马铃薯晚疫病菌线粒体单倍型分析及其对杀菌剂敏感性测定
|
摘要
由致病疫霉[Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary]引起的马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一。对致病疫霉群体结构的认识,是控制晚疫病危害的必要前提。为了在分子水平更好地了解中国马铃薯晚疫病菌,本研究利用PCR-RFLP方法对1996-2007年采自河北、黑龙江、内蒙古、福建、四川、重庆和云南等7省市所采集的共计286株马铃薯晚疫病菌株进行了mtDNA单倍型测定,并分析其线粒体单倍型在上述地区的分布。同时,本研究还测定了2008年采自河北围场和吉林长春马铃薯晚疫病菌的交配型及其对嘧菌酯、精甲霜灵锰锌和甲霜灵等三种药剂的敏感性。主要研究结果如下:
1.该试验采用8株国外已知线粒体单倍型的菌株作为参考菌株,测定了我国286株晚疫病菌株的线粒体单倍型。结果表明中国存在三种马铃薯晚疫病菌的线粒体单倍型,即Ia、IIa和IIb型,而没有Ib型。IIa型最多,共266株,且分布最为广泛,分别为河北165株;黑龙江97株;内蒙古1株,重庆1株;云南2株。其次为IIb型,共14株,分别为河北1株;四川1株;福建12株。6株云南菌株为Ia型。
2.测定了2008年采自河北围场、吉林长春的共97株晚疫病菌的交配型,结果表明所有菌株全部为A1交配型,未发现A2交配型。
3.测定了2008年采自河北围场、吉林长春的共97株晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性,所有被测晚疫病菌株对嘧菌酯均表现敏感,对嘧菌酯的平均EC50值分别为0.0747μg/mL和0.0508μg/mL,两地总菌株的平均EC50值为0.0668μg/mL,该值可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯抗药性监测的敏感性基线。
4.测定了河北围场65株晚疫病菌对精甲霜灵锰锌的敏感性,多数对精甲霜灵锰锌高抗,其中高抗、中抗和敏感菌株的比例分别为72.3%、26.2%和1.5%,而在被测的32株吉林长春菌株中,多数对精甲霜灵锰锌敏感,其中敏感、中抗和高抗菌株所占比例分别为81.3%、15.6%和3.1%。测定了35株河北省围场县晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的敏感性,所有菌株都为抗性菌株,并且高抗菌株占97.1%;而在被测的18株吉林长春晚疫病菌株中,多数为敏感菌株,其中敏感、中抗和高抗比例分别为77.8%、16.7%和5.5%。研究还发现精甲霜灵锰锌和甲霜灵对部分菌株具有刺激菌丝生长的作用。
Potato late blight, caused by the Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases in potato production. It is necessary to study population structure of P. infestans for controlling the late blight. The mtDNA haplotypes of 286 isolates of P. infestans collected from 1996 to 2007 in seven Provinces (cities) in China, were assessed using PCR-RFLP and the distribution of mtDNA haplotypes was analyzed in order to better understand the P. infestans in the molecular level. In addition, the sensitivity to the three fungicides (azoxystrobin, Metalaxyl-M mancozeb and metalaxyl) of P.infestans collected from some areas of two Provinces of Hebei and Jilin in 2008.The main results are as follows:
1. Eight foreign isolates, which was known to their mtDNA haplotypes, were used as reference ones and the mitochondrial halpotypes of the Chinese 286 strains of P. infestas were determined using PCR-RFLP method. The three mtDNA haplotypes, i.e. Ia、IIa and IIb, were found among the tested isolates. Of 286 isolates, the mtDNA haplotype of 266 ones (165 in Hebei province, 97 from Heilongjiang province,1 isolate from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2 isolates form Yunnan province and 1 from Chongqing city; )was IIa, which was the most widely distributed in five provines (city). The haplotype of 14 isolates (12 from Fujian province, 1 from Hebei province and 1 from Sichuan province) was IIb and the one 6 isolates from Yunnan province was Ia.
2. The mating type of 97 isolates collected from Weichang county in Hebei province and Changchun city in Jilin province in 2008 were determined and the results indicates all tested isolates were the A1 mating type.
3. The sensitivities to azoxystrobin of 97 isolates collected from Weichang county in Hebei province and Changchun city in Jilin province in 2008 were assayed and the results showed that all tested isolates were sensitive. The mean values of median effective concentration (EC50) among the isolates collected from the two regions were 0.0747μg/mL and 0.0508μg/mL, respectively. The mean EC50 value of isolates from the two areas was 0.0668μg/mL, which can be used as the base line-sensitivity of P. infestans to azoxystrobin.
4. The sensitivities to Metalaxyl-M mancozeb of 65 isolates from Weichang country of Hebei province and 35 strains from Changchun city of Jilin province were investigated. The results indicated that the majority was resistant and the percentages of highly-resistant, intermediate-resistant and sensitive were separately 72.3%, 26.2% and 1.5%. Of however, majority was Metalaxyl-M mancozeb-sensitive and the percentages of sensitive, intermediate-resistant, and resistant strains were 81.3%, 15.6 % and 3.1%, respectively. Of the 35 isolates sampled from Weichang county of Hebei province, all isolates were resistant to metalaxyl and the percentage of highly-resistant ones was 91.7%. Of 18 isolates sampled from Changchun city, major isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl and the percentages of sensitive, intermediate–resistant and highly- resistant ones were separately 77.8%, 16.7% and 5.5%. It was also detected that Metalaxyl-M mancozeb and metalaxyl could make mycelia of resistant isolates grow well in the rye medium.
