中国养蜂业国内支持政策研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
养蜂业是现代农业的重要组成部分,该产业通过蜜蜂为植物授粉产生了巨大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,但随着经济和社会的发展,制约养蜂业发展的内外部因素日益复杂多样,中国养蜂业的可持续发展面临非常严峻的形势。在中国已进入工业反哺农业阶段,初步建立了新时期农业补贴的制度框架背景下,研究政府应从哪些方面如何构建养蜂业的政策支持体系具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
     本文首先基于蜂农固定观察点的连续跟踪调研数据分析了中国养蜂业的发展现状,发现中国蜂农养蜂生产的主要目的只是为了获取蜂产品而忽视了蜜蜂授粉,存在养殖规模小、养蜂技术老化、机械化与组织化水平低下、比较效益偏低、蜂农严重老龄化、蜂产品市场混乱等问题。诸多问题的存在导致中国养蜂业的发展陷入困境。
     其次,基于经济学的相关理论,认为养蜂业具有准公共产品属性和正的外部性,这一特性导致该产业的市场供给存在严重不足,政府应该运用公共财政手段,通过制定并实施相关支持政策来弥补市场调节的不足,解决养蜂业的市场失灵问题。公共产品、外部性与公共财政理论构成了中国养蜂业支持政策的理论基础。随后分析了养蜂业的贡献:在生态方面,蜜蜂授粉是完成植物生命周期的前提条件,是维持生物多样性的一个重要驱动力;在社会方面,养蜂业为农业生产与改善人类生计状况做出了突出的贡献;在经济方面,蜜蜂授粉提高了作物的产量和质量,使生产者和消费者的福利水平得到了显著提高,最终促进整个社会福利水平的上升,诸多贡献构成了养蜂业支持政策的现实依据。解决养蜂业的发展难题迫切需要政府政策的大力支持。
     然后,通过分析养蜂规模与成本收益之间的关系、建立C-D生产函数分析传统生产要素对蜂农养蜂生产总值的影响,以及对使用蜜蜂良种、养蜂车、养蜂生产政策性农业保险及蜜蜂授粉的重要性等分析,并结合对北京、浙江、江西、海南等地方政府实施的养蜂业支持政策的效果评价,找出了实施养蜂直接补贴、蜜蜂良种补贴、养蜂车购置补贴、养蜂业政策性农业保险与蜜蜂授粉补贴等五个主要的政策支撑点。在此基础上,运用实证数学规划模型(PMP模型),分别模拟了五种支持政策的实施效果,结果表明,在五种支持政策情景下,所有蜂农都会不同程度地扩大蜂群养殖规模,所有蜂农的养蜂收入都有了不同程度地提高,养蜂业支持政策对推动养蜂业的快速健康发展起到了积极的促进作用。
     基于上述研究内容,提出了以下政策建议:政府应大力宣传蜜蜂授粉的重要作用,提高全社会对养蜂业的关注与重视;对养蜂业的发展道路予以正确引导,促使以获取蜂产品为主要目的向为作物授粉方向转变;尽快制定并实施养蜂业支持政策,构建中国养蜂业发展的政策支持体系;积极发挥政府引导作用,加快发展现代养蜂业。
Apiculture is an important part of modern agriculture. Great economic benefits, social benefits andecological benefits have been produced by apiculture through bee pollination for plants. However, withthe development of economics and society, sustainable development of apiculture is facing serioussituation because of more complicated restricting factors coming from internal and externalenvironments. China has entered the period of industry nurturing agriculture and initially established theinstitutional framework of agricultural subsidies at present. In this context, it has an importanttheoriotical and practical significance to study the government how to construct the supporting policysystem of apiculture and in which areas will they do.
     Firstly, the current development situation of apiculture has been analyzed based on the survey dataof fixed observation point beekeepers. The study shows that the main purpose of Chinese beekeepers isjust to get bee products but ignore bee pollination. There are some issues of apiculture such as smallbreeding scale, aging beekeeping technology, lower level of mechanization and organization, lowerincome, serious beekeeping aging, product market confusion and so on. Those problems above have ledto the difficulty which the development of Chinese apiculture troubled in.
