基于动力特性的高桩码头基桩损伤识别方法及承载力检测技术研究
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摘要
高桩码头是应用广泛的码头结构型式之一，我国港口工程领域存在大量的使用了几十年的老旧高桩码头。这些老码头在船舶撞击、使用荷载、环境侵蚀作用下，基桩普遍存在损伤破坏的问题；同时对高桩码头现役基桩进行承载力检测是进行老码头检测评估、升级改造等的必要前提条件。高桩码头基桩上部存在复杂的结构型式，对于桩顶为非自由端这样的结构，现阶段没有有效可行的基桩损伤诊断和承载力检测方法。因此，如何对现役的高桩码头基桩进行损伤识别和承载力检测是亟需研究解决的课题。
本文采用理论分析、数值模拟、物理模型试验、现场实测相结合的方法研究基于动力特性的高桩码头基桩损伤诊断方法及现役高桩码头基桩承载力检测方法。涉及的主要科学技术问题包括：环境激励下高桩码头模态参数识别方法、高桩码头基桩损伤识别方法、高桩码头现役基桩承载力检测方法等。
（一）环境激励下高桩码头模态参数识别方法研究。针对高桩码头原型动力试验激励难的问题，研究根据正常工作时通过环境荷载激励下的动力响应去识别高桩码头模态参数的方法。（1）提出了一种适用于环境激励下高桩码头模态参数识别的ERA方法。依据自然激励技术和系统最小实现的基本原理，详细推导ERA算法，编制了NExT-ERA高桩码头模态识别程序。（2）制作了考虑桩-土作用的大比尺高桩码头物理模型（1:10），并将本文提出的基于环境激励的模态参数识别理论方法应用到物理模型模态试验中，结合动力特性的数值计算分析，揭示了高桩码头模型在环境荷载激励下的模态阶次和模态特性。
（二）高桩码头基桩损伤识别方法。针对高桩码头基桩本身的结构特点，首次提出了基于模态应变能的高桩码头基桩损伤诊断方法。依据振动微分方程，详细推导了模态应变能表达式，并对模态应变能损伤定位原理进行证明。给出MSE损伤定位的实施步骤，编制了基于模态应变能的高桩码头基桩损伤识别程序。以高桩码头一个排架为研究对象，通过数值算例分析，对不同工况下高桩码头基桩的损伤进行诊断。研究显示，模态应变能变化率对损伤单元有较强的敏感性，能够识别出高桩码头基桩不同工况下的损伤。研究结果可为基于动力特性的高桩码头动力无损检测提供有益参考。
（三）高桩码头现役基桩承载力检测方法。首次提出区域堆载法检测高桩码头现役基桩承载力技术，解决了堆载区域、测试内容、加载卸载终止条件等关键技术问题。首次实施高桩码头基桩承载力原型试验，测试在分级荷载作用下码头整体变形变位、基桩沉降、结构构件应变等，结合数值计算分析，确定了基桩的竖向承载力。依据原型试验检测结果，对依托工程提出灌注桩加纵梁的改造方案，提高了码头整体竖向承载力，同时保持结构整体性、受力合理及变形协调。
High-piled wharf is one of the widely used harbor structure type, there are a lotof decades old high-piled wharfs in the field of port projects in China. These oldhigh-piled wharf piles were widespread damaged by ship impact loadings,environmental erosion and so on; meanwhile the detections of pile bearing capacityare the necessary preconditions of detection, evaluation and upgrading for the oldterminal. There are complex structures on the foundation piles, at this stage, for thesenon-free end piles, there are no effective and feasible damage diagnosis methods andbearing capacity detection methods. Therefore, how to identify the damages activehigh-piled wharf pile and honw to test the bearing capacity is an urgent need to studyand resolve.
In this paper, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical model tests andfield measurement methods were combined used to study damage diagnosis methodsbase on the dynamic characteristics, and bearing capacity detection methods of thehigh-piled wharf piles. Such scientific and technical issues were included: modalparameter identification method of the high-piled wharf under ambient excitation,damage identification and capacity detection methods of high-piled wharf piles.