1.该试验采用8株国外已知线粒体单倍型的菌株作为参考菌株,测定了我国286株晚疫病菌株的线粒体单倍型。结果表明中国存在三种马铃薯晚疫病菌的线粒体单倍型,即Ia、IIa和IIb型,而没有Ib型。IIa型最多,共266株,且分布最为广泛,分别为河北165株;黑龙江97株;内蒙古1株,重庆1株;云南2株。其次为IIb型,共14株,分别为河北1株;四川1株;福建12株。6株云南菌株为Ia型。
2.测定了2008年采自河北围场、吉林长春的共97株晚疫病菌的交配型,结果表明所有菌株全部为A1交配型,未发现A2交配型。
3.测定了2008年采自河北围场、吉林长春的共97株晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性,所有被测晚疫病菌株对嘧菌酯均表现敏感,对嘧菌酯的平均EC50值分别为0.0747μg/mL和0.0508μg/mL,两地总菌株的平均EC50值为0.0668μg/mL,该值可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯抗药性监测的敏感性基线。
4.测定了河北围场65株晚疫病菌对精甲霜灵锰锌的敏感性,多数对精甲霜灵锰锌高抗,其中高抗、中抗和敏感菌株的比例分别为72.3%、26.2%和1.5%,而在被测的32株吉林长春菌株中,多数对精甲霜灵锰锌敏感,其中敏感、中抗和高抗菌株所占比例分别为81.3%、15.6%和3.1%。测定了35株河北省围场县晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的敏感性,所有菌株都为抗性菌株,并且高抗菌株占97.1%;而在被测的18株吉林长春晚疫病菌株中,多数为敏感菌株,其中敏感、中抗和高抗比例分别为77.8%、16.7%和5.5%。研究还发现精甲霜灵锰锌和甲霜灵对部分菌株具有刺激菌丝生长的作用。
Potato late blight, caused by the Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases in potato production. It is necessary to study population structure of P. infestans for controlling the late blight. The mtDNA haplotypes of 286 isolates of P. infestans collected from 1996 to 2007 in seven Provinces (cities) in China, were assessed using PCR-RFLP and the distribution of mtDNA haplotypes was analyzed in order to better understand the P. infestans in the molecular level. In addition, the sensitivity to the three fungicides (azoxystrobin, Metalaxyl-M mancozeb and metalaxyl) of P.infestans collected from some areas of two Provinces of Hebei and Jilin in 2008.The main results are as follows:
1. Eight foreign isolates, which was known to their mtDNA haplotypes, were used as reference ones and the mitochondrial halpotypes of the Chinese 286 strains of P. infestas were determined using PCR-RFLP method. The three mtDNA haplotypes, i.e. Ia、IIa and IIb, were found among the tested isolates. Of 286 isolates, the mtDNA haplotype of 266 ones (165 in Hebei province, 97 from Heilongjiang province,1 isolate from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2 isolates form Yunnan province and 1 from Chongqing city; )was IIa, which was the most widely distributed in five provines (city). The haplotype of 14 isolates (12 from Fujian province, 1 from Hebei province and 1 from Sichuan province) was IIb and the one 6 isolates from Yunnan province was Ia.
2. The mating type of 97 isolates collected from Weichang county in Hebei province and Changchun city in Jilin province in 2008 were determined and the results indicates all tested isolates were the A1 mating type.
3. The sensitivities to azoxystrobin of 97 isolates collected from Weichang county in Hebei province and Changchun city in Jilin province in 2008 were assayed and the results showed that all tested isolates were sensitive. The mean values of median effective concentration (EC50) among the isolates collected from the two regions were 0.0747μg/mL and 0.0508μg/mL, respectively. The mean EC50 value of isolates from the two areas was 0.0668μg/mL, which can be used as the base line-sensitivity of P. infestans to azoxystrobin.
4. The sensitivities to Metalaxyl-M mancozeb of 65 isolates from Weichang country of Hebei province and 35 strains from Changchun city of Jilin province were investigated. The results indicated that the majority was resistant and the percentages of highly-resistant, intermediate-resistant and sensitive were separately 72.3%, 26.2% and 1.5%. Of however, majority was Metalaxyl-M mancozeb-sensitive and the percentages of sensitive, intermediate-resistant, and resistant strains were 81.3%, 15.6 % and 3.1%, respectively. Of the 35 isolates sampled from Weichang county of Hebei province, all isolates were resistant to metalaxyl and the percentage of highly-resistant ones was 91.7%. Of 18 isolates sampled from Changchun city, major isolates were sensitive to metalaxyl and the percentages of sensitive, intermediate–resistant and highly- resistant ones were separately 77.8%, 16.7% and 5.5%. It was also detected that Metalaxyl-M mancozeb and metalaxyl could make mycelia of resistant isolates grow well in the rye medium.
引文
[1] http://www.potato2008.org/en/world/asia. html#china.
[2]朱杰华,杨志辉,张凤国,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌群体遗传结构研究进展[J].中国农业科学. 2007, 40(9): 1936-1942.
[3]毕士云,毛彦芝,邱广伟,等. 4种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病药效试验[J].中国马铃薯. 2006, 20(2): 90-91.
[4] Hooker W J. Compendium of Potato Diseases[M]. 1981: St.Paul,MN.
[5] Botstein D R, White R L. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragmengt length polymorphisms[J]. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 1980, 32(3): 314-331.
[6] Goodwin S B, Spielman L J, Drenth L C, et al. Clonal diversity and genetic differentiation of Phytophthora infestans populatios in northern and central Mexico[J]. Phytopathology. 1992, 82(9): 955-961.
[7] Lebreton L, Andrivon D. French isolates of Phytophthora infestans from potato and tomato differ in phenotype and genotype[J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 1998, 104(6): 583-594.
[8] Martin F N, Tooley P W. Identification of Phytophthora isolates to species level using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a polymerase chain reaction-amplified region of mitochondrial DNA[J]. Phytopathology. 2004, 94(9): 983-991.
