遥感影像融合技术研究及应用
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摘要
在目前的水质遥感监测应用中，大多采用单幅TM图像数据，虽然图像具有多光谱性质，但空间分辨率较低，不利于提高监测精度。将多光谱TM图像与同水域高分辨率SPOT图像进行融合处理，得到一幅同时具有高光谱与高分辨率特性的图像，可以提高水质分类精度和遥感图像的利用率，这是本文研究工作的目的与意义。
本文的主要内容简述如下：
①论述了信息融合的发展、算法现状。
②对常用多分辨率遥感图像融合算法作了分类与总结，分别分析论述了像素层、特征层、决策层的融合算法，论述了图像融合结果的主观评价标准和客观评价指标。
③比较了图像几何校正的多项式方法和正交多项式方法在复杂度与精度上的差异，进行了仿真实验；研究了不同插值技术在图像配准中的应用，对不同插值方法的效果进行了比较，给出了示意图；为消除图像灰度级不匹配对融合结果的影响，对待融合图像的灰度直方图进行了匹配处理。
④深入研究了IHS，PCA，DWT，IHS+DWT，PCA+DWT方法的数学、物理基础及在图像融合处理中的应用，在进行深入理论分析的同时，做了实验研究并对结果做出了分析。
⑤针对现有算法在图像融合中存在的不足，提出了一种新的基于PCA和DWT的融合算法，实验结果与统计分析表明，新算法优于经典算法；将新的算法在太湖地区的遥感图像融合中做了应用。
⑥最后是全文总结和今后工作的展望。
In current remote sensing technology used in water resource monitoring, one multispectral TM image is often used, the resolution of TM image is low, in order to improve image and monitoring quality, we can use image fusion technique to fuse multispectral TM image and high resolution SPOT pan image of the same water area to get a new image has both high resolution and multispectral characteristics, so as to improve the monitor quality and the usage of images. This is the meaning and aim of this paper.
The following main points are included:
(1) Analyses the evolution of information fusion, its tate of arts of algorithms.
(2) Make a summarize and classification of the current multiresolution RS image fusion algorithms, and analyses algorithms worked on pixel-level, feature-level and decision level, analyses the subject and object standard of the fused image estimate.
(3) Compare the complexity and precision of the polynomial method and orthogonal polynomials method used in geometrical adjustment, an experiment is made; some surface fitting method used in spatial co-registration of multiresolution image are studied and experiments are made to show their different in effects; in order to increase the spectral inherit, we make a histogram match in images to be fused.
(4) Studied the math and physical background of MS, PCA transform and DWT, IHS+DWT,PCA+DWT methods, beside theory analysis, some experiments are carried out and results are analyzed and compared.
(5) Put forward a new image fusion method based on PC A+ DWT, the results of experiment shows the new method is better than traditional methods, and we give an application of this method used in august,2000 Taihu remote sensing image fusion.
(6) The last is the summary of my work and the prospect of future work.
本文的主要内容简述如下：
①论述了信息融合的发展、算法现状。
②对常用多分辨率遥感图像融合算法作了分类与总结，分别分析论述了像素层、特征层、决策层的融合算法，论述了图像融合结果的主观评价标准和客观评价指标。
③比较了图像几何校正的多项式方法和正交多项式方法在复杂度与精度上的差异，进行了仿真实验；研究了不同插值技术在图像配准中的应用，对不同插值方法的效果进行了比较，给出了示意图；为消除图像灰度级不匹配对融合结果的影响，对待融合图像的灰度直方图进行了匹配处理。
④深入研究了IHS，PCA，DWT，IHS+DWT，PCA+DWT方法的数学、物理基础及在图像融合处理中的应用，在进行深入理论分析的同时，做了实验研究并对结果做出了分析。
⑤针对现有算法在图像融合中存在的不足，提出了一种新的基于PCA和DWT的融合算法，实验结果与统计分析表明，新算法优于经典算法；将新的算法在太湖地区的遥感图像融合中做了应用。
⑥最后是全文总结和今后工作的展望。
In current remote sensing technology used in water resource monitoring, one multispectral TM image is often used, the resolution of TM image is low, in order to improve image and monitoring quality, we can use image fusion technique to fuse multispectral TM image and high resolution SPOT pan image of the same water area to get a new image has both high resolution and multispectral characteristics, so as to improve the monitor quality and the usage of images. This is the meaning and aim of this paper.
