运用群体心理学解读《蝇王》
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摘要
1983年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，威廉.戈尔丁的成名作《蝇王》因“以清晰的现实主义叙述手法和为人所熟悉却形态各异的神话，阐明了当今人类世界的情况”而获奖。自获奖之后，国内外的读者和批评家才开始关注这位作家，十几本专著和数以百计的评论文章从宗教原罪学说，神话原形批评学说和女性主义等多个角度对其主题意义和叙述结构进行剖析。
本文依据群体心理学的理论，对作品《蝇王》人物性格首先进行分析。在分析故事中的孩子们最初理性的安排生活，随后发生了冲突，以致相互残杀，最后变成一群“野人”，本文运用群体行为学的去个体化和行为传染理论分析从文明演变到野蛮的原因。
本文共分五章，第一章简述了当前对作品《蝇王》评论的基本情况及研究这部作品的意义，并提出自己的研究方法和目的。第二章运用群体心理学分析作品的人物性格，地位及领导能力等方面。第三章和第四章，通过群体心理学的去个人化和行为传染理论，分析了孩子们的行为为什么会从文明变成野蛮。去个性化是指个体失去了个体的约束力及自我评价贬低的心理状态下，做出违反社会中常遵守的社会准则的事，表现出非正常的行事倾向。杰克利用面具隐藏自己的身份做出野蛮的事情。这样可以摆脱自己的行为所要承担的责任和良心的谴责。行为传染表示在群体中快速传播有形或无形的现象或行为。导致群体行为的不正常，杰克利用怪兽这一群体害怕的东西致使群体行为变得野蛮。最后一章是论文的结论，综合前文所论证的内容，重申论点。
William Golding was awarded Nobel Literature Prize in 1983 because of his masterpiece-Lord of the Flies, "his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and the universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world today". Since its publication, Lord of the Flies has been a hot topic in the academic research of literary works. Literary critics have focused on myth and archetypal reading while others have adopted an approach to feminist reading in the pig-hunting episode of the novel.
This thesis intends to read and interpret Lord of the Flies in the light of group psychology to analyze the characters' personality, status in group, leadership and obedience, group cohesiveness and conformity, status and interaction in groups, group productivity and leadership effectiveness, intergroup conflict, personality. In Lord of the Flies, the novel devastatingly reveals that the destructive forces of primeval cruelty, irrationality, barbarity and ignorance dwell in people, so my thesis will use the collective behavior, deindividuation and behavioral contagion to explain the reason and the process how they make the civilized environment to savaged one. The thesis consists of five chapters.
Chapter one is a brief review of the criticism on Lord of the Flies and the aim as well as the value of this thesis, and brings up my theoretical basis.
Chapter two is devoted to analysis of the characters' personality, status, leadership and obedience by way of the group psychology.
Chapter three and chapter four are dedicated to using the deindividuation and behavioral contagion to interpret the reason why the boys become savaged. Deindividuation is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation, causing anti-normative and disinhibited behavior, Jack uses mask to hide his personal identity to behave violently to be free from the self-consciousness of shame. Behavioral contagion means the rapid spread through a group of visible and often unusual symptoms or behavior, and therefore, Jack also makes use of the Beast to horrify these boys to be barbaric in the end.
Chapter five gives a conclusion to the thesis, by using group psychological approach to the novel, this thesis can succeed in exposing the reason why these boys on the island become savaged even though they are from civilized society.