[9] Mahuku G, Peters R D, Platt H W, et al. Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis of Phytophthora infestans isolate collection in Canada during 1994 to 1996[J]. Plant Pathology. 2000, 49(2): 252-260.
[10]朱杰华,伍宁丰.马铃薯晚疫病菌A2交配型与DNA多态性相关关系研究(英文)[J].河北农业大学学报. 2001, 24(2): 77-81.
[11]魏长栓.中国部分地区马铃薯晚疫病菌的遗传分化研究[D].保定:河北农业大学, 2004.
[12]朱小琼,王英华,国立耘.中国不同地区致病疫霉遗传多样性的RAPD分析(英文)[J].植物病理学报. 2006, 36(3): 249-258.
[13]陈宏宇,文景芝.大豆疫霉菌遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].中国油料作物学报. 2006, 28(3): 330-334.
[14] Paran I, Michelmore R W. Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lecture[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1993, 85(8): 985-993.
[15] Theerakulpisut P, Kanawapee N, Maensiri D, et al. Development of species-specific SCAR markers for identification of three medicinal species of Phyllanthus[J]. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 2008, 46(4): 614-621.
[16] Zhang L, Ye H C, Li J F. Effect of Development Stage on the Artemisinin Content and the Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Marker of High-Artemisinin Yielding Strains of Artemisia annua L.[J]. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 2006, 48(9): 1054-1062.
[17]吴学谦,李海波,魏海龙,等. SCAR分子标记技术在香菇菌株鉴定上的应用研究[J].菌物学报. 2005, 24(2): 259-266.
[18]韩英鹏,张淑珍,于康富,等.利用SSR,RAPD和SCAR技术定位耐大豆疫霉根腐病QTL的研究[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版). 2007, 33(S1).
[19]杜洪忠,侯淑英,朱杰华,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌抗甲霜灵的SCAR标记[J].植物保护学报. 2007, 34(2): 199-203.
[20] Knapova G, Tenzer I, Gessler C. Characterisation of Phytophthora infestans from potato and tomato with molecular markers[C]. Proceedings of the 5th Congerss of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology(Biodiversity in Plant Pathology): 2001.
[21] Knapova G, Gisi U. Phenotypic and genotypic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations on potato and tomato in France and Switzerland[J]. Plant Pathology. 2002, 51(5): 641-653.
[22] Lees A K, Wattier R, Shaw D S, et al. Novel microsatellite markers for the analysis of Phytophthora infestans populations[J]. Plant Pathology. 2006, 55(3): 311-319.
[23] Schena L, Cardle L, Cooke D E. Use of genome sequence data in the design and testing of SSR markers for Phytophthora species[J]. BioMed Central. 2008, 9(620): 1-23.
[24]姚国胜,王俊山,杨英茹,等.河北省和黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌SSR基因型分析[J].科技导报. 2008, 26(5): 35-39.
[25] Zabeau M, Vos P. A general method for DNA fingerprinting[P]. European Patent Application 92402629.7(Publication No. 0534858A1).Paris European Patent Office, 1993.
[26] Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, et al. AFLP: A new technique for DNA fingerprinting [J]. Nucleic Acids Research. 1995, 23(21): 4407-4414.
[27] Meksem K, Leister D, Peleman J, et al. A high-resolution map of the vivinity of the R. locus on chromosome V of potato based on RFLP and AFLP markers[J]. Mol Gen Genet. 1995, 249: 74-81.
[28] Van T, Toai T, Peng J, et al. Using AFLP makers to determine the genomic contribution of parents to populations [J]. Crop Sci. 1997, 37: 1370-1373.
[29] Vandervoort J R, Wolters P, Folkertsma R, et al. Mapping of the cyst nematode resistance locus Gpa2 in potato using a strategy based on comigrating AFLP markers[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1997, 95: 874-880.
[30] Flier W G, Grünwald N J, Kroon L P N M, et al. The population structure of Phytophthora infestans from the Toluca Valley of Central Mexico suggests genetic differentiation between populations from cultivated potato and Wild Solanum Spp[J]. Phytopathology. 2003, 93(4): 382-390.
[31] Vanderlee T, Dewitte I, Drenth A, et al. AFLP linkage map of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 1997, 21(3): 278-291.
[32] Ghimire S R, Hyde K D, Hodgkiss I J, et al. Variations in the Phytophthora infestans population in Nepal as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms[J]. Phytopathology. 2003, 93(2): 236-243.
[33]郭军,Weide R.,屈冬玉,等.与马铃薯晚疫病菌无毒基因Avr1连锁的AFLP标记[J].中国农业科学. 2005, 38(9): 1801-1804.
[34]杨志辉,朱杰华,张凤国.中国马铃薯晚疫病菌AFLP遗传多样性分析[J].菌物学报. 2008, 27(3): 354-359.
[35] Deirdre A J, Feng X, Mu J, et al. Early origin and recent expansion of plasmodium falciparum[J]. Science. 2003, 300: 318-332.
[36] Yu N, Zheng Y P. Molecular systematics of Pikas (Genus Ochotona)inferred from mitochondrial DNA[J]. Mol Phyl Evo. 2000, 16(1): 85-95.
[37] Mark B. Counting angels with DNA[J]. Nature. 2003, 421(6919): 122-124.
[38] Paquin B, Laforest M J, Forget L, et al. The fungal mitochondrial genome project: Evolution of fungal mitochondrial genomes and their gene expression[J]. Current Gentics. 1997, 31(5): 380-395.
[39] Cooke D, Lees A K. Markers, old and new, for examining Phytophthora infestans diversity[J]. Plant Pathology. 2004, 53(6): 692-704.
[40] Carter D A, Archer S A, Buck K W, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA of Phytophthora infestans[J]. Mycological Research. 1990, 94(8): 1123-1128.