     Secondly, apiculture is thought to have the characteristics of quasi-public goods and positiveexternalities based on the economic theory which lead to a serious shortage of market supply. Thegovernment should draw up and implement beekeeping supporting policy by using the means of publicfinance to make up for the lack of market regulation and solve the problem of apiculture market failure.Theories of public goods, externality and public finance have formed the theoretical basis which theapiculture supporting policy based on. Then, the contribution of apiculture is analyzed. Bee pollinationis not only the prerequisite to complete the life cycle of the plant but an important driving force tomaintain biological diversity in terms of ecology. Bee pollination contributes to agricultural productionand human livelihoods in social aspect. In economic aspect, bee pollination increased crop yield andimproved their quality, which improved the welfare level of both producers’ and consumers’, and willimprove the level of whole social welfare eventually. Those contributions constitute the realistic basis ofapiculture supporting policy. It calls for the strong support of government policy urgently.
     Then, the relationship between beekeeping scale and cost-benefits has been analyzed, and theinfluence of traditional factors to gross beekeeping production has been analyzed by using C-Dproduction function. The importances of popularizing queen bees and beekeeping vehicle, beekeepingagricultural policy insurance, bee pollination have also been analyzed. Some apiculture supportingpolicies were evaluated which made by other local governments in Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangxi andHainan provience. Based on the research above, it is found that there are five major supporting policieswhich are direct beekeeping subsidy, seed subsidy, beekeeping vehicle purchasing subsidy, beekeepingagricultural insurance subsidy and bee pollination subsidy. Finally, the model of PMP has been used tosimulate the effects of five supporting policies respectively. The result shows that the colony scale willbe expanded at different degree and all the beekeeper’s income will be increased at varying extent under the scenarios of five supporting policies. Supporting policy will play a positive role in promoting thedevelopment of apiculture rapidly and healthy.
     Based on the research above, some countermeasures are put forward as follows: the governmentshould publicize the importance of bee pollination to improve the social concern about apiculture andguide the developping road of beekeeping in order to change the main aim of acquisition for beeproducts to bee pollination for crops; the government also should make beekeeping supporting policiesand build supporting policy system of apiculture in China as soon as possible.
引文
1.安建东,陈文锋.全球农作物蜜蜂授粉概况[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(01):374~382.
    2.安建东,陈文锋.中国水果和蔬菜昆虫授粉的经济价值评估[J].昆虫学报,2011,54(4):443~450.
    3.柴洪,杨林娟,尚博等.甘肃省粮食直补政策效率分析[J].武汉理工大学学报信息与管理工程版,2011,33(1):136~139.
    4.陈传波、丁士军.对农户风险及其处理策略的分析[J].中国农村经济,2003,11:66~71.
    5.陈和午.农户模型的发展与应用:文献综述[J].农业技术经济,2004,3:2~10.
    6.陈润龙,徐慧琴.浙江省蜂业产业化现状[J].浙江畜牧兽医,2003,4:23~24.
    7.陈湘涛,占金刚.我国农机购置补贴政策的实施效果分析[J].中国集体经济,2011,28(10):1~4.
    8.程浩,管磊.对公共产品理论的认识[J].河北经贸大学学报,2002,23(6):10~17.
    9.程国强.中国农业补贴:制度设计与政策选择[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2011年8月.
    10.邓仁根,赵芝俊,余艳锋.江西省蜂业发展现状与趋势分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2010,31(4):54~57.
    11.刁青云,颜志立.暴涨的糖价给养蜂行业带来致命打击[J].蜜蜂杂志,2010,12:9.
    12.刁青云,吴杰,姜秋玲等.低碳经济与中国蜂业[J].中国蜂业,2010,61(2):42~44.
    13.刁青云,王勇,姜秋玲等.论养蜂业在农业中的地位和作用[J].中国蜂业,2007,58(11):11~14.
    14.杜彦坤.农业政策性保险体系构建的基本思路与模式选择[J].农业经济问题,2006,1:50~53.
    15.冯强,何晋浙,孙培龙.我国蜂产品质量安全问题分析[J].中国蜂业,2011,62(6):28~31.
    16.高鸿业,西方经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007.
    17.高芸.中国蜂蜜贸易研究与趋势预测[J],中国蜂业,2012,63(4):44~46.
    18.高芸,赵芝俊.正外部性产业补贴政策模拟方案与效果预测——以养蜂车购置补贴为例[J].农业经济问题,2014,3:96~101.
    19.顾国达,张纯.我国蜂蜜出口竞争力的分析[J].中国农村经济,2003,7:60~64.
    20.侯玲玲,穆月英,张春晖.中国农业补贴政策及其实施效果分析[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(10):289~294.
