适应于电力市场改革过渡期的节能发电模型研究
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摘要
电力市场改革的主要目标在于优化资源配置。而发展中国家电力市场改革往往需要经历一个较长的改革过渡期,该时期内电力市场受到能源政策、市场管制及其它相关因素的影响,难以通过公平竞争提高发电侧效率并实现节能目标。研.究如何在改革进程中兼顾节能发电需求是一个具有重要理论和实用价值的课题。本文一方面围绕节能发电主题对已有节能发电方法的操作方式及适应条件等进行比较,根据发电能量转化过程对节能发电的基本原理及相关指标进行分析,并扩展至对机组发电成本及节能效益等方面的经济性评估,为实现发电侧节能优化提供了事实依据和扩展空间。另一方面通过研究国内外电力市场发展的内在规律,创新性地提出过渡期电力市场这一研究主题,并对过渡期电力市场的特征及建模思路等进行了分析。通过将以上两方面相结合,本文对适合电力市场改革过渡期的节能发电模型进行了探索,并尝试提出了两种相关模型。本文的具体工作如下：
将现有的节能发电方法分为直接控制方法和市场辅助方法两种类型进行分析。直接控制方法包括经济调度、优化潮流等,主要适用于垂直一体化运营模式。而市场辅助方法则通过引入合理的价格机制、以市场化的交易手段实现发电资源的优化配置,其实施手段灵活且与电力市场改革相适应,但需充分考虑市场环境以及系统实际运行情况。
围绕火电机组能量转化过程对机组效率进行研究,探索节能发电本质。本文分析了发电过程中节能相关指标的物理意义及计算方法,例举了当前主要的高效燃煤技术及其节能效果,对多种机组在不同负荷率条件下的标准煤耗进行了比较,并进一步提出了实现节能发电的两种基本途径。
对不同效率机组的成本组成进行分析,将火电机组效率差异研究扩展至发电经济性研究。以单位电量为基准,总发电成本包括固定资产成本及燃料成本等组主要组成部分,其中,固定资产成本可通过对年度资产成本进行分摊获得,而燃料成本则根据统一的热量价格将与发电效率进行关联。分析表明,高效机组所具有的燃料成本优势可能会受到固定资产成本的影响而难以体现。
根据电力市场发展现状及经典市场理论,提出了一种基于物理与金融相协调的电力市场运营框架。通过对电力市场不同组成部分的协调机制进行分析,突出了金融交易在电力交易体系中的重要辅助地位,阐述了复杂系统模型在电力市场环境日趋复杂条件下的应用前景。该部分内容为设计特定的市场模型提供了基础支撑。
深入分析不同国家和地区的电力市场发展历程,创新性地提出了过渡期电力市场的研究主题。通过将英美等发达国家与发展中国家电力市场发展历程进行跟踪比较,对过渡期电力市场的提出依据进行了详细说明,并进一步阐述了过渡期电力市场的主要特征、典型表现以及过渡期模型的设计思路等。
针对过渡期电力市场短期竞价投标难以满足节能发电需求的情况,首先提出了一种基于效率修正的电力市场双层节能优化模型。新模型主要采用优化调度及效率置换双层结构依次进行调度计划的制定及修正,并通过合理的结算方法确保在效率置换中成功匹配的机组可以分享节能效益。
考虑到不同机组在市场竞争中存在效率水平与市场地位不协调的情况,提出了一种基于效率引导的电力市场并行节能优化模型。该模型将已有的发电权扩展为金融性的虚拟发电权,采取虚拟发电权交易与经济调度采取并行独立操作方式,避免了市场活动对电网安全稳定运行产生直接影响,并通过合理的结算方法确保高效机组具有稳定的市场优势,间接引导发电侧实现高效节能目标。
Electricity market reform aims to optimize the distribution of the sources. The electricity markets in developing countries are faced with the long transition period of the deregulation. In this period, as the electricity market is affected by the energy policy, market regulation and some other factors, the generation efficiency is hard to be improved to achieve the energy-saving goal through the market competition. It is an important subject with theoretic and practical values that how to take the energy-saving generation demand into consideration in the process of electricity market reform. On one hand, this paper highlighted the theme of energy saving. The different energy-saving methods were compared according to their operating rules and the conditions of compatibility. The energy-saving principles and the related indices were analyzed from the point of view of energy conversion. Furthermore, the generation cost and the energy-saving benefit were evaluated economically. These had provided the evidences and the extensions for the energy-saving optimization on the generation side. On the other hand, this paper studied the interior rules of electricity market development, creatively proposed a new research subject of electricity market in transition, and analyzed the characteristics and the modeling approaches of the electricity market in transition. This paper integrated the above two aspects together, explored the energy-saving generation model suitable for the transition period of electricity market reform, and then tried to suggest two related models. The detailed work is indicated as follows:
The existed energy-saving generation methods were classified as the direct control ones and the market aided ones to be analyzed. The direct control ones, such as economic dispatch and optimal power flow, were suitable for the vertically integrated operation mode. Meanwhile, the market aided ones introduced appropriate price mechanisms and used market-based tradings to achieve the optimal distribution of generation resources. These were much more flexible, and were also coordinated with the market reform trend. However, their realization needed to consider the market environment and the actual condition of power system carefully.
