摘要
伯纳德·马拉默德是美国当代最重要的犹太作家之一,其具有深刻思想内涵的作品吸引了一大批国内外评论家的关注。不过,现有研究资料显示,国内外评论界比较集中地讨论马拉默德作品中的“犹太性问题”、“政治、民族与生存问题”、“艺术创作问题”和“宗教问题”等等,对其小说中的伦理问题探讨的不多。虽然也有一些评论家论及这个问题,但是他们往往考察马拉默德对犹太伦理的探究,对马拉默德小说中复杂多样的伦理主题没有给予足够的重视。在研究马拉默德作品的专著中,专门考察其小说中伦理主题的也很少。本论文集中探讨马拉默德的长篇小说《天生的运动员》(1952)、《基辅怨》(1966)、《房客》(1971)和《上帝的恩赐》(1982)中的伦理主题,分析其中的伦理内涵及其在不同时期的变化,以指出小说折射的伦理困境和救赎途径,并藉此表现马拉默德深厚的人文主义精神。
本论文把马拉默德小说中的伦理主题划分为人际伦理、犹太伦理、民族伦理和生态伦理四类,对其进行了详细的论述。首先,论文讨论了马拉默德出版的第一部长篇小说《天生的运动员》,分析了个人主义价值观影响下的追求名利的梦想和欲望,以及由此产生的人际交往困境,说明关爱与责任的承担是建立良好人际关系,摆脱困境的主要途径。其次,论文聚焦了《基辅怨》,分析了反犹主义背景下犹太民族所遭受的迫害,阐释了犹太人在犹太伦理意识缺失过程中的困惑与迷茫,说明犹太人只有回归犹太伦理传统,担负起对本民族的责任,才能走出生存困境,实现救赎。再次,论文对《房客》进行了分析,讨论了犹太白人作家和黑人作家在共同生活和创作过程中的矛盾与冲突,以及由此产生的伦理困境,说明不同民族在交往过程中,只要保持宽容和理解,就能够做到互补共存,就有可能实现民族和解。最后,论文分析了马拉默德出版的最后一部长篇小说《上帝的恩赐》,探讨了虚构中的热带小岛在热核战争后的生态伦理构建过程,以及这一过程中伦理困境的表现和原因,说明人类应该承担生态伦理责任,遵循生态伦理法则,这样才能确保生态系统的和谐发展。
本论文认为,马拉默德这四部小说探讨的共同主题是伦理问题,它们之间存在内在的、紧密的联系。在发表于不同年代的小说中,马拉默德对伦理关注的侧重点有所不同。他对伦理问题的认识包含四个方面的内容:一是关注社会生活和职业发展中的人际交往困境;二是探讨犹太民族在反犹主义背景下遭受的迫害和磨难;三是解读不同民族文化发生矛盾和冲突时的尴尬境遇;最后是分析人类文明进程中所面临的生态危机。马拉默德对伦理主题的阐释经历了一个由浅入深、层层递进的发展变化过程,展现了他对个体与他者、个体与集体、民族与民族以及人类与生态系统之间伦理问题的思考。
马拉默德在小说中流露出对人类生存困境的忧思。但是,展现人类的生存困境并不是他的创作目的。他描写主人公遭遇的痛苦和折磨,其意图不仅仅是为了让人们认识到世界上还存在苦难和压迫,并借此抨击无视伦理规范的行为。同时,他更加强调困境中的救赎。也就是说,他没有让小说中的主人公在困境中毁灭,而是通过他们来探讨走出困境、恢复人性、实现再生的途径。因此,马拉默德的小说不仅展现社会生活中的苦难,而且更加关注实现救赎的方式。它们考察的是人类的生存困境以及救赎过程中各种关系的变化,蕴含着深刻的伦理内涵。
马拉默德认为,作家的创作目的应该是道德上的,文学作品应该指引人们走向正确的方向。他主张,人要过一种道德的和人道主义的生活,无论处于怎样的困境之中都必须努力坚持下去,实现救赎。马拉默德的主人公都在寻求解决“人应该怎样生活”的问题。他们也许不完美,在某些方面还有缺陷,在社会生活中也常常陷入心理和情感的困境。但是,马拉默德并没有让他们坠入绝望的深渊,即使在出现大屠杀、民族间发生矛盾和冲突、甚至人类面临毁灭等恐怖场景中,他似乎仍然相信,应该让自己的主人公持有坚定的信仰,对未来充满信心。马拉默德在小说中表达了对生活、对人类的信仰。从这个意义上说,他的作品超越了民族和时空的界限,具有普遍的价值和意义。
本论文的研究目的旨在扩展马拉默德研究的领域。在对国内外马拉默德研究成果进行梳理和分析的基础上,本论文将结合宏观的伦理批评的视角和微观的文本细读的方法,吸纳相关的文学和文化理论以及其他学者的观点,着重分析文本中主人公面临的伦理困境,探讨他们走出危机、实现救赎的途径,从而展现马拉默德小说蕴藏的伦理思想,以及这种伦理思想对美国当今社会、甚至全人类的启示和指引作用。对马拉默德小说的伦理主题进行探讨,可以为研究马拉默德作品提供一个新的视角。
Bernard Malamud is regarded as one of the most important American Jewishwriters of the age. His works, with their profound connotation, have attracted theattention of a large number of critics from both abroad and at home. However, so far,most critics focus on “Jewishness”,“the problem of politics, ethnics and survival”,“the art creation”,“the religious issues”, etc. in his novels, while putting less attentionto the ethical issue. Although some critics have discussed the ethical problem, theytend to explore only Jewish ethics, ignoring the complex theme of ethics in his fiction.Among the scholarly books about Malamud’s works, there are fewer which focus onthe theme of ethics. In this dissertation, the present author will explore the theme ofethics in The Natural (1952), The Fixer (1966), The Tenants (1971) and God’s Grace(1982). The author’s purpose is to express the ethical dilemma and the ways tosalvation by examining the ethical connotation and the differences in various novels,and thus to indicate Malamud’s profound spirit of humanism.