[41] Griffith G W, Shaw D S. Polymorphisms in Phytophthora infestans: Four mitochondrial haplotypes are detected after PCR amplification of DNA from pure cultures or from host lesions[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998, 64(10): 4007-4014.
[42] Cooke D E L, Young V, Birch P R J, et al. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Phytophthora infestans populations in Scotland (1995–97)[J]. Plant Pathology. 2003, 52: 181-192.
[43] Diane J C, Louise R C, Averil E B. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Northern Ireland isolates of Phytophthora infestans[J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2001, 107: 291-303.
[44] Lebreton L, Lucas J M, Andrivon D. Aggressiveness and Competitive Fitness of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Potato and Tomato in France[J]. Phytopathology. 1999, 89(8): 679-686.
[45] Wangsomboondee T, Trout Groves C, Shoemaker B, et al. Phytophthora infestans Populations from Tomato and Potato in North Carolina Differ in Genetic Diversity and Structure[J]. Phytopathology. 2002, 92(11): 1189-1195.
[46] Alpizar L G, Carbone I, Ristaino J B. An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007, 104(9): 3306-3311.
[47]郭军,屈冬玉,巩秀峰,等.内蒙古马铃薯晚疫病菌基因型多样性分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版). 2007, 35(4): 120-124.
[48]赵志坚,曹继芬,李灿辉,等.云南致病疫霉交配型、甲霜灵敏感性、mtDNA单倍型及其群体演替研究[J].中国农业科学. 2007, 40(4): 727-734.
[49] Niederhauser J S. The blight,the blighter,and the blighted[J]. Transactions of the New York Academy of Science. 1956, 19: 55-63.
[50] Tantius P H, Fyfe A M, Shaw D S, et al. Occurrence of the A2 mating type and self-fertile isolates of Phytophthora infestans. England and Wales[J]. Plant Pathology. 1986, 35: 578-581.
[51] Frinking H D, Davidse L C, Limburg H. Oospore formation by Phytophthora infestans in host tissue after inoculation with isolates of opposite mating type found in the Netherlands[J]. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology. 1987, 93: 147-149.
[52] Deal K L, Goth R W, Young R, et al. Occurrence of the A2 mating type of Phytophthora infestans in potato fields in the United States and Canada[J]. American Potato Journal. 1991, 68(11): 717-725.
[53] Koh Y J, Goodwin S B, Dyer A T, et al. Migrations and displacements of Phytophthora infestans populations in east Asian countries[J]. Phtopathology. 1994, 84(9): 922-927.
[54] Sujkowski L S, Goodwin S B, Dyer A T, et al. Increased genotypic diversity via migration and possible occurrence of sexual reproduction of Phytophthora infestans in Poland[J]. Phytopathology. 1994, 84(2): 201-207.
[55] Sedegui M, Carroll R B, Morehart A L, et al. Genetic structure of the Phytophthora infestans population in Morocco[J]. Plant disease. 2000, 84(2): 173-176.
[56] Bakonyi J, Ersek T. First report of A2 mating type of Phytophthora infestans on potato in Hungary[J]. Plant Disease. 1997, 81(9): 1094.
[57] Tooley S F. Fitness and virulence of Phytophthora infestans isolates from sexual and asexual populations[J]. Phytopathology. 1986, 76(11): 1209-1212.
[58] Spielman L J, Drenth L C, Davidse. A second world-wide migration and population displacement of Phytophthora infestan?[J]. Plant Pathology. 1991, 40(3): 422-430.
[59]张志铭,李玉琴,田世民,等.中国发生马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)A2交配型[J].河北农业大学学报. 1996, 19(4): 61-65.
[60]赵志坚,何云昆,李成云,等.云南省发现马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans) A2交配型[J].西南农业学报. 1999, 12(3): 1-3.
[61]朱杰华,张志铭,李玉琴.马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora Infestans)A2交配型的分布[J].植物病理学报. 2000, 30(4): 375.
[62]陈庆河,翁启勇,谢世勇,等.福建省致病疫霉交配型分布及对甲霜灵的抗药性[J].植物保护学报. 2004, 31(2): 151-156.
[63] Ailton R, Christine D S, Fry. Characterization of Strains of Phytophthora infestans from southern and southestern Brazil from 1998 to 2000[J]. Plant Disease. 2003, 87: 896-900.
[64]毕朝位,车兴壁,马金成,等.致病疫霉对甲霜灵抗性及抗性水平测定[J].西南农业大学学报. 2002, 24(4): 307-309.
[65] Davidse L C, Looijen D, Turkensteen L J, et al. Occurrence of metalaxyl-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans in Dutch potato-fields[J]. Plant Pathology. 1981, 87(2): 65-68.
[66] Dowley L J. Metalaxyl-resistance in populations of Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)De bary inIreland[J]. Potato Research. 1981, 24: 417-421.
[67] Hermansen A, Hannukkala A, Naerstad R H, et al. Variation in populations of Phytophthora infestans in Finland and Norway:mating type,metalaxyl resistance and virulence phenotype[J]. Plant Pathology. 2000, 49(1): 11-22.
[68] Fraser D E, Shoemaker P B, Ristaino J B. Characterrization of isolates of Phytophthora infestans from tomato and potato in North Carolina from 1993 to 1995[J]. Plant Disease. 1998, 83(7): 633-638.
[69] Kadish D, Cohen Y. Overseasoning of metalaxyl-sensitive and metalaxyl-resistance isolates of Phytophthora infestans in potato tubers[J]. Phytopathology. 1992, 82(8): 887-889.
[70]王文桥,刘国容,严乐恩,等.黄瓜霜霉病菌对不同内吸性杀菌剂的交互抗性[J].植物保护学报. 1996, 23: 85-88.
[71]王英华,国立耘,梁德霖,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌在内蒙古和甘肃的交配型分布及对几种杀菌剂的敏感性[J].中国农业大学学报. 2003, 8(1): 78-82.