The following main points are included:
(1) Analyses the evolution of information fusion, its tate of arts of algorithms.
(2) Make a summarize and classification of the current multiresolution RS image fusion algorithms, and analyses algorithms worked on pixel-level, feature-level and decision level, analyses the subject and object standard of the fused image estimate.
(3) Compare the complexity and precision of the polynomial method and orthogonal polynomials method used in geometrical adjustment, an experiment is made; some surface fitting method used in spatial co-registration of multiresolution image are studied and experiments are made to show their different in effects; in order to increase the spectral inherit, we make a histogram match in images to be fused.
(4) Studied the math and physical background of MS, PCA transform and DWT, IHS+DWT,PCA+DWT methods, beside theory analysis, some experiments are carried out and results are analyzed and compared.
(5) Put forward a new image fusion method based on PC A+ DWT, the results of experiment shows the new method is better than traditional methods, and we give an application of this method used in august,2000 Taihu remote sensing image fusion.
(6) The last is the summary of my work and the prospect of future work.
引文
[1] 马驰．遥感在确定水质参数中的应用进展．陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，29(S1)：144～148
[2] 杨世值．水质的光学遥感监测技术．光电子技术与信息，2002，15(1)：1-5
[3] 王学军，马廷．应用遥感技术监测和评价太湖水质状况．环境科学，2000，21(6)：65～68
[4] 周前祥，敬忠良．不同光谱与空间分辨率的遥感图像融合方法的理论研究．遥感技术与应用，2003 18(1)：41-45
[5] C.Ray.Smith．Mulltiensor data fusion：concepts and principles. IEEE Pacific Rim conference on communication,computers and signal processing,May-9-10,1991:235-237
[6] V.V.S Sarma. Multisensor data fusion and Decision support for airborne target identification. IEEE transactions 2001 21(5):1224-1230
[7] 刘贵喜．多传感器图像融合方法研究．博士学位论文，西安电子科技大学，2001年1月
[8] 潘泉，于昕，程咏梅．信息融合理论的基本方法与进展．自动化学报，2003 29(4):599-615
[9] H. Varma,K.Fadaie,M.Habbane, Stockhausen. Confusion in data fusion. Intemational. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2003 24(4):627～636
[10] 高翔，王勇．数据融合技术综述．计算机测量与控制，2002，10(11)：706-709
[11] LC,KAY M G. Multisensor integration and fusion for intelligent machines and systems. US:Abbex Publishing Corporatino, 1995,321-456
[12] Mark Bedworth. The omnibus model: a new model of data fusion . in proceedings of international conference on information fusion, California, USA, 1999,337-345
[13] M.Kokar. Review of multisensor data fusion architectures and techniques,. Proceedings of the 1993 international symposium on intelligent control ,Chicago USA-august 1993:261-266
[14] G.Simone, A.Farina,. Image fusion techniques for remote sensing applications,. Information fusion 2003(3):3-15
[15] 何友，彭应宁．多传感器数据融合模型综述．清华大学学报自然科学版，199636(9)：14-20
[16] 江东，王钰．多传感器信息融合的理论与技术．甘肃科学学报，2002 14(1)：41-45
[17] 易正俊．多源信息智能融合算法．博士学位论文，重庆大学，2002年5月
[18] Valet L,Mauria G. A statistical overview of recent literature in information fusion. In proceedings of 2000 international conference on information fusion, France, 2000:95-102
[19] Hall, DL. An introduction to muttisensor data fusion . In proceedings of the IEEE,1997 85(1):6-23
[20] 毛士艺，赵巍．多传感器数据融合技术综述．北京航空航天大学学报，200228(5)：512-518
