铌酸盐陶瓷基玻璃陶瓷复合介电材料的研究
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摘要
随着高技术领域的进步,高储能密度器件的小型化和轻量化已成为业界长期的发展方向并取得了快速发展,导致对兼具高介电常数和高击穿场强的新型储能介电材料的需求非常迫切。近期发展起来的通过可控结晶技术制备的零孔隙率玻璃陶瓷复合介电材料也已成为高储能密度介电材料的重要发展方向之一。相比于传统的烧结介电陶瓷,玻璃陶瓷复合介电材料的显著特点体现在：在保持优异的介电性能的同时,该类材料的耐电击穿的能力更高(高击穿场强),从而可以预见玻璃陶瓷介电复合材料具有更高的介电储能密度,因而在高储能密度陶瓷电容器和高功率脉冲技术等众多领域具有潜在的应用前景。然而,设计并制备出综合性能优异的玻璃陶瓷复合介电材料仍然面临着某些关键工程应用难题。
由钨青铜结构(A1)4(A2)2Nb10O30和钙钛矿结构MNbO3的陶瓷相以及SiO2玻璃基体组成的铌酸盐基玻璃陶瓷是该类材料研究中备受关注的一个体系。在该类双介电陶瓷相的介电玻璃陶瓷中,对陶瓷相的析出过程开展深入系统的研究将有助于对最终实现玻璃陶瓷显微组织和介电性能的调控,从而为该类材料的工程实际应用提供材料基础性指导,具有重大的实际意义。基于此,本论文将围绕提高材料储能密度这一中心主题,以该类玻璃陶瓷中钨青铜相A位的元素替换及复合为出发点,重点研究由Pb、 Ba和Sr对A位的元素替换及复合所构成的钨青铜陶瓷相成分三角形对玻璃陶瓷结晶过程、材料显微组织以及材料介电行为的影响,以期通过本次论文的系统研究工作达到该类材料关键介电性能调控的目的。在本论文中,作者分析了ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2,A=((1-x)Pb,xSr)(PSNNS)体系,ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2, A=((1-x)Pb,xBa)(PBNNS)体系,ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2,A=((1-x)Ba,xSr)(BSNNS)体系玻璃陶瓷的结晶行为、微观结构和介电性能,并对该体系玻璃陶瓷中钨青铜相与钙钛矿相的互溶行为进行了比较详细的分析,且通过XRD全谱分析的方式讨论了玻璃陶瓷中的这两种析出陶瓷相的结构。
对于PSNNS体系,研究了其钨青铜相中Sr元素取代Pb元素对其结晶行为,微观结构和介电性能的影响。通过对X射线衍射结果的分析可以看出,当晶化温度低于750℃时,玻璃基体中析出的主要晶相分别为Pb2Nb2O7(x=0),(Pb,Sr)2Nb2O7(0.2≤x≤0.8)及Sr2Nb2O7(x=1.0)；而当结晶温度升高到850℃以上时,热处理过程使其析出完全不同的结晶相,x=0时为PbNb2O6+NaNbO3,x=1.0时为SrNb2O6+NaNbO3,当0.2- 类似地,对于PBNNS体系,XRD的分析结果亦表明伴随着晶化温度的升高该体系玻璃基体中的主要晶相发生转变。低晶化温度(700℃-750℃)下,该体系玻璃陶瓷包含钨青铜结构(BaNb2O6)和烧绿石结构(Pb2Nb2O7)的介电相,而当晶化温度上升至850℃以上时,介电相则转变为钨青铜结构的BaNb2O6和PbNb2O6及钙钛矿结构的NaNbO3。TEM微观结构分析表明,随着晶化处理温度的上升析出相的晶粒尺寸在不断增大。在低晶化温度(700℃～750℃)下,该体系玻璃陶瓷介电常数的最大值均出现在Ba取代Pb的百分数y为0.6时。在较高的晶化温度(≥850℃)下,对于所有的样晶介电常数及介电常数的场强依赖性均随取代分数y呈下降趋势。
随后研究了无Pb的BSNNS体系钨青铜相中中Sr取代Ba对其结晶行为,微观结构和介电性能的影响。XRD的分析结果表明,随着晶化温度的升高玻璃陶瓷中的主要结晶相发生转变。微观结构分析表明,z=0时与z=0.6时的样品中的析出相为球状的纳米尺寸颗粒,而在z=1.0时析出相为典型的枝状纳米晶。有成分玻璃陶瓷的介电常数,介电损耗耗和介电常数的场强依赖性均随晶化温度的升高而变大。对于750℃晶化处理的玻璃陶瓷样品,增加取代分数z值可以引起上述三种介电性能的下降,而当晶化温度高于850℃时,介电常数及其场强依赖性均随取代分数z位的增加而呈现变大的趋势(z=0.6除外),且由于MPB区的的存在使这两个介电性能在z=0.6处发生了异常的增大。
最后分析和讨论了铌酸盐基玻璃陶瓷中钨青铜(TB)相与钙钛矿(P)相的互溶行为。PbNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2与BaNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2体系及SrNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2体系玻璃陶瓷中TB相与P相的体积比(VolTB/VolP)随晶化处理温度的升高而下降,这是介电常数随晶化处理温度升高而增加的一个重要原因。通过对ANb2O6-ANbO3的互溶过程中A位的的填充情况分析可知,A位的离子半径越接近,这两相的固溶程度越高。低介电常数A2Nb2O7相的出现,提高了高介电常数相ANb2O6的析出温度。A2Nb2O7相在低晶化温度下为稳定存在的相,Nb205的含量对其形成和转化具有十分重要的作用。低温下形成A2Nb2O7相时,多余的Nb205储存在玻璃基体中,而当晶化温度升高时,A2Nb2O7将与玻璃基体中多余的Nb205反应生成ANb2O6。
With the progress in the high-tech field, realization of miniaturized portable high energy density device has become the orientation of long-time development and achieved rapid development, leading to very urgent demand for dielectric materials with both high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength. Recently, zero-porosity glass-ceramic dielectrics prepared by the controlled-crystallization technology play an important role in the field of the high energy density dielectric materials. In contrast with the conventional sintering ceramics, these materials exhibit the advantages of having both high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength. It can be predicted that the glass-ceramic dielectric composites have higher dielectric energy storage density. Thus, these materials are strong candidates for the applications in many areas, such as high energy density ceramic capacitors, high power pulse technology, et al. However, the design and preparation of glass-ceramic dielectrics with comprehensive excellent properties still face some critical engineering problems.