本文依据群体心理学的理论，对作品《蝇王》人物性格首先进行分析。在分析故事中的孩子们最初理性的安排生活，随后发生了冲突，以致相互残杀，最后变成一群“野人”，本文运用群体行为学的去个体化和行为传染理论分析从文明演变到野蛮的原因。
本文共分五章，第一章简述了当前对作品《蝇王》评论的基本情况及研究这部作品的意义，并提出自己的研究方法和目的。第二章运用群体心理学分析作品的人物性格，地位及领导能力等方面。第三章和第四章，通过群体心理学的去个人化和行为传染理论，分析了孩子们的行为为什么会从文明变成野蛮。去个性化是指个体失去了个体的约束力及自我评价贬低的心理状态下，做出违反社会中常遵守的社会准则的事，表现出非正常的行事倾向。杰克利用面具隐藏自己的身份做出野蛮的事情。这样可以摆脱自己的行为所要承担的责任和良心的谴责。行为传染表示在群体中快速传播有形或无形的现象或行为。导致群体行为的不正常，杰克利用怪兽这一群体害怕的东西致使群体行为变得野蛮。最后一章是论文的结论，综合前文所论证的内容，重申论点。
William Golding was awarded Nobel Literature Prize in 1983 because of his masterpiece-Lord of the Flies, "his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and the universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world today". Since its publication, Lord of the Flies has been a hot topic in the academic research of literary works. Literary critics have focused on myth and archetypal reading while others have adopted an approach to feminist reading in the pig-hunting episode of the novel.
This thesis intends to read and interpret Lord of the Flies in the light of group psychology to analyze the characters' personality, status in group, leadership and obedience, group cohesiveness and conformity, status and interaction in groups, group productivity and leadership effectiveness, intergroup conflict, personality. In Lord of the Flies, the novel devastatingly reveals that the destructive forces of primeval cruelty, irrationality, barbarity and ignorance dwell in people, so my thesis will use the collective behavior, deindividuation and behavioral contagion to explain the reason and the process how they make the civilized environment to savaged one. The thesis consists of five chapters.
Chapter one is a brief review of the criticism on Lord of the Flies and the aim as well as the value of this thesis, and brings up my theoretical basis.
Chapter two is devoted to analysis of the characters' personality, status, leadership and obedience by way of the group psychology.
Chapter three and chapter four are dedicated to using the deindividuation and behavioral contagion to interpret the reason why the boys become savaged. Deindividuation is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation, causing anti-normative and disinhibited behavior, Jack uses mask to hide his personal identity to behave violently to be free from the self-consciousness of shame. Behavioral contagion means the rapid spread through a group of visible and often unusual symptoms or behavior, and therefore, Jack also makes use of the Beast to horrify these boys to be barbaric in the end.
Chapter five gives a conclusion to the thesis, by using group psychological approach to the novel, this thesis can succeed in exposing the reason why these boys on the island become savaged even though they are from civilized society.
引文
1. Babb, Howard S. The Novel of William Golding. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. 1971.
2. Bake, James Rr. "Critical Essays on William Golding". Boston: G. K. Hall Co. 1988.
3. Baker, James R. & Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr. "CASEBOOK EDITION TEXT,, NOTES & CRITICISM William Golding's Lord of the Flies". New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS. 1984.
4. Ballantyne, R. M. 1941. The Coral Island. London: Collins Ltd.
5. Boyd, Stephen J. The Novels of William Golding. Brighton: Harvest Press; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988
6. Calandra, Denis M. Notes: Lord of the Flies. London: Cliffs Notes Inc.,1971.
7. Cox, C. B. 1960. Lord of the Flies. Critical Quarterly. Summer: 112-117.
8. David, D. M. A Conversation with Golding. The New York Republic, 1963.
9. David G. Myers. Social Psychology. New York: McGraw. 1996
10. Denis M. Calandra. "Lord of the Flies notes". Lincoln. Neb. 1982.
11. Dick, Bernard. William Golding. Boston: Twayane, 1987.
12. Diener, E. Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation in group members. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.). (1980).
13. Freud, Sigmund, The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychology Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth, 1923.
14. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber. 1954.
15. Haffenden, John, ed. Novelistists in Interview. London; New York: Metheun,1985
16. Henderson, Lesley. Contemporary Novelists. Chicago: St. James Press, 1991.
17. Jack J. BILES. "Talking: Conversation with William Golding." New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanorich. 1970.