[72]李炜,张志铭,樊慕贞.马铃薯晚疫病菌对瑞毒霉抗性的测定[J].河北农业大学学报. 1998, 21(2): 63-65.
[73]毕朝位,杜喜翠,车兴壁,等.重庆地区马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora in festans)对甲霜灵抗性及抗性水平测定[J].中国马铃薯. 2002, 16(2): 70-72.
[74]王源超,郑小波,陆家云.疫霉菌对甲霜灵杭性的研究现状[J].植物保护. 1994, 20(6): 29-31.
[75]朱小琼,车兴璧,国立耘,等.六省市致病疫霉交配型及其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性[J].植物保护. 2004, 30(4): 20-23.
[76]左豫虎,侯巨梅,康振生,等.大豆疫霉菌抗甲霜灵特性研究[J].菌物学报. 2005, 24(3): 422-428.
[77]杨志辉,桂秀梅,朱杰华,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗性及与霜脲氰和霜霉威交互抗药性的研究[J].中国农学通报. 2008, 24(5): 335-338.
[78]王文桥,马志强,韩秀英,等.霜脲氰和代森锰锌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的离体活性及混合增效作用[J].农药学学报. 2002, 4(1): 28-33.
[79]袁善奎,赵志华,刘西莉,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵和霜脲氰的敏感性检测[J].农药学学报. 2005, 7(3): 237-241.
[80] Albert G, Gurtze J. Dimethomorph(CME151),a novel curative fungicide [J]. Brighton Crop Port. Conf.-Pests Dis. 1988(1): 17-21.
[81]袁善奎,刘西莉,刘亮,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线及其室内抗药突变体的研究[J].植物病理学报. 2005, 35(6): 545-551.
[82]李春辉,骆玉敏,杨培仁. 25%阿米西达悬浮剂防治马铃薯晚疫病试验初报[J].现代农业科技. 2008(10): 71.
[83]刘西莉,马安捷,林吉柏,等.精甲霜灵锰锌与外消旋体甲霜灵对掘氏疫霉菌的抑菌活性比较[J].农药学学报. 2003, 5(3): 45-49.
[84] Abu-El Samen F M, Secor G A, Gudmestad N C. Variability in virulence among asexual progenies of Phytophthora infestans[J]. Phytopathology. 2003, 93(3): 293-304.
[85]李笑硕,张庆平,曹春梅,等.不同药剂防治马铃薯早疫病、晚疫病药效试验[J].内蒙古农业科技. 2006(2): 37, 48.
[86] Pipe N D, Azcoitia V, Shaw D S. Self-fertility in Phytophthora infestans: heterokaryons segregate several phenotypes[J]. Mycological Research. 2000, 104(6): 676-680.
[87] Shattock R. Studies on the inheritance of resistance to metalaxylin Phytophthora infestans[J]. Plant Pathology. 1988, 34: 4-11.
[88] Forbes G A. Manual for Laboratory Work on Phytophthora infestans[M]. International Potato Center(CIP), 1997, 5-16.
[89] Lee T Y, Mizubuti E, Fry W E. Genetics of metalaxyl resistance in Phytophthora infestans[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 1999, 26(2): 118-130.
[90] Fry W E, Goodwin S B. Resurgence of the Irish potato famine fungus[J]. Bioscience. 1997, 47(6): 363-371.
[91] Goodwin S B. The population genetics of Phytophthora[J]. Phytopathology. 1997, 87(4): 462-473.
[92] Fry W E, Goodwin S B, Dyer A T, et al. Historical and recent migrations of Phytophthora infestans:chronology,pathways,and implications[J]. Plant Disease. 1993, 77: 653-661.
[93] Gotoh K, Akino S, Maeda A, et al. Characterization of some Asian isolates of Phytophthora infestans[J]. Plant Pathology. 2005, 54: 733-739.
[94]沈江卫,杨志辉,朱杰华,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯和精甲霜灵锰锌的敏感性测定[J].农药. 2008, 47(6): 457-461.
[95]金光辉,白雅梅,孙秀梅,等.黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌A_2交配型的测定[J].中国马铃薯. 2006, 20(4): 212-214.
[96]姚国胜,吕国朝,杨志辉,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵敏感性及交配型测定[J].华北农学报. 2007, 22: 260-262.
[97]朱杰华,张志铭,李玉琴,等.河北省马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)A2交配型的分布[J].河北农业大学学报. 2000, 23(3): 73-75.
[98]朱志峰.马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线建立及其抗性风险初探[D].长春:吉林农业大学, 2007.
[99]夏艳涛,靳学慧,马德全,等.几种新型杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报. 2007, 19(1): 30-32.
[100] Russell P E. Sensitivity baselines in fungicide resistance research and management[G]. GCPF,Brussels: FRAC Monograph No.3, 2003: 1-56.
[101] Parra G, Ristaino J B. Resistance to mefenoxam and metalaxyl among field isolates of Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight of bell pepper[J]. Plant Disease. 2001, 85(10): 1069-1075.
[102] Brent K J, Hollomon D W. Fungicide resistance,theassessment of risk,Monograph No. 2[G]. Brussels:FRAC,Global Crop Protection Federation, 1998: 1-48.
[2]朱杰华,杨志辉,张凤国,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌群体遗传结构研究进展[J].中国农业科学. 2007, 40(9): 1936-1942.
[3]毕士云,毛彦芝,邱广伟,等. 4种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病药效试验[J].中国马铃薯. 2006, 20(2): 90-91.
[4] Hooker W J. Compendium of Potato Diseases[M]. 1981: St.Paul,MN.
[5] Botstein D R, White R L. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragmengt length polymorphisms[J]. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 1980, 32(3): 314-331.
[6] Goodwin S B, Spielman L J, Drenth L C, et al. Clonal diversity and genetic differentiation of Phytophthora infestans populatios in northern and central Mexico[J]. Phytopathology. 1992, 82(9): 955-961.