In the field of dielectric glass-ceramic materials, a large number of studies focus on niobate-based glass-ceramic systems whose typical phases are tungsten-bronze phases (A1)4(A2)2Nb10O30, perovskite phases MNbO3and glass phase SiO2. In these glass-ceramic dielectrics with dual dielectric ceramic phases, in-depth systemic study of the precipitation process of the ceramic phases will contribute to the adjustment of the microstructure and dielectric properties in final glass-ceramics. This study can provide basic guidance of the engineering practical application of these materials, which has great practical significance. Based on this, the central theme of this paper will focus on the improvement in energy density of these materials. Taking the element replacement and composite in A-site of tungsten bronze phases in these glass-ceramics as a starting point, we mainly analyze the influence of the composition triangle variation caused by the replacement and composite of Pb, Ba and Sr in A-site of tungsten bronze ceramic phases on the crystallization process, microstructure and dielectric behaviors of these glass-ceramics. The purpose of this systemic study is to achieve the adjustment of the key dielectric properties of these materials. In this paper, the crystallization, microstructure and dielectric performance of glass-ceramics in ANb2Ob-NaNbO3-SiO2,A=((1-x)Pb, xSr)(PSNNS), ANb2O6-NaNbO3SiO2.A(1-y)Pb,yBa)(PBNNS),ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2.A=((1-z)Ba, zSr)(BSNNS) systems were discussed in detail. Furthermore, we analyzed the solution behavior between tungsten-bronze phase and perovskite phase and the structures of the ceramic phases precipitated in the glass-ceramics were discussed through XRD full profile analysis method.
For PSNNS system, the element substitution effects of Sr for Pb on the crystallization behavior, microstructure and dielectric performance have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a major crystal phase transition in glass matrix as the crystallization temperature increased. At low temperatures (700～750℃), the major crystal phases precipitating in the glass matrix are identified as Pb2Nb2()7(x=0),(Pb, Sr)2Nb2O7(0.2≤x≤0.8) and Sr2Nb2O7(x=1.0); while at higher temperatures (≥850℃), heat treatment produces different crystalline phases, PbNb2O6and NaNbO3for x=0, SrNb2O6and NaNbO3for x=1, and the solid solution of these three phases for0.2≤x≤0.8. TEM results show that the shape of the crystallized ceramic particles gradually varies from sphere to dendrite, leading to the reduction of breakdown strength. At different crystallization temperatures, the dielectric properties of the glass-ceramics show a strong dependence on the chemical composition x. At low temperatures (700～750℃), the dielectric constants of all samples (0≤x≤1) exhibit monotonic variation trend with increasing x and excellent electric-field stability; while at higher crystallization temperatures (≥850℃), owing to the MPB-effect, a maximum of the dielectric constant is found for the composition x=0.6. The substitution effect of Pb and Sr at A-site in tungsten-bronze phase ANb2O6was systematically studied for the purpose of energy storage density optimization. Within the studied substitution range for x=0to x=1.0, the highest energy density of2.27J/cm3is found at x=0.6, which is twice higher than those of the end-products (i.e.0.872J/cm3for x=0and0.988J/cm3for x=1.0).
