基于分形理论的旋转机械故障诊断的应用研究
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摘要
在现代化生产中,机械设备系统的状态监测和故障诊断问题越来越受到重视,它具有很大的实用价值和经济价值。近几年来,有许多国内外学者对此进行了很多研究,提出了故障诊断的新方法、新技术。传统的时域分析、频域分析和相关函数分析在故障诊断应用中得到了不断的改进,灰色关联度、模糊隶属度、专家系统、小波分析及神经网络等方法在定性分析系统的运动状态中得到广泛的应用,而定量地分析系统的故障状态是学术界一直关注的问题。把分形理论应用于机械系统故障诊断领域,是近年来国内外学术界的新动向。运用分形理论,不仅可以定性,而且可以定量地分析系统的运动状态,从而实现对复杂机械系统的故障诊断。
     本文基于分形理论、多重分形理论,通过对各分形维数的计算分析,把广义分形维数作为故障特征量,对旋转机械模型及汽轮发电机组的故障诊断与识别进行了研究。
     基于上述原理,建立了最小二乘法的广义维数计算公式,用Borland C++ Builder 5.0编制了以广义维数计算分析为基础的多重分形故障诊断系统,并对标准的正弦信号、余弦信号及带有噪声的正弦信号进行了验证。计算了标准信号的广义分形维数,找出了广义维数序列值随信号的采样时间、噪声变化而变化的特点。
     以广义维数为基础,计算和绘制了广义维数及其谱图,从广义维数中可提取盒维数、信息维数、关联维数。并在广义维数序列中,修正了广义维数最大距离法,提出广义维数曲线极大值法,并用其确定系统状态的敏感维数。
     对旋转机械模型和汽轮发电机组分别进行了振动测试,获取了振动信号。建立以振动信号的广义维数、广义维数谱图、敏感维数为特征组的模式空间样本库,运用敏感维数法定量地识别各种类型的故障,并收到了良好的诊断结果。又用本文提出的分形诊断的分类方法——广义维数序列单值优化逼近法和广义维数最大相关系数法,对转子模型系统的故障分类、
    
     顷土学位论文
     识别及诊断进行了验证.得到较准确的结果。并将此方法应用于汽轮发电
     机组中的复杂故障的诊断、识别及分类,都收到了良好的结果。
     运用广义维数最大相关系数法,广义维数序列单值优化逼近方法,不
     仅能对系统状态的单一故障进行诊断、识别及其分类,而且还能对复杂系
     统状态的耦合故障进行诊断、识别及分类,这是本文将多重分形原理应用
     于机械设备诊断工程中的新的探索,也是优化逼近等数学方法在故障诊断
     中的新的应用。
In modern society, it is an important problem to state control and fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment and has being paid more and more attention to, for it has great economy and project value. In recent years, many scholars have made a lot of job on it, and put up some new methods of fault diagnosis. Time-field analysis, frequency-field analysis and correlation function analysis in traditional, have been improved in application of fault diagnosis. And gray system, obscure subjection degree, expert system, wavelet analysis and neural network, etc. have been applied in running state of qualitative analysis system, however, it is the issue having been concerned all along in academic circle that the fault state of system is analyzed quantitatively. It is the new trend in academic circle of the world that fractal theory being applied in the field of machinery fault diagnosis. Used with fractal theory, the running state of the system can be analyzed not qualitatively but also quantitatively, and then the faul
    ts of complex machinery system can be diagnosed.
    In this paper, it has been studied based on the fractal theory, multi-fractal theory, calculation and analysis of each fractal dimension and General dimension being set as fault feature that fault diagnosis and identification of rotating model and steam-electric generating set.
    Based on the theories described above, calculation formula of General dimension of least square measure and multi-fractal fault diagnosis and analysis system have been established with Borland C++ Builder 5.0, and checked by pure sinusoidal and cosine signal and sinusoidal signal with noise, and verified by the examples. It was chased down that General dimension series value changed with the variation of the sampling time and noise.
    General dimension and its chart were calculated and painted based on
    
    
    
    General dimension. Box dimension, Information dimension and Correlation dimension can be extracted from General dimension series. And in the series of General dimension, the method of General dimension furthest distance was corrected, General dimension curve utmost approach was brought forward and fault sensitive dimension of system state was confirmed with it.
    Vibration signal was gained through the vibrate testing of rotating model and steam-electric generating set. It is founded that the model space samples storeroom that set General dimension and chart and fault sensitive dimension as feature group. It is brought forward that all kinds of faults can be quantitative distinguished from with sensitive dimension method, and the results of diagnosis were fine. With General dimension series single value approach and General dimension most correlation coefficient method brought forward in this paper, fault classification and identification and diagnosis of rotating model system were checked, and favorable results were obtained.
    Used with General dimension furthest correlation coefficient method and General dimension series single value approach, it is not only the single fault of system state, but also the coupling fault of complicated system state can be diagnosed, classified and identified. It is the new discovery of the multi-fractal theory applied in mechanical equipment diagnosis engineering, and also the new application of series single value approach applied in the field of fault diagnosis in this paper.
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