[7] Lebreton L, Andrivon D. French isolates of Phytophthora infestans from potato and tomato differ in phenotype and genotype[J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 1998, 104(6): 583-594.
[8] Martin F N, Tooley P W. Identification of Phytophthora isolates to species level using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a polymerase chain reaction-amplified region of mitochondrial DNA[J]. Phytopathology. 2004, 94(9): 983-991.
[9] Mahuku G, Peters R D, Platt H W, et al. Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis of Phytophthora infestans isolate collection in Canada during 1994 to 1996[J]. Plant Pathology. 2000, 49(2): 252-260.
[10]朱杰华,伍宁丰.马铃薯晚疫病菌A2交配型与DNA多态性相关关系研究(英文)[J].河北农业大学学报. 2001, 24(2): 77-81.
[11]魏长栓.中国部分地区马铃薯晚疫病菌的遗传分化研究[D].保定:河北农业大学, 2004.
[12]朱小琼,王英华,国立耘.中国不同地区致病疫霉遗传多样性的RAPD分析(英文)[J].植物病理学报. 2006, 36(3): 249-258.
[13]陈宏宇,文景芝.大豆疫霉菌遗传多样性的RAPD分析[J].中国油料作物学报. 2006, 28(3): 330-334.
[14] Paran I, Michelmore R W. Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lecture[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1993, 85(8): 985-993.
[15] Theerakulpisut P, Kanawapee N, Maensiri D, et al. Development of species-specific SCAR markers for identification of three medicinal species of Phyllanthus[J]. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 2008, 46(4): 614-621.
[16] Zhang L, Ye H C, Li J F. Effect of Development Stage on the Artemisinin Content and the Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Marker of High-Artemisinin Yielding Strains of Artemisia annua L.[J]. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 2006, 48(9): 1054-1062.
[17]吴学谦,李海波,魏海龙,等. SCAR分子标记技术在香菇菌株鉴定上的应用研究[J].菌物学报. 2005, 24(2): 259-266.
[18]韩英鹏,张淑珍,于康富,等.利用SSR,RAPD和SCAR技术定位耐大豆疫霉根腐病QTL的研究[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版). 2007, 33(S1).
[19]杜洪忠,侯淑英,朱杰华,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌抗甲霜灵的SCAR标记[J].植物保护学报. 2007, 34(2): 199-203.
[20] Knapova G, Tenzer I, Gessler C. Characterisation of Phytophthora infestans from potato and tomato with molecular markers[C]. Proceedings of the 5th Congerss of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology(Biodiversity in Plant Pathology): 2001.
[21] Knapova G, Gisi U. Phenotypic and genotypic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations on potato and tomato in France and Switzerland[J]. Plant Pathology. 2002, 51(5): 641-653.
[22] Lees A K, Wattier R, Shaw D S, et al. Novel microsatellite markers for the analysis of Phytophthora infestans populations[J]. Plant Pathology. 2006, 55(3): 311-319.
[23] Schena L, Cardle L, Cooke D E. Use of genome sequence data in the design and testing of SSR markers for Phytophthora species[J]. BioMed Central. 2008, 9(620): 1-23.
[24]姚国胜,王俊山,杨英茹,等.河北省和黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌SSR基因型分析[J].科技导报. 2008, 26(5): 35-39.
[25] Zabeau M, Vos P. A general method for DNA fingerprinting[P]. European Patent Application 92402629.7(Publication No. 0534858A1).Paris European Patent Office, 1993.
[26] Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, et al. AFLP: A new technique for DNA fingerprinting [J]. Nucleic Acids Research. 1995, 23(21): 4407-4414.
[27] Meksem K, Leister D, Peleman J, et al. A high-resolution map of the vivinity of the R. locus on chromosome V of potato based on RFLP and AFLP markers[J]. Mol Gen Genet. 1995, 249: 74-81.
[28] Van T, Toai T, Peng J, et al. Using AFLP makers to determine the genomic contribution of parents to populations [J]. Crop Sci. 1997, 37: 1370-1373.
[29] Vandervoort J R, Wolters P, Folkertsma R, et al. Mapping of the cyst nematode resistance locus Gpa2 in potato using a strategy based on comigrating AFLP markers[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1997, 95: 874-880.
[30] Flier W G, Grünwald N J, Kroon L P N M, et al. The population structure of Phytophthora infestans from the Toluca Valley of Central Mexico suggests genetic differentiation between populations from cultivated potato and Wild Solanum Spp[J]. Phytopathology. 2003, 93(4): 382-390.
[31] Vanderlee T, Dewitte I, Drenth A, et al. AFLP linkage map of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 1997, 21(3): 278-291.
[32] Ghimire S R, Hyde K D, Hodgkiss I J, et al. Variations in the Phytophthora infestans population in Nepal as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms[J]. Phytopathology. 2003, 93(2): 236-243.
[33]郭军,Weide R.,屈冬玉,等.与马铃薯晚疫病菌无毒基因Avr1连锁的AFLP标记[J].中国农业科学. 2005, 38(9): 1801-1804.
[34]杨志辉,朱杰华,张凤国.中国马铃薯晚疫病菌AFLP遗传多样性分析[J].菌物学报. 2008, 27(3): 354-359.
[35] Deirdre A J, Feng X, Mu J, et al. Early origin and recent expansion of plasmodium falciparum[J]. Science. 2003, 300: 318-332.
[36] Yu N, Zheng Y P. Molecular systematics of Pikas (Genus Ochotona)inferred from mitochondrial DNA[J]. Mol Phyl Evo. 2000, 16(1): 85-95.
[37] Mark B. Counting angels with DNA[J]. Nature. 2003, 421(6919): 122-124.