Analogically, for PBNNS system, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also revealed a major crystal phase transition in PBNNS glass matrix as the crystallization temperature increased. The glass-ceramics treated at low temperatures (700℃～750℃) contain dielectric phases with tungsten-bronze (BaNb2O6) and pyrochlore (Pb2Nb2O7) structures, while the dielectric phases are transformed to tungsten-bronze ((Ba, Pb)Nb2O6) and perovskite (NaNbO3) structures at higher crystallization temperatures (≥850℃). Corresponding to the result of phase transition, microstructural observation proves increasing crystallite sizes with increasing crystallization temperature. At low temperatures (700～750℃), a maximum of the dielectric constant of the PBNNS glass-ceramic is found for the composition y=0.6; while at higher crystallization temperatures (≥850℃), both of the dielectric constants and the electric-field dependence of dielectric constant exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing;/for all samples (0≤y≤1).
Furthermore, for lead-free nanostructured BSNNS glass-ceramics, the element substitution influences of Sr for Ba on crystallization process, microstructure and dielectric performance have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a major crystal phase transition in the glass matrix as the crystallization temperature increased. TEM bright field observation shows that spherical nanometer-sized particles appear in the samples with z=0and z=0.6, while typical dendritic grains are found in the glass-ceramics with z=1.0. All the glass-ceramics present an increasing trend of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electric-field dependence of dielectric constant with increasing crystallization temperature. In particular, the increasing z leads to a decrease of these three dielectric properties for the glass-ceramics heat-treated at750℃, while dielectric constant and electric-field dependence of dielectric constant both exhibit an increasing trend with the increasing z except z=0.6and an abnormal increase at z=0.6for the samples heat-treated at above850℃due to MPB performance.
Finally, the solution behavior between tungsten-bronze (TB) phases and perovskite (P) phases in niobate based glass-ceramics has been analyzed and discussed. For glass-ceramics in PbNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2, BaNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2and SrNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2systems, the decreasing relative volumetric ratios of TB/P (VolTB/Volp) lead to the increasing dielectric constant with the increasing crystallization temperature. From the analysis of the A-site occupation behavior in the ANb2O6-ANbO3solution process, as the A-site ionic radiuses are closer, the solid solution degree of these two phases is higher. The presence of A2Nb2O7phase with low dielectric constant increases the crystallization temperature of ANb2O6phase with high permittivity.A2Nb2O7is a stable phase at low crystallization temperatures. Nb2O5content plays an important role on the formation and transition of A2Nb2O7phase. At low crystallization temperatures,A2Nb2O7phase is formed and the excess Nb2O5is stored in glass phase. When the crystallization temperature increases,ANb2O6is produced by the reaction of A2Nb2O7and the excess Nb2O5existing in glass phase.
由钨青铜结构(A1)4(A2)2Nb10O30和钙钛矿结构MNbO3的陶瓷相以及SiO2玻璃基体组成的铌酸盐基玻璃陶瓷是该类材料研究中备受关注的一个体系。在该类双介电陶瓷相的介电玻璃陶瓷中,对陶瓷相的析出过程开展深入系统的研究将有助于对最终实现玻璃陶瓷显微组织和介电性能的调控,从而为该类材料的工程实际应用提供材料基础性指导,具有重大的实际意义。基于此,本论文将围绕提高材料储能密度这一中心主题,以该类玻璃陶瓷中钨青铜相A位的元素替换及复合为出发点,重点研究由Pb、 Ba和Sr对A位的元素替换及复合所构成的钨青铜陶瓷相成分三角形对玻璃陶瓷结晶过程、材料显微组织以及材料介电行为的影响,以期通过本次论文的系统研究工作达到该类材料关键介电性能调控的目的。在本论文中,作者分析了ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2,A=((1-x)Pb,xSr)(PSNNS)体系,ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2, A=((1-x)Pb,xBa)(PBNNS)体系,ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2,A=((1-x)Ba,xSr)(BSNNS)体系玻璃陶瓷的结晶行为、微观结构和介电性能,并对该体系玻璃陶瓷中钨青铜相与钙钛矿相的互溶行为进行了比较详细的分析,且通过XRD全谱分析的方式讨论了玻璃陶瓷中的这两种析出陶瓷相的结构。