    21.胡元强.全国人大代表宋心仿到浙江调研[J].蜜蜂杂志,2012(1):38~39.
    22.胡元强,胡福良.2005~2006年转地蜂场经济效益调查及分析[J].蜜蜂杂志,2007,10:37~40.
    23.黄德林,李向阳,蔡松锋等.基于CGE模型的粮食价格政策与粮食安全研究[J].北京农业职业学院学报,2011,25(1):28~36.
    24.黄德林,李向阳,蔡松锋.基于中国CGE模型的耕地政策对粮食安全影响研究[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(23):413~419.
    25.黄德林,李向阳等.基于中国CGE模型的农业补贴政策对粮食安全影响研究[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(24):429~435.
    26.慧兴辉.中国蜂蜜出口问题分析[J].中国蜂业,2010,61(10):50~52.
    27.柯福艳,张社梅.中国家庭养蜂技术效率测量及其影响因素分析[J].农业技术经济,2011,3:67~73.
    28.李海燕,王勇,吴忠高等.蜜蜂产业在国民经济中的作用和产业发展影响因素分析[J].中国农业科技导报.2007,9(5):58~62.
    29.李海燕,刘凤彦,郝运坡.北京市养蜂业发展研究——基于蜂农调查数据的分析[J].农业经济问题,2011(8):19~24.
    30.李赛男.蜂产品质量安全问题与对策研究[J].内蒙古统计,2009,6:58~59.
    31.李鹏,谭向勇.粮食直接补贴政策对农民种粮净收益的影响分析——以安徽省为例[J].农业技术经济,2006,1:44~48.
    32.李位三,吴树生.蜜蜂授粉经济性的调查和研究[J].蜜蜂杂志,2009,10:12~14.
    33.刘剑,刁青云,颜志立.我国蜜蜂良种繁育与推广体系调查分析[J].蜜蜂杂志,2013,4:15~18.
    34.刘进祖,杨青山.蜂业产业化——中国蜂业做大做强的必由之路[J].蜜蜂杂志,2005,4:3~7.
    35.刘朋飞,李海燕.糖价上涨对养蜂业的影响——基于62户蜂农调查数据的实证分析[J].中国蜂业,2011,62(1):39~41.
    36.刘朋飞,吴杰,李海燕等.中国农业蜜蜂授粉的经济价值评估[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(24):5117~5123.
    37.刘世东,陈宝新,蔡继红.新疆蜂业发展现状及对策[J].新疆农业科技,2009,(5):8~9.
    38.卢江勇,胡盛红,过建春.农业经济政策模型研究进展及应用[J].农业技术经济,2004,5:2~6.
    39.陆文聪、西爱琴.农户农业生产的风险反应:以浙江为例的MOTAD模型分析[J].中国农村经济,2005,12:68~75.
    40.罗术东,王彪,安建东.宁夏蜂业现状调查与分析[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(14):1~5.
    41.吕耀,章予舒.农业外部性识别、评价及其内部化[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(1):123~132
    42.马小勇.中国农户的风险规避行为分析——以陕西为例[J].中国软科学,2006,2:22~30.
    43.毛小报、张社梅,柯福艳.浙江省蜂产业研究状况、成就、问题及对策[J].中国蜂业,2010,61(3):45~46.
    44.穆月英,小池淳思.我国农业补贴政策的SCGE模型构建及模拟分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009,1:3~15.
    45.穆月英、王艺璇.我国农业补贴政策实施效果的模拟分析[J].经济问题,2008,11:87~89.
    46.宁满秀、邢郦,钟甫宁.影响农户购买农业保险决策因素的实证分析——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例[J].农业经济问题,2005,6:38~44.
    47.宁攸凉、乔娟,王慧敏等.生猪产业支持政策评价及影响因素分析[J].猪业科学,2011,6:68~72.
    48.牛庆生,姚真良,纪立清.蜜蜂杂种优势及杂交蜂种累代利用的初步研究[J].蜜蜂杂志,2009,9:16~18.
    49.农业部.农业部关于加快蜜蜂授粉技术推广促进养蜂业持续健康发展的意见.农牧发[2010]5号:1~8.
    50.戚亚梅,叶志华.中国蜂产品出口及受阻因素分析[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(12):19~23.
    51.秦希杰,王玉田.蜂产品质量问题、产生原因及解决对策[J].现代畜牧兽医,2005,9:26~27.