[38] Paquin B, Laforest M J, Forget L, et al. The fungal mitochondrial genome project: Evolution of fungal mitochondrial genomes and their gene expression[J]. Current Gentics. 1997, 31(5): 380-395.
[39] Cooke D, Lees A K. Markers, old and new, for examining Phytophthora infestans diversity[J]. Plant Pathology. 2004, 53(6): 692-704.
[40] Carter D A, Archer S A, Buck K W, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA of Phytophthora infestans[J]. Mycological Research. 1990, 94(8): 1123-1128.
[41] Griffith G W, Shaw D S. Polymorphisms in Phytophthora infestans: Four mitochondrial haplotypes are detected after PCR amplification of DNA from pure cultures or from host lesions[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998, 64(10): 4007-4014.
[42] Cooke D E L, Young V, Birch P R J, et al. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Phytophthora infestans populations in Scotland (1995–97)[J]. Plant Pathology. 2003, 52: 181-192.
[43] Diane J C, Louise R C, Averil E B. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Northern Ireland isolates of Phytophthora infestans[J]. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2001, 107: 291-303.
[44] Lebreton L, Lucas J M, Andrivon D. Aggressiveness and Competitive Fitness of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Potato and Tomato in France[J]. Phytopathology. 1999, 89(8): 679-686.
[45] Wangsomboondee T, Trout Groves C, Shoemaker B, et al. Phytophthora infestans Populations from Tomato and Potato in North Carolina Differ in Genetic Diversity and Structure[J]. Phytopathology. 2002, 92(11): 1189-1195.
[46] Alpizar L G, Carbone I, Ristaino J B. An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007, 104(9): 3306-3311.
[47]郭军,屈冬玉,巩秀峰,等.内蒙古马铃薯晚疫病菌基因型多样性分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版). 2007, 35(4): 120-124.
[48]赵志坚,曹继芬,李灿辉,等.云南致病疫霉交配型、甲霜灵敏感性、mtDNA单倍型及其群体演替研究[J].中国农业科学. 2007, 40(4): 727-734.
[49] Niederhauser J S. The blight,the blighter,and the blighted[J]. Transactions of the New York Academy of Science. 1956, 19: 55-63.
[50] Tantius P H, Fyfe A M, Shaw D S, et al. Occurrence of the A2 mating type and self-fertile isolates of Phytophthora infestans. England and Wales[J]. Plant Pathology. 1986, 35: 578-581.
[51] Frinking H D, Davidse L C, Limburg H. Oospore formation by Phytophthora infestans in host tissue after inoculation with isolates of opposite mating type found in the Netherlands[J]. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology. 1987, 93: 147-149.
[52] Deal K L, Goth R W, Young R, et al. Occurrence of the A2 mating type of Phytophthora infestans in potato fields in the United States and Canada[J]. American Potato Journal. 1991, 68(11): 717-725.
[53] Koh Y J, Goodwin S B, Dyer A T, et al. Migrations and displacements of Phytophthora infestans populations in east Asian countries[J]. Phtopathology. 1994, 84(9): 922-927.
[54] Sujkowski L S, Goodwin S B, Dyer A T, et al. Increased genotypic diversity via migration and possible occurrence of sexual reproduction of Phytophthora infestans in Poland[J]. Phytopathology. 1994, 84(2): 201-207.
[55] Sedegui M, Carroll R B, Morehart A L, et al. Genetic structure of the Phytophthora infestans population in Morocco[J]. Plant disease. 2000, 84(2): 173-176.
[56] Bakonyi J, Ersek T. First report of A2 mating type of Phytophthora infestans on potato in Hungary[J]. Plant Disease. 1997, 81(9): 1094.
[57] Tooley S F. Fitness and virulence of Phytophthora infestans isolates from sexual and asexual populations[J]. Phytopathology. 1986, 76(11): 1209-1212.
[58] Spielman L J, Drenth L C, Davidse. A second world-wide migration and population displacement of Phytophthora infestan?[J]. Plant Pathology. 1991, 40(3): 422-430.
[59]张志铭,李玉琴,田世民,等.中国发生马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)A2交配型[J].河北农业大学学报. 1996, 19(4): 61-65.
[60]赵志坚,何云昆,李成云,等.云南省发现马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans) A2交配型[J].西南农业学报. 1999, 12(3): 1-3.
[61]朱杰华,张志铭,李玉琴.马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora Infestans)A2交配型的分布[J].植物病理学报. 2000, 30(4): 375.
[62]陈庆河,翁启勇,谢世勇,等.福建省致病疫霉交配型分布及对甲霜灵的抗药性[J].植物保护学报. 2004, 31(2): 151-156.
[63] Ailton R, Christine D S, Fry. Characterization of Strains of Phytophthora infestans from southern and southestern Brazil from 1998 to 2000[J]. Plant Disease. 2003, 87: 896-900.
[64]毕朝位,车兴壁,马金成,等.致病疫霉对甲霜灵抗性及抗性水平测定[J].西南农业大学学报. 2002, 24(4): 307-309.
[65] Davidse L C, Looijen D, Turkensteen L J, et al. Occurrence of metalaxyl-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans in Dutch potato-fields[J]. Plant Pathology. 1981, 87(2): 65-68.
[66] Dowley L J. Metalaxyl-resistance in populations of Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)De bary inIreland[J]. Potato Research. 1981, 24: 417-421.
[67] Hermansen A, Hannukkala A, Naerstad R H, et al. Variation in populations of Phytophthora infestans in Finland and Norway:mating type,metalaxyl resistance and virulence phenotype[J]. Plant Pathology. 2000, 49(1): 11-22.
[68] Fraser D E, Shoemaker P B, Ristaino J B. Characterrization of isolates of Phytophthora infestans from tomato and potato in North Carolina from 1993 to 1995[J]. Plant Disease. 1998, 83(7): 633-638.