对于PSNNS体系,研究了其钨青铜相中Sr元素取代Pb元素对其结晶行为,微观结构和介电性能的影响。通过对X射线衍射结果的分析可以看出,当晶化温度低于750℃时,玻璃基体中析出的主要晶相分别为Pb2Nb2O7(x=0),(Pb,Sr)2Nb2O7(0.2≤x≤0.8)及Sr2Nb2O7(x=1.0)；而当结晶温度升高到850℃以上时,热处理过程使其析出完全不同的结晶相,x=0时为PbNb2O6+NaNbO3,x=1.0时为SrNb2O6+NaNbO3,当0.2-
随后研究了无Pb的BSNNS体系钨青铜相中中Sr取代Ba对其结晶行为,微观结构和介电性能的影响。XRD的分析结果表明,随着晶化温度的升高玻璃陶瓷中的主要结晶相发生转变。微观结构分析表明,z=0时与z=0.6时的样品中的析出相为球状的纳米尺寸颗粒,而在z=1.0时析出相为典型的枝状纳米晶。有成分玻璃陶瓷的介电常数,介电损耗耗和介电常数的场强依赖性均随晶化温度的升高而变大。对于750℃晶化处理的玻璃陶瓷样品,增加取代分数z值可以引起上述三种介电性能的下降,而当晶化温度高于850℃时,介电常数及其场强依赖性均随取代分数z位的增加而呈现变大的趋势(z=0.6除外),且由于MPB区的的存在使这两个介电性能在z=0.6处发生了异常的增大。
最后分析和讨论了铌酸盐基玻璃陶瓷中钨青铜(TB)相与钙钛矿(P)相的互溶行为。PbNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2与BaNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2体系及SrNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2体系玻璃陶瓷中TB相与P相的体积比(VolTB/VolP)随晶化处理温度的升高而下降,这是介电常数随晶化处理温度升高而增加的一个重要原因。通过对ANb2O6-ANbO3的互溶过程中A位的的填充情况分析可知,A位的离子半径越接近,这两相的固溶程度越高。低介电常数A2Nb2O7相的出现,提高了高介电常数相ANb2O6的析出温度。A2Nb2O7相在低晶化温度下为稳定存在的相,Nb205的含量对其形成和转化具有十分重要的作用。低温下形成A2Nb2O7相时,多余的Nb205储存在玻璃基体中,而当晶化温度升高时,A2Nb2O7将与玻璃基体中多余的Nb205反应生成ANb2O6。
With the progress in the high-tech field, realization of miniaturized portable high energy density device has become the orientation of long-time development and achieved rapid development, leading to very urgent demand for dielectric materials with both high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength. Recently, zero-porosity glass-ceramic dielectrics prepared by the controlled-crystallization technology play an important role in the field of the high energy density dielectric materials. In contrast with the conventional sintering ceramics, these materials exhibit the advantages of having both high dielectric constant and high breakdown strength. It can be predicted that the glass-ceramic dielectric composites have higher dielectric energy storage density. Thus, these materials are strong candidates for the applications in many areas, such as high energy density ceramic capacitors, high power pulse technology, et al. However, the design and preparation of glass-ceramic dielectrics with comprehensive excellent properties still face some critical engineering problems.
In the field of dielectric glass-ceramic materials, a large number of studies focus on niobate-based glass-ceramic systems whose typical phases are tungsten-bronze phases (A1)4(A2)2Nb10O30, perovskite phases MNbO3and glass phase SiO2. In these glass-ceramic dielectrics with dual dielectric ceramic phases, in-depth systemic study of the precipitation process of the ceramic phases will contribute to the adjustment of the microstructure and dielectric properties in final glass-ceramics. This study can provide basic guidance of the engineering practical application of these materials, which has great practical significance. Based on this, the central theme of this paper will focus on the improvement in energy density of these materials. Taking the element replacement and composite in A-site of tungsten bronze phases in these glass-ceramics as a starting point, we mainly analyze the influence of the composition triangle variation caused by the replacement and composite of Pb, Ba and Sr in A-site of tungsten bronze ceramic phases on the crystallization process, microstructure and dielectric behaviors of these glass-ceramics. The purpose of this systemic study is to achieve the adjustment of the key dielectric properties of these materials. In this paper, the crystallization, microstructure and dielectric performance of glass-ceramics in ANb2Ob-NaNbO3-SiO2,A=((1-x)Pb, xSr)(PSNNS), ANb2O6-NaNbO3SiO2.A(1-y)Pb,yBa)(PBNNS),ANb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2.A=((1-z)Ba, zSr)(BSNNS) systems were discussed in detail. Furthermore, we analyzed the solution behavior between tungsten-bronze phase and perovskite phase and the structures of the ceramic phases precipitated in the glass-ceramics were discussed through XRD full profile analysis method.