The efficiency of the thermal unit was researched around the energy conversion process, and the essence of energy-saving generation was explored. The paper analyzed the physics meanings and the calculating methods of the key indices which were intimately related with the energy saving. The efficient technologies of coal burning were introduced. The standard unit coal assumptions of several kinds of units were compared when the loading rates were different. Then the basic ways to improve the energy-saving generation were further proposed.
The cost structures of the units with different efficiencies were analyzed, and the researches were extended from the differences in efficiency to the economics of generation. Based on the unit quantity of electricity, the total generation cost included the fixed capital cost and the fuel cost. The fixed capital cost was acquired from the distribution of the annual fixed cost, and the fuel cost was related with the generation efficiency through the uniform heat price. The analyses indicated that fuel cost priority owned by the efficient unit could be covered by the fixed capital cost.
According to the present situation and the classic market theories of electricity market, an operation framework based on physical and financial balance was proposed. Through the analysis of the balance mechanism between different parts of electricity, the paper highlighted the important auxiliary position of financial trading, and indicated the broad prospects to apply the complex system simulation as the electricity market was getting complex. This section provided the basis for the specific design of electricity market.
The development experiences of electricity markets in different countries and regions were carefully analyzed, and the research subject of electricity market in transition was proposed creatively. The paper traced the experiences in developed countries like the England and the US and the developing countries, and accumulated the evidences to support the proposition. The characteristics, typical performances and the design approaches of the electricity market in transition were also indicated.
Considering the competition couldn't achieve the energy-saving generation in the electricity market in transition, a bi-level energy-saving optimization model of electricity market was proposed first. The new model adopted the bi-level structure with layered optimal dispatch and efficiency replacement which were designed to work out and revise the dispatch plan respectively. And the appropriate settlement rule ensured that the generators who had been successfully matched in the efficiency replacement could share the energy-saving benefit.
Furthermore, considering the efficiency levels of the generators weren't coordinated with their market position, an efficiency oriented energy-saving optimization model of electricity market was proposed. The new model extended the generation right to virtual generation right, and the trading of virtual generation right and the economic dispatch were operated independently. The market activities wouldn't affect the safety and the stability of the system directly. The appropriate settlement rule also ensured the dominant market positions of the efficient generators. The energy-saving goal of generation could be achieved through an indirectly way.
