under constraint condition is presented, and PSO algorithm is used to serch the most optimal number of redundant nodes under onstraint condition. To achieve energy balance under suboptimal deployment strategy, the supplementary deployment strategy and cross-layer optimization mechanism is adopted to further extend the lifetime of network. The simulation results show that the network deployment strategy proposed in this paper is able to improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication effectively.
Finally, the full text is summarized, and the further research about the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication is prospected.
本文在深入研究WSN多跳网络节能技术及相关协议的基础上,主要完成了以下具有创新性的研究成果：
针对WSN能量受限等特点,本文提出了一种基于双簇头交替和压缩感知的WSN路由协议(DCHACS). DCHACS采用两步簇头选举机制：第一步,采用分布式算法选举出临时簇头,临时簇头采用邻居簇优化算法动态调整各个簇的大小;第二步,综合考虑节点的剩余能量、位置信息,利用局部信息重新选举较优的簇头。在数据传输阶段,采用双簇头交替机制分担簇头节点的负担,采用压缩感知理论进行数据融合,采用簇头更换机制在特定条件下更换新簇头,并提出了能量高效的簇间路由算法。仿真结果表明,DCHACS能够显著提升网络的成簇性能,使得各个簇的大小分布更加均匀,大幅度减少了因簇头死亡而丢失的数据包个数,延长了网络寿命。
针对WSN多跳通信产生的热点问题,本文提出了一种基于粒子群优化的WSN非均匀网格划分机制(NuGPM). NuGPM采用基于网格的网络拓扑,采用粒子群优化算法搜索各层网格的最优宽度组合。在利用PSO算法求解优化问题时,巧妙的构造了新的粒子,简化了算法的复杂度；采用粒子校正算法,使得越界的粒子重新满足约束条件；设计了优化的评价函数及权重系数,使算法搜索到的最优解能够使各层网格的寿命尽可能的达到均衡,从而改善WSN多跳网络的热点问题。仿真结果表明,NuGPM能够均衡消耗网络能量,有效改善WSN多跳通信的热点问题。
本文提出了一种基于调度补偿和拓扑控制的WSN跨层协议(DCTC)。 DCTC网络层采用基于网格的分簇拓扑,MAC层采用TDMA机制,通过简化的网格寿命模型来降低算法的复杂度,并在能量均衡模型和分布式迭代算法的基础上,综合考虑网络层和MAC层的跨层优化,分别提出了TDMA调度补偿、动态拓扑控制、混合策略三种机制,精确计算出了各层网格的补偿时隙数和活跃节点数,以牺牲网络的吞吐量为代价均衡消耗网络能量。仿真结果表明,DCTC可以均衡消耗网络能量,显著改善WSN多跳通信的热点问题。
本文提出了一种基于能量均衡的WSN网络部署策略。首先提出了能量均衡的一般模型,由于一般模型采用逼近法则计算各层网格需要部署的节点数,计算时需要进行循环迭代,计算较为繁琐。采用冗余节点轮换休眠机制,提出了能量均衡的改进模型,改进模型降低了算法的复杂度,并且可以获得相同的性能改善。然而随着网络规模的增加,需要为离基站近的区域部署数量庞大的冗余节点才能实现能量均衡。为了降低部署成本,提出了一种约束条件下的次优部署策略,利用粒子群优化算法搜索约束条件下的最优冗余节点数。为实现次优部署策略下的能量均衡,采用追加部署策略和跨层优化机制,以进一步延长网络寿命。仿真结果表明,本文提出的网络部署策略可以有效改善WSN多跳通信的热点问题。
最后对全文进行了总结,并对今后无线传感器网络多跳通信热点问题的研究进行了展望。
As the information sensing layer of Internet of things, wireless sensor network (WSN) has a broad application prospect. The key technology of static WSN, such as energy saving, is the current research hot spot. The topic of this paper originates from the items such as NSFC (Natural Science Foundation of China) and National Science and Technology Major Project, and has important theoretical significance and practical significance.
In this paper, the energy-saving technology and related protocols are researched in depth, and the following innovative research findings are completed:
According to the characteristics of WSN like limited energy, a multi-hop routing protocol of WSN based on double cluster head alternation and compressed sensing (DCHACS) is proposed. In DCHACS, a two-step cluster head selection mechanism is adopted:in first step, a distributed algorithm is used to select the temporary cluster head, and the temporary cluster head utilizes the neighbor cluster optimization algorithm to dynamically adjust the size of the clusters; In second step, local information such as residual energy and location information of nodes is used to re-select better cluster heads. In the data transmission phase, the double cluster head alternation mechanism is adopted to reduce the burden of cluster head, the compressed sensing theory is used to aggregate data, and the cluster head replacement mechanism is adopted to replace old cluster head with the new one under certain conditions. Finally, DCHACS presents an energy-efficient inter-cluster routing algorithm. The simulation results show that DCHACS is able to significantly enhance the clustering performance of network, make the distribution of cluster's size more uniform, prominently reduce the number of lost packets due to the death of cluster head, and prolong the network's lifetime.
According to the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication, a non-uniform grid partition mechanism based on particle swarm optimization (NuGPM) is proposed. NuGPM adopts the network topology based on grid, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to search the best width-combination of grids in all layers. When using the PSO algorithm to solve the optimization problem, NuGPM tactfully constructs the new particle and simplifies the complexity of the algorithm; particle correction algorithm is adopted to make cross-border particles to satisfy the constraint conditions again; The optimal evaluation function and weight coefficient are designed to find the most optimal solution, and balance the lifetime of network as much as possible, so as to improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication. The simulation results show that NuGPM is able to balance the energy consumption of whole network, and improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication effectively.
A cross-layer protocol based on dispatching compensation and topology control (DCTC) is proposed to solve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication. In DCTC, the network layer adopts the clustering topology based on grid, and MAC layer adopts Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mechanism. A simplified lifetime model of grid is used to reduce the complexity of the algorithm. Based on energy balance model and distributed iterative algorithm, DCTC takes comprehensive consideration of cross-layer optimization between network layer and MAC layer, and presents three mechanisms, such as TDMA dispatching compensation, dynamic topology control, and mixed strategy, to precisely calculate the number of compensation time slot and active nodes for every layer grids. The analyzing results show that the three mechanisms proposed in DCTC are able to balance the energy consumption of network with the cost of reducing network's throughput. The simulation results show that DCTC is able to balance the energy consumption of network, and significantly improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication.
A network deployment strategy of WSN based on energy balance is proposed. The general model of energy balance is presented firstly. Because the general model utilizes approximation law to calculate the number of nodes which is needed to deploy for every layer grids, the calculation requests loop iteration and is very complicated. Then, the redundant nodes rotation dormancy mechanism is adopted to improve the general model. The improved model of energy balance can reduce the complexity of the algorithm, and obtain the same performance improvement. With the increase of network scale, however, it is need to deploy a large number of redundant nodes in the monitoring area near base station to achieve energy balance. In order to reduce the deployment cost, a suboptimal deployment strategy under constraint condition is presented, and PSO algorithm is used to serch the most optimal number of redundant nodes under onstraint condition. To achieve energy balance under suboptimal deployment strategy, the supplementary deployment strategy and cross-layer optimization mechanism is adopted to further extend the lifetime of network. The simulation results show that the network deployment strategy proposed in this paper is able to improve the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication effectively.
Finally, the full text is summarized, and the further research about the hot spot problem of WSN multi-hop communication is prospected.
引文
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