[21] W.wen and H.F Durrant. Model-Based multi-sensor data fusion. Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE on Robotics and Automation,Niee France may-1992:1720-1726
[22] Harden R, Dalke GW. Application of the IHS color transform to the processing of multisensor data and image enhancement. In: proceedings of the international symposium on remote sensing and arid and semi-arid lands, 1982:599-616
[23] 倪国强．多波段图像融合算法研究及其新发展．光电子技术与信息，2001 14(5)：11-17，14(6)：1-6
[24] 罗志增，叶明．基于Bayes方法的多感觉信息融合算法及其应用．传感器技术学报，20019(3)：210-215
[25] 韩静，陶云刚．基于DS证据理论和模糊数学的多传感器数据融合算法．仪器仪表学报，200021(6)：644-647
[26] 倪国强，梁好臣．基于Dempster-Shafer证据理论的数据融合技术研究．北京理工大学学报，2001 21(5)：603-609
[27] 童树鸿，沈毅．数据融合的模糊模型和算法研究．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2002 34(1)：7-18
[28] 李耀南，王树涛．多传感器图像融合的客观评价与分析．仪器仪表学报，2002 23(6)：651-654
[29] 袁慰平，张令敏．数值分析．东南大学出版社，1992
[30] 刘斌，丰文义．无导师几何校正的多项式逼近法．复旦大学学报，1996 35(1)：39-46
[31] 陈煜，田裕鹏．图像融合中的像素配准技术研究．激光与红外，2004 34(1)：34-36
[32] 孙庆杰，张晓鹏，吴恩华．一种基于Bezier插值曲面的图像放大方法．软件学报，199910(6)：570-574
[33] 孙仲康，沈振康．数字图像处理及其应用．国防工业出版社，1985
[34] 王仁礼．用于图像融合的IHS变换方法比较．测绘学院学报，2000 17(4)：269-272
[35] 金红，刘榴娣．彩色空间变换法在图像融合中的应用．光学技术，1997 7(4)：44-48
[36] Shettigara V K.. A Generalized Component Substitition Technique for Spatial Enhancement of Multispectral Images Using a Higher Resolution Data Set. [J]. Photogramm, Eng, Remote Sensing, 1992,58(5):561-567
[37] 李水根，吴纪桃．分形与小波．北京：科学出版社，2002
[38] Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet rep resentation.. IEEE Transaetions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989, 11(7):674-693
[39] Manjunath. Multisensor image fusion using the wavelet transform. Graphical models and image processing, may-1995 57(3):235-245
[40] Shutao LiJames T.Kwok. Using DWFT to merge Landstat TM and spot images, information fusion, 2002 3:17-23
[41] Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet rep resentation.. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989 11(7):674-693
[42] 杨煊，裴继红，杨万海．小波变换方法在高分辨率多光谱图像融合中存在的问题．红外与毫米波学报，2002 21(1)：77-80
[43] 强赞霞，彭嘉雄，王洪群．基于小波变换局部方差的遥感图像融合．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2003 31(6)：89-91
[44] 霍宏涛 游先祥．小波变换在遥感图像融合中的应用研究．中国图像图形学报，2003 8(A5)：551-556
[45] Chavez, Sides, Anderson. Comparison of three different methods to merge multiresolution and multispectral data: TM & Spot Pan[J].. Photo grammetric Engeneering & Remote Sensing, 1991 57(3): 295-303
[2] 杨世值．水质的光学遥感监测技术．光电子技术与信息，2002，15(1)：1-5
[3] 王学军，马廷．应用遥感技术监测和评价太湖水质状况．环境科学，2000，21(6)：65～68
[4] 周前祥，敬忠良．不同光谱与空间分辨率的遥感图像融合方法的理论研究．遥感技术与应用，2003 18(1)：41-45
[5] C.Ray.Smith．Mulltiensor data fusion：concepts and principles. IEEE Pacific Rim conference on communication,computers and signal processing,May-9-10,1991:235-237
[6] V.V.S Sarma. Multisensor data fusion and Decision support for airborne target identification. IEEE transactions 2001 21(5):1224-1230
[7] 刘贵喜．多传感器图像融合方法研究．博士学位论文，西安电子科技大学，2001年1月
[8] 潘泉，于昕，程咏梅．信息融合理论的基本方法与进展．自动化学报，2003 29(4):599-615
[9] H. Varma,K.Fadaie,M.Habbane, Stockhausen. Confusion in data fusion. Intemational. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2003 24(4):627～636
[10] 高翔，王勇．数据融合技术综述．计算机测量与控制，2002，10(11)：706-709
[11] LC,KAY M G. Multisensor integration and fusion for intelligent machines and systems. US:Abbex Publishing Corporatino, 1995,321-456