Firstly, research on the modal parameter identification methods of high-piledwharf under ambient excitation. Aimed at the difficult problem of exciting thehigh-piled wharf to dynamic test, the modal parameters identification methods ofhigh-piled wharf were studied based on ambient excitation load response in thenormal working hours.(1) ERA method is proposed to identify modal parameters ofhigh-piled wharf under ambient excitation. ERA algorithm is detailed derived, basedon the basic principles of the system minimal realization and natural incentivetechnologies, also the Next-ERA procedures for high-pile wharf modal identificationwere compiled.(2) The large scale high-piled wharf physical model (1:10) wasproducted considering pile-soil interaction, and the proposed theory of modalparameter identification method based on ambient excitation was applied to thephysical model testing, combined with the dynamic characteristics calculated bynumerical analysis, he high-piled wharf model modal order and dynamiccharacteristics by environmental load excitation were revealed.
Secondly, research on damage diagnosis methods of the high-piled wharf piles.Aimed at characteristics of the high-piled wharf pile, the damage diagnostic methodsbased on modal strain energy was firstly proposed. Depending on the vibrationdifferential equations, the strain energy expression modal was derived in detail, andthe principle of strain energy damage localization was proved. The implementationsteps were given based on MSE and the procedures for damage diagnosis of thehigh-piled wharf piles were programmed. The damages of high-piled wharf piles indifferent conditions were diagnosed through a bent numerical analysis. The resultsalso demonstrated that modal strain energy as damage diagnosis parameter was verysensitive to damage element and could identify the high-piled wharf damages underdifferent operating conditions. The research results would provide a useful referencefor non-destructive dynamic testing based on the dynamic characteristics of high-pilewharf.
Thirdly, the bearing capacity detection methods of high-piled wharf piles wereresearched. The regional heap load method to detect high-piled wharf piles capacitywas firstly proposed, also the load area, loading and unloading termination conditionsand other key technical issues were proposed and solved. The high-piled wharf pilescapacity prototype testing was firstly carried out, the deformation displacement ofwhile high-piled wharf, the displacement of piles, and the strain of structural elementswere tested under grading loads. Finally, the vertical bearing capacity of foundationpile was determined combined with numerical calculation. Based on the test results ofthe prototype test, the longitudinal beam and bored pile modification scheme wasproposed for the support project. The modification scheme can improve the overallvertical bearing capacity, while maintaining the structural integrity and deformationcompatibility.
本文采用理论分析、数值模拟、物理模型试验、现场实测相结合的方法研究基于动力特性的高桩码头基桩损伤诊断方法及现役高桩码头基桩承载力检测方法。涉及的主要科学技术问题包括：环境激励下高桩码头模态参数识别方法、高桩码头基桩损伤识别方法、高桩码头现役基桩承载力检测方法等。
（一）环境激励下高桩码头模态参数识别方法研究。针对高桩码头原型动力试验激励难的问题，研究根据正常工作时通过环境荷载激励下的动力响应去识别高桩码头模态参数的方法。（1）提出了一种适用于环境激励下高桩码头模态参数识别的ERA方法。依据自然激励技术和系统最小实现的基本原理，详细推导ERA算法，编制了NExT-ERA高桩码头模态识别程序。（2）制作了考虑桩-土作用的大比尺高桩码头物理模型（1:10），并将本文提出的基于环境激励的模态参数识别理论方法应用到物理模型模态试验中，结合动力特性的数值计算分析，揭示了高桩码头模型在环境荷载激励下的模态阶次和模态特性。
（二）高桩码头基桩损伤识别方法。针对高桩码头基桩本身的结构特点，首次提出了基于模态应变能的高桩码头基桩损伤诊断方法。依据振动微分方程，详细推导了模态应变能表达式，并对模态应变能损伤定位原理进行证明。给出MSE损伤定位的实施步骤，编制了基于模态应变能的高桩码头基桩损伤识别程序。以高桩码头一个排架为研究对象，通过数值算例分析，对不同工况下高桩码头基桩的损伤进行诊断。研究显示，模态应变能变化率对损伤单元有较强的敏感性，能够识别出高桩码头基桩不同工况下的损伤。研究结果可为基于动力特性的高桩码头动力无损检测提供有益参考。
（三）高桩码头现役基桩承载力检测方法。首次提出区域堆载法检测高桩码头现役基桩承载力技术，解决了堆载区域、测试内容、加载卸载终止条件等关键技术问题。首次实施高桩码头基桩承载力原型试验，测试在分级荷载作用下码头整体变形变位、基桩沉降、结构构件应变等，结合数值计算分析，确定了基桩的竖向承载力。依据原型试验检测结果，对依托工程提出灌注桩加纵梁的改造方案，提高了码头整体竖向承载力，同时保持结构整体性、受力合理及变形协调。