18. Jung, Carl. psychology and Literature in 20th Century Literary Criticism. Longman et, Singapore Publishers, Pte. Ltd. 19th impression, 1996, p437.
19. Jung. Carl. The Archetypes and the collective Unconsciousness. Vol9. Part Ⅰ of Collected Works. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1968.
20. Lamberth, John. Social Psychology. New York: Macmillam. 1980.
21. Le Bon, G The crowd: A study of the popular mind. London: Transaction Publishers. (1995).
22. Maclure, Millar. 1975a. William Golding's survival stories. Tamarack Review 4: 60-67.
23. Nelson, F. William. "William Golding's Lord of the Flies". New York. 1963.
24. Niven, Alastair. William Golding: Lord of the Flies. London: Longman York Press,1989
25. Olsen, Kirstin. Understanding Lord of the Flies: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group,2000.
26. Reicher, S. D. Crowd Behavior as social action. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell. (1987).
27. Schwarta, Michener. Delamater. Social Psychology. HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH, PUBLISHERS. 1986.
28. Talon, Henri: 1986. Irony in Lord of the Flies. In Essays in Criticism. Vol. ⅩⅧ, No.3.
29. Whitley, John S, ed. Golding: Lord of the Flies. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1997
30. Wei, Yingchao. The Darkness of Human Heart: the Theme into All of William Golding's Novel. Lanzhou University, 1997
31．弗兰克．格莫德．戈尔丁[J]．国际文学年报，1961，(3)．
32．荣格．心理学与文学[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1987
33．王国富．《蝇王》译文序．[M]．北京：商务印书官．1987
34．王宁．诺贝尔文学奖作家谈创作[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1992．
35．邓楠，“神话的隐喻，人性的悲剧-从荣格的原形理论看《蝇王》的任务塑造及其意义”．《华南师范大学学报》4(1991)：44-46
36．李春宁，“用荣格的原形理论解读戈尔丁的《蝇王》．社会科学论坛．2006 年1期．
37．李霞，“自然乌托邦的破灭—戈尔丁《蝇王》新论”．外语研究．2004年03期
38．李升炜，“戈尔丁《蝇王》的神话原形解读”．学位论文，西北师范大学，2004．
39．雷明珍，“人类发展“三段规律”理论与《蝇王》寓意解读．云南师范大学学报．2005年01期
40．潘绍中．讽喻．意境．蕴涵-评威廉．戈尔丁小说的解读及其意义[J]．外国文学，1995，(5)：36．
41．陶家俊，“论《蝇王》的叙述结构和主题意义”．《四川外语学报》3(1984)：84-90
42．王丽，“野性与野蛮的角力—对《蝇王》群体心理传播的研究”．九江学院学报．2006年01期．
43．王卫新．《中国的<蝇王>研究：回顾与前瞻》．外语教学研究．2003年第4期．
44．魏颖超，“童贞的泯灭——评威廉．戈尔丁的小说《蝇王》对人性阴暗的纰漏”．解放军外国语学院学报．Vol．23 No．1．
45．肖滨，“《蝇王》之弗洛伊德解读”．吉首大学学报．2005年10月
46．杨云红，申劲松《找回失落的灵魂》，载《四川外语学院报》，1999年第1期，第15-19页。
2. Bake, James Rr. "Critical Essays on William Golding". Boston: G. K. Hall Co. 1988.
3. Baker, James R. & Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr. "CASEBOOK EDITION TEXT,, NOTES & CRITICISM William Golding's Lord of the Flies". New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS. 1984.
4. Ballantyne, R. M. 1941. The Coral Island. London: Collins Ltd.
5. Boyd, Stephen J. The Novels of William Golding. Brighton: Harvest Press; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988
6. Calandra, Denis M. Notes: Lord of the Flies. London: Cliffs Notes Inc.,1971.
7. Cox, C. B. 1960. Lord of the Flies. Critical Quarterly. Summer: 112-117.
8. David, D. M. A Conversation with Golding. The New York Republic, 1963.
9. David G. Myers. Social Psychology. New York: McGraw. 1996
10. Denis M. Calandra. "Lord of the Flies notes". Lincoln. Neb. 1982.
11. Dick, Bernard. William Golding. Boston: Twayane, 1987.
12. Diener, E. Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation in group members. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.). (1980).