    52.屈小博、张海鹏,宁泽逵.农户生产经营风险来源与认知差异实证分析——以陕西省453户果农为例.财经论丛[J],2009,2:82~89.
    53.任锦芳.浙江省蜜蜂产业发展情况分析[J].中国蜂业,2007,58(1):13~14.
    54.邵有全,祁海萍,张云毅.蜜蜂授粉效果评价的研究[J].中国蜂业,2006,57(6):10~11.
    55.石声萍,农业外部性问题思考[J].宏观经济研究,2004(1):41~43.
    56.宋心仿.我国蜂业发展存在的问题与对策(一)[J].中国蜂业,2010,61(1):44~47.
    57.宋勇.突破蜂蜜出口技术性贸易壁垒的路径——以安徽蜂蜜出口贸易为例[J].安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版),2011,30(11):95~99.
    58.孙翠清,赵芝俊等.我国蜜蜂授粉经济价值测算.农业经济与科技发展研究2010.北京:中国农业出版社,2011.
    59.孙翠清,赵芝俊,刘剑.我国养蜂收益的影响因素分析[J].中国蜂业,2013,21:43~46.
    60.孙翠清.蜜蜂运输“绿色通道”政策评价[J].中国蜂业,2013,18:37~41.
    61.孙翠清,赵芝俊.美国蜂蜜价格支持政策评价及其对我国的启示[J].农业技术经济,2012,11:114~122.
    62.孙玮琳,赵芝俊等.我国蜂农专业合作社发展面临的困境及解决对策.农业经济与科技发展研究
    2009.北京:中国农业出版社,2010.
    63.田维明.中国农产品价格政策分析模型[J].农业技术经济,1991,4:44~51.
    64.庹国柱、李军.我国农业保险试验的成就、矛盾及出路[J].金融研究,2003,9:88~98.
    65.王芳,李赛男,赵芝俊.蜂农质量安全生产行为实证研究[J].中国蜂业,2010,61(9):47~50.
    66.王芳,李赛男,高茂林.蜂产品生产加工企业质量安全供给动因及影响因素分析[J],农业经济问题,2011,9:98~103.
    67.王凤鹤,廖思米,耿金虎.蜂授粉产业在农业中兴起[J].中国蜂业,2007,58(4):42~43.
    68.王姣,肖海峰.我国良种补贴、农机补贴和减免农业税政策效果分析[J].农业经济问题,2007,2:24~28.
    69.王姣.我国粮食直接补贴政策及其效果研究[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2006.
    70.王姣,肖海峰.中国粮食直接补贴政策效果评价[J].中国农村经济,2006,12:4~12.
    71.王加聪.蜜蜂良种是提高蜂产品产量和质量的关键[J].蜜蜂杂志,2006,1:26~27.
    72.王勇.养蜂业发展的重要使命在于为农业生产作贡献[J].中国农业信息,2011,9:13~14.
    73.王裕雄,肖海峰.实证数学规模模型在农业政策分析中的应用——兼与计量经济学模型的比较[J].农业技术经济,2012,7:15~21.
    74.王云峰,王秀清.中国蜂蜜在日本市场的需求弹性[J].国际贸易问题,2006,1:53~60.
    75.吴连翠,陆文聪.基于农户模型的粮食补贴政策绩效模拟研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(5):171~178.
    76.吴晓君.2011年美国东部养蜂者授粉调查[J].中国蜂业2012,12(63):55~56.
    77.席桂萍,赵芝俊,吴丽楠等.中国蜂农的养蜂生产风险与灾害补偿机制研究[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(1):222~228.
    78.邢鹂.中国种植业生产风险与政策性农业保险研究[博士学位论文].南京:南京农业大学,2004.
    79.邢增通,李翔,李劲松.海南蜂产业现状及其前景展望[J].热带农业科学,2011,31(7):89~92.
    80.胥保华.山东蜂业的现状与发展对策[J].山东农业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,4:71~73.
    81.徐磊,张峭,宋淑婷等.家禽产业风险认知及决策行为分析——基于北京市农户的调查[J].中国农业大学学报,2012,17(3):178~184.
    82.闫德斌,常志光,高启臣.吉林省养蜂业现状及产业化发展策略[J].特产研究,2010,1:57~59.
    83.闫继红,刁青云,吴杰等.浅谈中国养蜂业的可持续发展[J].农业技术经济,2005,1:54~57.