The author of the dissertation intends to consider the theme ethics in Malamud’sfiction in terms of interpersonal ethics, Jewish ethics, ethnic ethics and ecologicalethics. Firstly, the author focuses on Malamud’s first novel The Natural todemonstrate the dreams and desires for fame and fortune under the values ofindividualism, and the resulting interpersonal ethical dilemma. The author is to pointout love and responsibility is the way to establish harmonious interpersonalrelationship and to be out of dilemma. Secondly, the author explores The Fixer toillustrate the persecution of Jews under the circumstance of anti-Semitism, and thedilemma of the Jews because of the lack of Jewish ethical awareness. The author is topoint out that the way to be out of dilemma and to achieve salvation is through thereturn to the tradition of Jewish ethics and the bearing of responsibility for the Jewishpeople. Thirdly, the author analyzes The Tenants to manifest the contradiction andconflict between two writers of different ethnic groups and the incurring dilemma. The author is to point out that only tolerance and understanding can help realize thecoexistence of different peoples. Fourthly, the author examines Malamud’s last novelGod’s Grace to indicate the construction of ecology in a fictional tropical island afterthermonuclear war and the causes of ecological dilemma in the process. The author isto point out that humans should bear ecological responsibility and follow ecologicalrules so as to guarantee the harmonious development of the ecosystem.
From the above analysis, we discover that there has been a common theme ofethics in Malamud’s novels. These novels are intrinsically and closely linked becauseof this consistent thread of ethics. Malamud focuses on different ethical issues innovels published in different ages. His understanding of the ethical problems includesfour aspects: the plight of interpersonal communication in social life and career; thepersecution and suffering of the Jews caused by anti-Semitism; the contradictions andconflicts during the intercourse between different peoples; and the ethically ecologicalcrisis in the process of human civilization. Malamud’s interpretation of the theme ofethics has experienced a progressive process, showing his understanding of therelation between individual and others, between individual and the collective, betweendifferent ethnic groups as well as between human and ecosystem.
Malamud reveals his worries about human dilemma in his novels. But hispurpose is not to show the plight in human survival. He is not just to make peoplerealize that there is suffering and oppression in the world and criticize the act ofignoring ethical principles. He puts more emphasis on salvation at the same time. Thatis to say, he does not let his protagonists be ruined by the difficult situation, but toexplore the way to be out of difficulty, restore humanity, and regain regeneration.Therefore, the ethics in Malamud’s novels concerns itself with the changes of variousrelations during the process of dilemma and salvation. It not only shows suffering inthe social life, but also pays more attention to the way of salvation.
Malamud believes that writers should concern themselves with morality andliterary works should give people right directions. He deems it necessary to makepeople live a moral and humanitarian life. Even in the plight they should hold on torealize salvation. Malamud’s protagonists try to find a solution to the problem of “how people should live”. They are not perfect, or may be flawed in some aspects,and often run into psychological and emotional trouble. But they are not in the depthof despair. Even if when there is horrible tableau, such as Holocaust, or conflictbetween different ethnic groups, or even mass extinction, he still seems to believe hisprotagonists should hold firm belief and have confidence in the future. Transcendingtime and space, Malamud’s fiction is of universal significance and value.
The author of this dissertation is to extend the research area of Malamud’s fiction.Having studied domestic and foreign research work about Malamud’s fiction, theauthor combines the macro method of ethical criticism with micro study of analyzingthe text, making full use of relevant literary and cultural studies, and other scholars’ideas. The author focuses on the analysis of the protagonists’ ethical dilemma,explores the way to be out of crisis to reveal the ethical ideas in the fiction, and theguidance of these ideas to the American and humankind. The analysis of the ethics inMalamud’s fiction provides a new perspective in perceiving Malamud’s works inChina.
引文
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