For PSNNS system, the element substitution effects of Sr for Pb on the crystallization behavior, microstructure and dielectric performance have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a major crystal phase transition in glass matrix as the crystallization temperature increased. At low temperatures (700～750℃), the major crystal phases precipitating in the glass matrix are identified as Pb2Nb2()7(x=0),(Pb, Sr)2Nb2O7(0.2≤x≤0.8) and Sr2Nb2O7(x=1.0); while at higher temperatures (≥850℃), heat treatment produces different crystalline phases, PbNb2O6and NaNbO3for x=0, SrNb2O6and NaNbO3for x=1, and the solid solution of these three phases for0.2≤x≤0.8. TEM results show that the shape of the crystallized ceramic particles gradually varies from sphere to dendrite, leading to the reduction of breakdown strength. At different crystallization temperatures, the dielectric properties of the glass-ceramics show a strong dependence on the chemical composition x. At low temperatures (700～750℃), the dielectric constants of all samples (0≤x≤1) exhibit monotonic variation trend with increasing x and excellent electric-field stability; while at higher crystallization temperatures (≥850℃), owing to the MPB-effect, a maximum of the dielectric constant is found for the composition x=0.6. The substitution effect of Pb and Sr at A-site in tungsten-bronze phase ANb2O6was systematically studied for the purpose of energy storage density optimization. Within the studied substitution range for x=0to x=1.0, the highest energy density of2.27J/cm3is found at x=0.6, which is twice higher than those of the end-products (i.e.0.872J/cm3for x=0and0.988J/cm3for x=1.0).
Analogically, for PBNNS system, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also revealed a major crystal phase transition in PBNNS glass matrix as the crystallization temperature increased. The glass-ceramics treated at low temperatures (700℃～750℃) contain dielectric phases with tungsten-bronze (BaNb2O6) and pyrochlore (Pb2Nb2O7) structures, while the dielectric phases are transformed to tungsten-bronze ((Ba, Pb)Nb2O6) and perovskite (NaNbO3) structures at higher crystallization temperatures (≥850℃). Corresponding to the result of phase transition, microstructural observation proves increasing crystallite sizes with increasing crystallization temperature. At low temperatures (700～750℃), a maximum of the dielectric constant of the PBNNS glass-ceramic is found for the composition y=0.6; while at higher crystallization temperatures (≥850℃), both of the dielectric constants and the electric-field dependence of dielectric constant exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing;/for all samples (0≤y≤1).
Furthermore, for lead-free nanostructured BSNNS glass-ceramics, the element substitution influences of Sr for Ba on crystallization process, microstructure and dielectric performance have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a major crystal phase transition in the glass matrix as the crystallization temperature increased. TEM bright field observation shows that spherical nanometer-sized particles appear in the samples with z=0and z=0.6, while typical dendritic grains are found in the glass-ceramics with z=1.0. All the glass-ceramics present an increasing trend of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electric-field dependence of dielectric constant with increasing crystallization temperature. In particular, the increasing z leads to a decrease of these three dielectric properties for the glass-ceramics heat-treated at750℃, while dielectric constant and electric-field dependence of dielectric constant both exhibit an increasing trend with the increasing z except z=0.6and an abnormal increase at z=0.6for the samples heat-treated at above850℃due to MPB performance.
Finally, the solution behavior between tungsten-bronze (TB) phases and perovskite (P) phases in niobate based glass-ceramics has been analyzed and discussed. For glass-ceramics in PbNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2, BaNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2and SrNb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2systems, the decreasing relative volumetric ratios of TB/P (VolTB/Volp) lead to the increasing dielectric constant with the increasing crystallization temperature. From the analysis of the A-site occupation behavior in the ANb2O6-ANbO3solution process, as the A-site ionic radiuses are closer, the solid solution degree of these two phases is higher. The presence of A2Nb2O7phase with low dielectric constant increases the crystallization temperature of ANb2O6phase with high permittivity.A2Nb2O7is a stable phase at low crystallization temperatures. Nb2O5content plays an important role on the formation and transition of A2Nb2O7phase. At low crystallization temperatures,A2Nb2O7phase is formed and the excess Nb2O5is stored in glass phase. When the crystallization temperature increases,ANb2O6is produced by the reaction of A2Nb2O7and the excess Nb2O5existing in glass phase.
引文
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