    84.杨甫,王凤鹤.北京蜜蜂授粉产业亟待解决的问题[J].中国蜂业,2008,59(8):30.
    85.杨慧芳.我国蜂产品出口贸易形势和对策[J].中国蜂业,2009,60(4):49~50.
    86.叶慧,王亚鹏.采用数据包络分析法的粮食直接补贴效率分析及政策启示[J].农业现代化研究,2006,27(5):356~359.
    87.应瑞瑶,周力.我国蜂蜜出口美国的区域显示性对称比较优势分析[J],国际贸易问题,2005,8:41~46.
    88.余艳锋,赵芝俊,邓仁根.江西蜜蜂养殖成本收益及影响因素分析[J].新疆农垦经济,2010,10:41~45.
    89.余艳锋,赵芝俊,邓仁根.江西典型区域中蜂产业发展对比及前景[J].农业展望,2012,2:38~41.
    90.袁宝国,詹连生.中国养蜂业的地位及其发展[J].中国养蜂,1997,1:22.
    91.赵静.关于中国蜂产品的质量安全问题[J].中国养蜂,2002,53(1):29~30.
    92.赵静,李熠,黄京平.构建我国蜂产品质量可追溯体系.全国农产品质量控制与溯源技术交流研讨会论文集,2010,120~124.
    93.赵芝俊.蜂业经济学科发展任重道远[J].中国蜂业,2013,9:30~33.
    94.赵芝俊等.中国蜂业经济研究[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2013.
    95.宗义湘,李先德,乔立娟.中国农业政策对农业支持水平演变实证研究[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(3):622~627.
    96.张纯.世界蜂业生产与蜂蜜贸易的经济分析.[硕士学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2002.
    97.张成玉,肖海峰,Yannick Kuehl等.江苏省测土配方施肥技术的经济效果评价[J].技术经济,2009,28(4):66~70.
    98.张冬平,郭震,边英涛.农户对良种补贴政策满意度影响因素分析——基于河南省439个农户调查[J].农业技术经济,2011,3:104~111.
    99.张领先.WTO框架下我国农业国内支持水平与结构优化研究[博士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学,2006.
    100.张林秀,徐小明.农户生产在不同政策环境下行为的研究———农户系统模型的应用.农业技术经济[J],1996,4:27~32.
    101.张跃华.准公共品、外部性与农业保险的性质——对农业保险政策性补贴理论的探讨[J].中国软科学,2004,9:10~15.
    102.张跃华、何文炯.市场失灵、政策性农业保险与本土化模式——基于浙江、上海、苏州农业保险试点的比较研究[J].农业经济问题,2007,6:49~55.
    103.张跃华、杨菲菲.牲畜保险、需求与参与率研究——基于浙江省生猪养殖户微观数据的实证研究[J].财贸经济,2012,2:58~65.
    104.张中印,吴黎明.养蜂配套技术手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2012.141~147.
    105.朱俊波.我国蜂蜜出口贸易中的技术性贸易壁垒及其影响分析.[硕士学位论文].无锡:江南大学.2008.
    106.朱希刚.借鉴国际经验,促进农业补贴由消费者向生产者的转变[J].农业经济问题,1992,10:52~57.
    107. Abel Kebede. Analysis of competitiveness and comparative advantage in honey and bees waxproduction, the case of Meskan and Mareko woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia.
    108. http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/uploads/Abel%20Kebede%20Ethiopia.pdf.
    109. Adriano Soares Koshiyama,Maria Cristina Affonso Lorenzon,Wagner de Souza Tassinari. Spatialeconometrics applied to study the influencing factors of honey prices in Brazil. Brazilian Journal ofOperations&Production Management,2011,8(1):121-132.
    110. Agatha POPESCU. Research on beekeepers income estimation based on honey production.Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies,2012,69:1-2.
    111. Agatha POPESCU. Study concerning the trends in Romania’s honey market. Lucr ritiin ifice-Seria Zootehnie,2013,59:153-158.
    112. Amir Mohamadi-Nejad, A. Lotfi, Ramin Radfar. Estimating the qualitative pricing model of honeyin Iran, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research,2013,3:483-487.
    113. Anna Leigh Josephson. Agricultural diversification and beekeeping: a study of rural Ethiopianfarmers. Poster Prepared for Presentation at the Agricultural&Applied Economics Association’s2013AAEA Annual Meeting, Washington D.C.