High-piled wharf is one of the widely used harbor structure type, there are a lotof decades old high-piled wharfs in the field of port projects in China. These oldhigh-piled wharf piles were widespread damaged by ship impact loadings,environmental erosion and so on; meanwhile the detections of pile bearing capacityare the necessary preconditions of detection, evaluation and upgrading for the oldterminal. There are complex structures on the foundation piles, at this stage, for thesenon-free end piles, there are no effective and feasible damage diagnosis methods andbearing capacity detection methods. Therefore, how to identify the damages activehigh-piled wharf pile and honw to test the bearing capacity is an urgent need to studyand resolve.
In this paper, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical model tests andfield measurement methods were combined used to study damage diagnosis methodsbase on the dynamic characteristics, and bearing capacity detection methods of thehigh-piled wharf piles. Such scientific and technical issues were included: modalparameter identification method of the high-piled wharf under ambient excitation,damage identification and capacity detection methods of high-piled wharf piles.
Firstly, research on the modal parameter identification methods of high-piledwharf under ambient excitation. Aimed at the difficult problem of exciting thehigh-piled wharf to dynamic test, the modal parameters identification methods ofhigh-piled wharf were studied based on ambient excitation load response in thenormal working hours.(1) ERA method is proposed to identify modal parameters ofhigh-piled wharf under ambient excitation. ERA algorithm is detailed derived, basedon the basic principles of the system minimal realization and natural incentivetechnologies, also the Next-ERA procedures for high-pile wharf modal identificationwere compiled.(2) The large scale high-piled wharf physical model (1:10) wasproducted considering pile-soil interaction, and the proposed theory of modalparameter identification method based on ambient excitation was applied to thephysical model testing, combined with the dynamic characteristics calculated bynumerical analysis, he high-piled wharf model modal order and dynamiccharacteristics by environmental load excitation were revealed.
Secondly, research on damage diagnosis methods of the high-piled wharf piles.Aimed at characteristics of the high-piled wharf pile, the damage diagnostic methodsbased on modal strain energy was firstly proposed. Depending on the vibrationdifferential equations, the strain energy expression modal was derived in detail, andthe principle of strain energy damage localization was proved. The implementationsteps were given based on MSE and the procedures for damage diagnosis of thehigh-piled wharf piles were programmed. The damages of high-piled wharf piles indifferent conditions were diagnosed through a bent numerical analysis. The resultsalso demonstrated that modal strain energy as damage diagnosis parameter was verysensitive to damage element and could identify the high-piled wharf damages underdifferent operating conditions. The research results would provide a useful referencefor non-destructive dynamic testing based on the dynamic characteristics of high-pilewharf.
Thirdly, the bearing capacity detection methods of high-piled wharf piles wereresearched. The regional heap load method to detect high-piled wharf piles capacitywas firstly proposed, also the load area, loading and unloading termination conditionsand other key technical issues were proposed and solved. The high-piled wharf pilescapacity prototype testing was firstly carried out, the deformation displacement ofwhile high-piled wharf, the displacement of piles, and the strain of structural elementswere tested under grading loads. Finally, the vertical bearing capacity of foundationpile was determined combined with numerical calculation. Based on the test results ofthe prototype test, the longitudinal beam and bored pile modification scheme wasproposed for the support project. The modification scheme can improve the overallvertical bearing capacity, while maintaining the structural integrity and deformationcompatibility.
引文
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