13. Freud, Sigmund, The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychology Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth, 1923.
14. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber. 1954.
15. Haffenden, John, ed. Novelistists in Interview. London; New York: Metheun,1985
16. Henderson, Lesley. Contemporary Novelists. Chicago: St. James Press, 1991.
17. Jack J. BILES. "Talking: Conversation with William Golding." New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanorich. 1970.
18. Jung, Carl. psychology and Literature in 20th Century Literary Criticism. Longman et, Singapore Publishers, Pte. Ltd. 19th impression, 1996, p437.
19. Jung. Carl. The Archetypes and the collective Unconsciousness. Vol9. Part Ⅰ of Collected Works. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1968.
20. Lamberth, John. Social Psychology. New York: Macmillam. 1980.
21. Le Bon, G The crowd: A study of the popular mind. London: Transaction Publishers. (1995).
22. Maclure, Millar. 1975a. William Golding's survival stories. Tamarack Review 4: 60-67.
23. Nelson, F. William. "William Golding's Lord of the Flies". New York. 1963.
24. Niven, Alastair. William Golding: Lord of the Flies. London: Longman York Press,1989
25. Olsen, Kirstin. Understanding Lord of the Flies: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group,2000.
26. Reicher, S. D. Crowd Behavior as social action. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell. (1987).
27. Schwarta, Michener. Delamater. Social Psychology. HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH, PUBLISHERS. 1986.
28. Talon, Henri: 1986. Irony in Lord of the Flies. In Essays in Criticism. Vol. ⅩⅧ, No.3.
29. Whitley, John S, ed. Golding: Lord of the Flies. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1997
30. Wei, Yingchao. The Darkness of Human Heart: the Theme into All of William Golding's Novel. Lanzhou University, 1997
31．弗兰克．格莫德．戈尔丁[J]．国际文学年报，1961，(3)．
32．荣格．心理学与文学[M]．上海：上海三联书店，1987
33．王国富．《蝇王》译文序．[M]．北京：商务印书官．1987
34．王宁．诺贝尔文学奖作家谈创作[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，1992．
35．邓楠，“神话的隐喻，人性的悲剧-从荣格的原形理论看《蝇王》的任务塑造及其意义”．《华南师范大学学报》4(1991)：44-46
36．李春宁，“用荣格的原形理论解读戈尔丁的《蝇王》．社会科学论坛．2006 年1期．
37．李霞，“自然乌托邦的破灭—戈尔丁《蝇王》新论”．外语研究．2004年03期
38．李升炜，“戈尔丁《蝇王》的神话原形解读”．学位论文，西北师范大学，2004．
39．雷明珍，“人类发展“三段规律”理论与《蝇王》寓意解读．云南师范大学学报．2005年01期
40．潘绍中．讽喻．意境．蕴涵-评威廉．戈尔丁小说的解读及其意义[J]．外国文学，1995，(5)：36．
41．陶家俊，“论《蝇王》的叙述结构和主题意义”．《四川外语学报》3(1984)：84-90
42．王丽，“野性与野蛮的角力—对《蝇王》群体心理传播的研究”．九江学院学报．2006年01期．
43．王卫新．《中国的<蝇王>研究：回顾与前瞻》．外语教学研究．2003年第4期．
44．魏颖超，“童贞的泯灭——评威廉．戈尔丁的小说《蝇王》对人性阴暗的纰漏”．解放军外国语学院学报．Vol．23 No．1．
45．肖滨，“《蝇王》之弗洛伊德解读”．吉首大学学报．2005年10月
46．杨云红，申劲松《找回失落的灵魂》，载《四川外语学院报》，1999年第1期，第15-19页。