    114. Antoine Champetier, Daniel A. Sumner, James E. Wilen. The bioeconomics of honey bees andpollination.2010.
    115. Ashley Barfield, John Bergstrom and Susana Ferreira.2012. An economic valuation of pollinationservices in Georgia. Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Southern AgriculturalEconomics Association Annual Meeting, Birmingham, AL, February4-7,2012.
    116. Assessment M A. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis[M]. Washing D.C.: Island Press,2005:40-45.
    117. Babatunde, R.O.1,Olorunsanya, E.O. et al. Economics of honey production in Nigeria:implications for poverty reduction and rural development. Global Approaches To ExtensionPractice,2007,3(2):23-29.
    118. Berkani Mohamed La d,Ghalem Berkani Zohra, Hami Halima. Analysis of Bee Farming Systemsin Western Algeria. Journal of Renewable Agriculture. JRA2013,1(8):132-140.
    119. Chala Kinati, Taye Tolemariam,Kebede Debele. Assessment of honey production and marketingsystem in Gomma district, South Western Ethiopia. Greener Journal of Business and ManagementStudies.2013,3(3):99-107.
    120. Charlotte Lietaer. Impact of beekeeping on forest conservation, preservation of forest ecosystemsand poverty reduction,2009. http://community.eldis.org.
    121. Costanza, R, d’Arge, R, de Groot, et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and naturalcapital[J]. Nature,1997,(387):253-260.
    122. Cristina Bianca POCOL. Resources and models of beekeeping exploitations in the north west.Bulletin UASVM Horticulture,2011,68(2):180-187.
    123. Dan BODESCU, Gavril STEFAN, Codrin PAVELIUC OLARIU. The role of the state insupporting the apiarian exploitations pollination services providers. Lucr ritiin ifice,2009,52:179-182.
    124. Ebojei, G. O., J. F. Alamu and O. B. Adeniji. Assessment of the ontributions of bee-keepingextension society to the income of bee-farmers in Kaduna state,2008.www.patnsukjournal.com/currentissue.
    125. Gallai, N., Salles, JM., Settele, J., Vaissiere, B.E. Eonomic valuation of the vulnerability of worldagriculture confronted with pollinator decline[J]. Ecological Economics, Jan,2009,68(3):810-821.
    126. Georgina Arvane Vaanyi, Zsolt Csapo, Laszlo Karpati. Evaluation of consumer’s honey purchasehavits in Hungary. Presentation at the113th EAAE Seminar “A resilient European food industryand food chain in a challenging world”, Chania, Crete, Greece, dated as in September3-6,2009.
    127. Georgina árváné Ványi, Zsolt Csapó&László Kárpáti.2011. Externality effects of honeyproduction. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce,2011,6,63-67.
    128. Hasan Vural1, Süleyman Karaman. Socio-economic analysis of beekeeping and the effectsofbeehive types on honey production. African Journal of AgriculturalResearch,2011,6(12),:2705-2710.
    129. Hein, L. The economic value of the pollination service, a review across scales. The Open EcologyJournal,2009,2:74-82.
    130. Howitt,R.E.Positive mathematical programming. Amer.J.Agr. Eco.77:329~342.
    131. I. L. Aburime, O.A. Omotesho, H. Ibrahim.. An analysis of technical efficiency of beekeepingfarms in Oyo state, Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences,2006,4:1-8.
    132. Jason Andrew Seagle. Agricultural certifications and beekeeping: lessons from an apiculturalcooperative in northeastern El Salvador,Professional Paper, The University of Montana-Missoula,
    2008.
    133. J. M. Kasina,J. Mburu,M. Kraemer,and K. Holm-Mueller. Economic benefit of crop pollination bybees: a case of Kakamega small-holder farming in western Kenya. Journal of EconomicEntomology,2009,102:467-473.
    134. Klein, AM, Vaissière, B, Cane, JH, Steffan-Dewenter, et al. Importance of crop pollinators inchanging landscapes for word crops[J]. Pcoceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Science,2007,(274):303-313.
    135. Laszlo Karpati, Zsolt Csapo, Georgina Vanyi Arvane. Innovation and rural development: thesolution for the Hungarian bee-keeping sector. Paper prepared for the presentation at the113thEAAE Seminar, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia,2009,December9-11.
    136. Levin, M D. Value of bee pollination to United States agriculture[J]. American BeeJournal,1984,(124):184-186.
    137. Ma Lun-jiao. International comparison of the export competitiveness of Chinese honey. AsianAgricultural Research,2009,1(7):17-20.