[12] Mark Bedworth. The omnibus model: a new model of data fusion . in proceedings of international conference on information fusion, California, USA, 1999,337-345
[13] M.Kokar. Review of multisensor data fusion architectures and techniques,. Proceedings of the 1993 international symposium on intelligent control ,Chicago USA-august 1993:261-266
[14] G.Simone, A.Farina,. Image fusion techniques for remote sensing applications,. Information fusion 2003(3):3-15
[15] 何友，彭应宁．多传感器数据融合模型综述．清华大学学报自然科学版，199636(9)：14-20
[16] 江东，王钰．多传感器信息融合的理论与技术．甘肃科学学报，2002 14(1)：41-45
[17] 易正俊．多源信息智能融合算法．博士学位论文，重庆大学，2002年5月
[18] Valet L,Mauria G. A statistical overview of recent literature in information fusion. In proceedings of 2000 international conference on information fusion, France, 2000:95-102
[19] Hall, DL. An introduction to muttisensor data fusion . In proceedings of the IEEE,1997 85(1):6-23
[20] 毛士艺，赵巍．多传感器数据融合技术综述．北京航空航天大学学报，200228(5)：512-518
[21] W.wen and H.F Durrant. Model-Based multi-sensor data fusion. Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE on Robotics and Automation,Niee France may-1992:1720-1726
[22] Harden R, Dalke GW. Application of the IHS color transform to the processing of multisensor data and image enhancement. In: proceedings of the international symposium on remote sensing and arid and semi-arid lands, 1982:599-616
[23] 倪国强．多波段图像融合算法研究及其新发展．光电子技术与信息，2001 14(5)：11-17，14(6)：1-6
[24] 罗志增，叶明．基于Bayes方法的多感觉信息融合算法及其应用．传感器技术学报，20019(3)：210-215
[25] 韩静，陶云刚．基于DS证据理论和模糊数学的多传感器数据融合算法．仪器仪表学报，200021(6)：644-647
[26] 倪国强，梁好臣．基于Dempster-Shafer证据理论的数据融合技术研究．北京理工大学学报，2001 21(5)：603-609
[27] 童树鸿，沈毅．数据融合的模糊模型和算法研究．哈尔滨工业大学学报，2002 34(1)：7-18
[28] 李耀南，王树涛．多传感器图像融合的客观评价与分析．仪器仪表学报，2002 23(6)：651-654
[29] 袁慰平，张令敏．数值分析．东南大学出版社，1992
[30] 刘斌，丰文义．无导师几何校正的多项式逼近法．复旦大学学报，1996 35(1)：39-46
[31] 陈煜，田裕鹏．图像融合中的像素配准技术研究．激光与红外，2004 34(1)：34-36
[32] 孙庆杰，张晓鹏，吴恩华．一种基于Bezier插值曲面的图像放大方法．软件学报，199910(6)：570-574
[33] 孙仲康，沈振康．数字图像处理及其应用．国防工业出版社，1985
[34] 王仁礼．用于图像融合的IHS变换方法比较．测绘学院学报，2000 17(4)：269-272
[35] 金红，刘榴娣．彩色空间变换法在图像融合中的应用．光学技术，1997 7(4)：44-48
[36] Shettigara V K.. A Generalized Component Substitition Technique for Spatial Enhancement of Multispectral Images Using a Higher Resolution Data Set. [J]. Photogramm, Eng, Remote Sensing, 1992,58(5):561-567
[37] 李水根，吴纪桃．分形与小波．北京：科学出版社，2002
[38] Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet rep resentation.. IEEE Transaetions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989, 11(7):674-693
[39] Manjunath. Multisensor image fusion using the wavelet transform. Graphical models and image processing, may-1995 57(3):235-245
[40] Shutao LiJames T.Kwok. Using DWFT to merge Landstat TM and spot images, information fusion, 2002 3:17-23
[41] Mallat S G. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet rep resentation.. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989 11(7):674-693
[42] 杨煊，裴继红，杨万海．小波变换方法在高分辨率多光谱图像融合中存在的问题．红外与毫米波学报，2002 21(1)：77-80
[43] 强赞霞，彭嘉雄，王洪群．基于小波变换局部方差的遥感图像融合．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2003 31(6)：89-91
[44] 霍宏涛 游先祥．小波变换在遥感图像融合中的应用研究．中国图像图形学报，2003 8(A5)：551-556
[45] Chavez, Sides, Anderson. Comparison of three different methods to merge multiresolution and multispectral data: TM & Spot Pan[J].. Photo grammetric Engeneering & Remote Sensing, 1991 57(3): 295-303