[69] Kadish D, Cohen Y. Overseasoning of metalaxyl-sensitive and metalaxyl-resistance isolates of Phytophthora infestans in potato tubers[J]. Phytopathology. 1992, 82(8): 887-889.
[70]王文桥,刘国容,严乐恩,等.黄瓜霜霉病菌对不同内吸性杀菌剂的交互抗性[J].植物保护学报. 1996, 23: 85-88.
[71]王英华,国立耘,梁德霖,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌在内蒙古和甘肃的交配型分布及对几种杀菌剂的敏感性[J].中国农业大学学报. 2003, 8(1): 78-82.
[72]李炜,张志铭,樊慕贞.马铃薯晚疫病菌对瑞毒霉抗性的测定[J].河北农业大学学报. 1998, 21(2): 63-65.
[73]毕朝位,杜喜翠,车兴壁,等.重庆地区马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora in festans)对甲霜灵抗性及抗性水平测定[J].中国马铃薯. 2002, 16(2): 70-72.
[74]王源超,郑小波,陆家云.疫霉菌对甲霜灵杭性的研究现状[J].植物保护. 1994, 20(6): 29-31.
[75]朱小琼,车兴璧,国立耘,等.六省市致病疫霉交配型及其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性[J].植物保护. 2004, 30(4): 20-23.
[76]左豫虎,侯巨梅,康振生,等.大豆疫霉菌抗甲霜灵特性研究[J].菌物学报. 2005, 24(3): 422-428.
[77]杨志辉,桂秀梅,朱杰华,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗性及与霜脲氰和霜霉威交互抗药性的研究[J].中国农学通报. 2008, 24(5): 335-338.
[78]王文桥,马志强,韩秀英,等.霜脲氰和代森锰锌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的离体活性及混合增效作用[J].农药学学报. 2002, 4(1): 28-33.
[79]袁善奎,赵志华,刘西莉,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵和霜脲氰的敏感性检测[J].农药学学报. 2005, 7(3): 237-241.
[80] Albert G, Gurtze J. Dimethomorph(CME151),a novel curative fungicide [J]. Brighton Crop Port. Conf.-Pests Dis. 1988(1): 17-21.
[81]袁善奎,刘西莉,刘亮,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线及其室内抗药突变体的研究[J].植物病理学报. 2005, 35(6): 545-551.
[82]李春辉,骆玉敏,杨培仁. 25%阿米西达悬浮剂防治马铃薯晚疫病试验初报[J].现代农业科技. 2008(10): 71.
[83]刘西莉,马安捷,林吉柏,等.精甲霜灵锰锌与外消旋体甲霜灵对掘氏疫霉菌的抑菌活性比较[J].农药学学报. 2003, 5(3): 45-49.
[84] Abu-El Samen F M, Secor G A, Gudmestad N C. Variability in virulence among asexual progenies of Phytophthora infestans[J]. Phytopathology. 2003, 93(3): 293-304.
[85]李笑硕,张庆平,曹春梅,等.不同药剂防治马铃薯早疫病、晚疫病药效试验[J].内蒙古农业科技. 2006(2): 37, 48.
[86] Pipe N D, Azcoitia V, Shaw D S. Self-fertility in Phytophthora infestans: heterokaryons segregate several phenotypes[J]. Mycological Research. 2000, 104(6): 676-680.
[87] Shattock R. Studies on the inheritance of resistance to metalaxylin Phytophthora infestans[J]. Plant Pathology. 1988, 34: 4-11.
[88] Forbes G A. Manual for Laboratory Work on Phytophthora infestans[M]. International Potato Center(CIP), 1997, 5-16.
[89] Lee T Y, Mizubuti E, Fry W E. Genetics of metalaxyl resistance in Phytophthora infestans[J]. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 1999, 26(2): 118-130.
[90] Fry W E, Goodwin S B. Resurgence of the Irish potato famine fungus[J]. Bioscience. 1997, 47(6): 363-371.
[91] Goodwin S B. The population genetics of Phytophthora[J]. Phytopathology. 1997, 87(4): 462-473.
[92] Fry W E, Goodwin S B, Dyer A T, et al. Historical and recent migrations of Phytophthora infestans:chronology,pathways,and implications[J]. Plant Disease. 1993, 77: 653-661.
[93] Gotoh K, Akino S, Maeda A, et al. Characterization of some Asian isolates of Phytophthora infestans[J]. Plant Pathology. 2005, 54: 733-739.
[94]沈江卫,杨志辉,朱杰华,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯和精甲霜灵锰锌的敏感性测定[J].农药. 2008, 47(6): 457-461.
[95]金光辉,白雅梅,孙秀梅,等.黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌A_2交配型的测定[J].中国马铃薯. 2006, 20(4): 212-214.
[96]姚国胜,吕国朝,杨志辉,等.马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵敏感性及交配型测定[J].华北农学报. 2007, 22: 260-262.
[97]朱杰华,张志铭,李玉琴,等.河北省马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)A2交配型的分布[J].河北农业大学学报. 2000, 23(3): 73-75.
[98]朱志峰.马铃薯晚疫病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线建立及其抗性风险初探[D].长春:吉林农业大学, 2007.
[99]夏艳涛,靳学慧,马德全,等.几种新型杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报. 2007, 19(1): 30-32.
[100] Russell P E. Sensitivity baselines in fungicide resistance research and management[G]. GCPF,Brussels: FRAC Monograph No.3, 2003: 1-56.
[101] Parra G, Ristaino J B. Resistance to mefenoxam and metalaxyl among field isolates of Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight of bell pepper[J]. Plant Disease. 2001, 85(10): 1069-1075.
[102] Brent K J, Hollomon D W. Fungicide resistance,theassessment of risk,Monograph No. 2[G]. Brussels:FRAC,Global Crop Protection Federation, 1998: 1-48.