高低社交焦虑水平大学生的被洞悉错觉及其对社交焦虑的影响研究
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摘要
在人际互动中,人们常常期望隐瞒自己的内心感受,但是人们在多大程度上隐藏了自己的内心世界?他们相信自己做到了多大的程度?研究认为,个体比他们想象中的更善于伪装内部信息,因为人们倾向于一种被洞悉错觉,即相信自己的思想、感情和情绪被他人显而易见,但往往实际情况并非如此。被洞悉错觉是一种自我知觉和社会知觉不对称的现象,Gilovich在1998年发现了它,并把它定义为“由于过高的估计别人对自己的洞悉水平而产生的被识破的错误知觉,我们把这种倾向称之为被洞悉错觉”。
被洞悉错觉在不同领域得到了广泛的支持和验证。本文在借鉴国内外已有研究的基础上,通过三个研究探讨被洞悉错觉在社交焦虑中的应用。首先,在重庆高校随机选择了606名大学生进行社交焦虑的问卷调查,结合对部分学生的访谈,了解大学生社交焦虑的基本状况以及为下步实验做好被试准备。其次,筛选出高低社交焦虑水平的大学生进行“饮料识别”实验,得出社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉水平。最后,考察被洞悉错觉对社交焦虑的影响,即被洞悉错觉在社交焦虑中有什么作用。通过对本研究的讨论与分析,得出如下的结论：
(1)重庆地区大学生的社交焦虑程度显著高于美国常模,显著低于上海大学生的社交焦虑水平；大学生的社交焦虑性别差异显著,女生的焦虑水平更高；专业差异显著,文科生的焦虑水平显著高于理科生,但是在年级、家庭户口、是否担任学生干部、是否独生子女上并不存在显著差异。
(2)在直接情景下或间接情景下,高低社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉均存在显著差异,表现为低社交焦虑者的被洞悉错觉水平显著高于高社交焦虑者的被洞悉错觉水平。而在性别上,男女社交焦虑组大学生的被洞悉错觉差异不显著。相比间接情景,在直接情景下高社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉趋于消失,而低社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉依然明显。在间接情景下,高社交焦虑大学生出现了明显的被洞悉错觉。
(3)设置公众演讲情景,通过对实验组和控制组实验结果的比较,证明被洞悉错觉在一定程度上缓解了演讲中的焦虑,适度的被洞悉错觉在人际互动中具有保护功能。
When people associated with others, individuals often wish to conceal their internal states.But, how well can people conceal their internal states, and how well do they believe they can do so?Research suggests that individuals are typically better at disguising their internal states than they believe, people are prone to an illusion of transparency, or a belief that their thoughts、feelings and emotions are more apparent to others than is actually the case.A asymmetrical phenomenon between individuals' self-perception and social perception known as the illusion of transparency.Gilovich(1998) refered to this tendency to overestimate the extent to which others can read one's internal states as the illusion of transparency.
The illusion of transparency are widely supported and tested in many different domains.Based on existing document by Chinese and foreign research, the research discussed the illusion of transparency in social anxiety through the three parts. At first,we randomly chose 606 college students finished interaction anxiousness scale from Chongqing area. We also interviewed with some college students in order to explore the basic condition of social anxiety of college students and ready to prepare for next experimental.Second,we found out the high and low level social anxiety of college students to finish "beverage recognition" experiment, then got their level of illusion of transparency. Finally, the research examined the illusion of transparency of the influence in social anxiety, that is, what role illusion of transparency played in social anxiety. According to the research of discussion and analysis, it is concluded that the following conclusion:
(1)The social anxiety degree of the college students in Chongqing area was significantly higher than the American norm, significantly lower than the social anxiety degree of college students in Shanghai.Gender and major seem to have significant difference on the level of social anxiety,especially girls' level much higher. Liberal arts students shown a higher level than science major students.But there are no significant difference in grade, family account, whether as a student cadres and whether they are the only.
(2)In the direct or indirect situation, high and low social anxiety of college students seem to have statistical significance in the illusion of transparency.The low social anxiety shown a significant illusion of transparency much more than the high level.But gender shown no statistical significant.Compared with indirect,in the direct situation, high social anxiety of college students' illusion of transparency tend to disappear,but the low was still clear.In indirect situation, high social anxiety of college students obviously appeared the illusion of transparency.
(3)In scene of public speaking, the research demonstrated that the illusion of transparency relieves speech anxiety to some degree, through the control and experimental groups, the appropriate illusion of transparency indeed have protection function in interpersonal interactions.
被洞悉错觉在不同领域得到了广泛的支持和验证。本文在借鉴国内外已有研究的基础上,通过三个研究探讨被洞悉错觉在社交焦虑中的应用。首先,在重庆高校随机选择了606名大学生进行社交焦虑的问卷调查,结合对部分学生的访谈,了解大学生社交焦虑的基本状况以及为下步实验做好被试准备。其次,筛选出高低社交焦虑水平的大学生进行“饮料识别”实验,得出社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉水平。最后,考察被洞悉错觉对社交焦虑的影响,即被洞悉错觉在社交焦虑中有什么作用。通过对本研究的讨论与分析,得出如下的结论：
(1)重庆地区大学生的社交焦虑程度显著高于美国常模,显著低于上海大学生的社交焦虑水平；大学生的社交焦虑性别差异显著,女生的焦虑水平更高；专业差异显著,文科生的焦虑水平显著高于理科生,但是在年级、家庭户口、是否担任学生干部、是否独生子女上并不存在显著差异。
(2)在直接情景下或间接情景下,高低社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉均存在显著差异,表现为低社交焦虑者的被洞悉错觉水平显著高于高社交焦虑者的被洞悉错觉水平。而在性别上,男女社交焦虑组大学生的被洞悉错觉差异不显著。相比间接情景,在直接情景下高社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉趋于消失,而低社交焦虑大学生的被洞悉错觉依然明显。在间接情景下,高社交焦虑大学生出现了明显的被洞悉错觉。
(3)设置公众演讲情景,通过对实验组和控制组实验结果的比较,证明被洞悉错觉在一定程度上缓解了演讲中的焦虑,适度的被洞悉错觉在人际互动中具有保护功能。
When people associated with others, individuals often wish to conceal their internal states.But, how well can people conceal their internal states, and how well do they believe they can do so?Research suggests that individuals are typically better at disguising their internal states than they believe, people are prone to an illusion of transparency, or a belief that their thoughts、feelings and emotions are more apparent to others than is actually the case.A asymmetrical phenomenon between individuals' self-perception and social perception known as the illusion of transparency.Gilovich(1998) refered to this tendency to overestimate the extent to which others can read one's internal states as the illusion of transparency.