    138. Marina Sabinina. Multi-level marketing of quality beekeeping products. Poster paper prepared topresentation at the105th EAAE Seminar, Bologna, Italy,2007,3:8-10.
    139. Melaku Berhe, Girmay Mirutse, Bereket Gebremedhin. Identifying beekeepers’ adaptationstrategies in response to climate change in Tigray, Ethiopia. Wudpecker Journal of AgriculturalResearch,2013,2(5),155-159.
    140. Mogni, F,Palau, H. Tresoldi, et al.Marketing strategy planning and management for Argentinehoney traceability. International Food and Agribusiness Management Association18th AnnualWorld Forum and Symposium Monterey, California-June,2007.
    141. Nicola Gallai,Jean-Michel Salles. Adaptation of society confronted with a pollinator decline: Alocal market analysis.www.sfer.asso.fr.
    142. Nicola Galliai, Jean-Michel Salles, Charles Figuieres, Bernard E. Vaissiere. Economic assessmentof an insect pollinator deline: a general equilibrium analysis,http://www.lameta.univ-montp1.fr/Documents/DR2009-17.pdf
    143. Olarinde, L.O., Ajao, AO. and Okunola. Determinants of technical efficiency in bee-keeping farmsIn Oluwatusin Ferni Michael. Cost and returns in modern beekeeping for honey production inNigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences,2008,5(4):310-315.
    144. Oyo State, Nigeria: a stochastic production frontier approach,2008,4(1):65-69.
    145. Pocol Cristina Bianca,Ilea Marioara, Popa Anca Aurora. Economic diagnosis of beekeeping in thenorthwest region of Romania: a case study of Cluj county. Analele Universit ii din Oradea,Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie i Tehnologii de Industrie Alimentar,2011,10:279-286.
    146. Popa Anca Aurora, M rghitas L. Al., Pocol Cristina Bianca. The impact of the European Unionfunds on beekeeping exploitations in the north-west region of Romania. Analele Universit ii dinOradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie si Tehnologii de IndustrieAlimentar,2011,297-304.
    147. Ramesh Lal, S.D. Sharma, J.K. Sharma, Vinod Sharma and Dhanbir Singh. Impact of beekeepingtraining on socio-economic status of farmers and rural youths in Kullu and Mandi districts ofHimachal Pradesh. J Hum Ecol,2012,39(3):205-208.
    148. Randal R. Rucker. An Empirical Analysis of Honeybee Pollination Markets,2001.http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/20547/1/sp01ru02.pdf.
    149. Randal R. Rucker. Internalizing reciprocal benefits: the economics of honeybee pollination markets.http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~sauerr/seminar_papers/Internalization.pdf.
    150. Ravinder Sharma, Ranjeet Bhatia. Economics of stationary and migratory beekeeping in HimachalPradesh. Agric. Sci. Digest,2001,21(3):196-197.
    151. Roanald W. Ward, Bruce Boynton. U.S. Honey supply chain: structural change, promotions and theChina connection. Int. J. Food System Dynamics,2010,1:13-25.
    152. Robinson,W.S., R.Nowogrodzki,R., Morse, R. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops.American Bee Journal,1989,127(7):184-186.
    153. S.I. Mshelia, Y.Z. Dia.M.A. Ahmed. Profitability analysis of honey marketing in Ganye andToungo local government areas of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Middle-East Journal of ScientificResearch,2013,2:207-212.
    154. Slaoana Marinkovic, Nebojsa Nedic. Analysis of production and competitiveness on smallbeekeeping farms in selected districts of Serbia, Applied Study in Agribusiness andCommerce-APSTRACT Agroinform Publishing House, Budapest,2009.
    155. Tabinda Qaiser, Murad Ali, Sajida Taj.Impact assessment of beekeeping in sustainable rurallivelihood. http://centreofexcellence.net/J/JSS/Vol2/No2/JSS2%281%29Apr%202013.htm
    156. Tessega Belie.Honeybee production and marketing systems, constraints and opportunities in Buriedistrict of Amhara region, Ethiopia.,2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10568/721.
    157. Thomas Hechelei, Wolfgang Britz, Yinan Zhang. Positive mathematical programmingapproaches-recent developments in literature and applied modelling. Bio-based and AppliedEconomics,2012,1(1):109-124.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700