The illusion of transparency are widely supported and tested in many different domains.Based on existing document by Chinese and foreign research, the research discussed the illusion of transparency in social anxiety through the three parts. At first,we randomly chose 606 college students finished interaction anxiousness scale from Chongqing area. We also interviewed with some college students in order to explore the basic condition of social anxiety of college students and ready to prepare for next experimental.Second,we found out the high and low level social anxiety of college students to finish "beverage recognition" experiment, then got their level of illusion of transparency. Finally, the research examined the illusion of transparency of the influence in social anxiety, that is, what role illusion of transparency played in social anxiety. According to the research of discussion and analysis, it is concluded that the following conclusion:
(1)The social anxiety degree of the college students in Chongqing area was significantly higher than the American norm, significantly lower than the social anxiety degree of college students in Shanghai.Gender and major seem to have significant difference on the level of social anxiety,especially girls' level much higher. Liberal arts students shown a higher level than science major students.But there are no significant difference in grade, family account, whether as a student cadres and whether they are the only.
(2)In the direct or indirect situation, high and low social anxiety of college students seem to have statistical significance in the illusion of transparency.The low social anxiety shown a significant illusion of transparency much more than the high level.But gender shown no statistical significant.Compared with indirect,in the direct situation, high social anxiety of college students' illusion of transparency tend to disappear,but the low was still clear.In indirect situation, high social anxiety of college students obviously appeared the illusion of transparency.
(3)In scene of public speaking, the research demonstrated that the illusion of transparency relieves speech anxiety to some degree, through the control and experimental groups, the appropriate illusion of transparency indeed have protection function in interpersonal interactions.
引文
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李荣刚.(2009).大学生社交焦虑的现状及其记心理于预研究.硕士学位论文.苏州大学.
李朝霞.(2004).大学生的社交焦虑及其与自我和学的关系研院硕士学位论文.华中师范大学.
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郭晓薇.(2004).大学生社交焦虑成因的研究.心理学探新,20,55-58.
胡金生,华元杰.(2009).人际互动中的被洞悉错觉.社会心理科学25,146-149.
胡金生,杨丽珠.(2009).高低自我监控者在不同互动情境中的被洞悉错觉.心理学报,41,79-85.
黄雪梅,汪勇.(2006).大学新生社交焦虑状况与父母养育方式、人格的相关性研究.中国健康心理学杂志,14,222-224.
金华,吴文源等.(1986).中国正常人SCL-90评定结果的初步分析.中国神经精神,疾病杂志12,260-262.
李波,钱铭怡等.(2006).从羞耻角度对社交焦虑大学生的团体干预.中国心理卫生杂志,5348-350.
李荣刚.(2009).大学生社交焦虑的现状及其记心理于预研究.硕士学位论文.苏州大学.
李朝霞.(2004).大学生的社交焦虑及其与自我和学的关系研院硕士学位论文.华中师范大学.
李敬阳,刘洋,万洪泉,梅松丽.(2011).大学生社交焦虑情绪影响因素分析.中国公共卫生,27,1073-1074.
栗文敏.(2007).大学生社交焦虑于预矿研究硕士学位论文.山西大学.
刘慧玲.(2008).社交焦虑大学生的自我接纳与团体辅导研究硕士学位论文.西南大学.
刘少英.(2010).被洞悉错觉的锚定效应硕士学位论文.河南大学.
吕峰等.(2005).城乡大学生焦虑及社交焦虑的调查分析.山东精神医学,18,30-31.
梅锦荣.(1994).社会焦虑与认知行为治疗.中国临床心理学杂志,2,210-213.
倪婕.(2005).中小学生的以知偏差及其影响因素的结构研究硕士学位论文.华东师范大学.
彭纯子.(2001).大学生社交焦虑的团体于预实验矿院硕士学位论文.湖南师范大学.
彭纯子,燕良轼,马晓虹,谭谦宝.(2003,).大学生社交焦虑的现状调查与分析.中国石为医学科学12,225-226.
彭纯子等.(2003).大学生社交焦虑团体治疗的比较研究.中国心理卫生志,17,229-231.
彭纯子等.(2004).大中学生社交焦虑特征初探.中国建康心理学杂志,12,241-243.
彭纯子等.(2004).交往焦虑量表的信效度及其在中国大学生中的适用性.中国心心理卫生杂志,18,39-41.
田玉兰.(2010).以知行为疗法对初中生社交焦虑的于预研究院硕士学位论文.扬州大学.
汪涛,谭静,李敏.(2009).医学生社交焦虑与自尊和人格特征的关系.第三军医大学学报,31,1095-1097.
汪向东.(1999).心理卫生评定量表手册(复印版)北京：中国心理卫生杂志社.
邢强,唐志文,黄裕兴.(2009).当代大学生的社交焦虑与自我和谐.广州大学学报8,81-86.
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