将现有的节能发电方法分为直接控制方法和市场辅助方法两种类型进行分析。直接控制方法包括经济调度、优化潮流等,主要适用于垂直一体化运营模式。而市场辅助方法则通过引入合理的价格机制、以市场化的交易手段实现发电资源的优化配置,其实施手段灵活且与电力市场改革相适应,但需充分考虑市场环境以及系统实际运行情况。
围绕火电机组能量转化过程对机组效率进行研究,探索节能发电本质。本文分析了发电过程中节能相关指标的物理意义及计算方法,例举了当前主要的高效燃煤技术及其节能效果,对多种机组在不同负荷率条件下的标准煤耗进行了比较,并进一步提出了实现节能发电的两种基本途径。
对不同效率机组的成本组成进行分析,将火电机组效率差异研究扩展至发电经济性研究。以单位电量为基准,总发电成本包括固定资产成本及燃料成本等组主要组成部分,其中,固定资产成本可通过对年度资产成本进行分摊获得,而燃料成本则根据统一的热量价格将与发电效率进行关联。分析表明,高效机组所具有的燃料成本优势可能会受到固定资产成本的影响而难以体现。
根据电力市场发展现状及经典市场理论,提出了一种基于物理与金融相协调的电力市场运营框架。通过对电力市场不同组成部分的协调机制进行分析,突出了金融交易在电力交易体系中的重要辅助地位,阐述了复杂系统模型在电力市场环境日趋复杂条件下的应用前景。该部分内容为设计特定的市场模型提供了基础支撑。
深入分析不同国家和地区的电力市场发展历程,创新性地提出了过渡期电力市场的研究主题。通过将英美等发达国家与发展中国家电力市场发展历程进行跟踪比较,对过渡期电力市场的提出依据进行了详细说明,并进一步阐述了过渡期电力市场的主要特征、典型表现以及过渡期模型的设计思路等。
针对过渡期电力市场短期竞价投标难以满足节能发电需求的情况,首先提出了一种基于效率修正的电力市场双层节能优化模型。新模型主要采用优化调度及效率置换双层结构依次进行调度计划的制定及修正,并通过合理的结算方法确保在效率置换中成功匹配的机组可以分享节能效益。
考虑到不同机组在市场竞争中存在效率水平与市场地位不协调的情况,提出了一种基于效率引导的电力市场并行节能优化模型。该模型将已有的发电权扩展为金融性的虚拟发电权,采取虚拟发电权交易与经济调度采取并行独立操作方式,避免了市场活动对电网安全稳定运行产生直接影响,并通过合理的结算方法确保高效机组具有稳定的市场优势,间接引导发电侧实现高效节能目标。
Electricity market reform aims to optimize the distribution of the sources. The electricity markets in developing countries are faced with the long transition period of the deregulation. In this period, as the electricity market is affected by the energy policy, market regulation and some other factors, the generation efficiency is hard to be improved to achieve the energy-saving goal through the market competition. It is an important subject with theoretic and practical values that how to take the energy-saving generation demand into consideration in the process of electricity market reform. On one hand, this paper highlighted the theme of energy saving. The different energy-saving methods were compared according to their operating rules and the conditions of compatibility. The energy-saving principles and the related indices were analyzed from the point of view of energy conversion. Furthermore, the generation cost and the energy-saving benefit were evaluated economically. These had provided the evidences and the extensions for the energy-saving optimization on the generation side. On the other hand, this paper studied the interior rules of electricity market development, creatively proposed a new research subject of electricity market in transition, and analyzed the characteristics and the modeling approaches of the electricity market in transition. This paper integrated the above two aspects together, explored the energy-saving generation model suitable for the transition period of electricity market reform, and then tried to suggest two related models. The detailed work is indicated as follows:
The existed energy-saving generation methods were classified as the direct control ones and the market aided ones to be analyzed. The direct control ones, such as economic dispatch and optimal power flow, were suitable for the vertically integrated operation mode. Meanwhile, the market aided ones introduced appropriate price mechanisms and used market-based tradings to achieve the optimal distribution of generation resources. These were much more flexible, and were also coordinated with the market reform trend. However, their realization needed to consider the market environment and the actual condition of power system carefully.
The efficiency of the thermal unit was researched around the energy conversion process, and the essence of energy-saving generation was explored. The paper analyzed the physics meanings and the calculating methods of the key indices which were intimately related with the energy saving. The efficient technologies of coal burning were introduced. The standard unit coal assumptions of several kinds of units were compared when the loading rates were different. Then the basic ways to improve the energy-saving generation were further proposed.
The cost structures of the units with different efficiencies were analyzed, and the researches were extended from the differences in efficiency to the economics of generation. Based on the unit quantity of electricity, the total generation cost included the fixed capital cost and the fuel cost. The fixed capital cost was acquired from the distribution of the annual fixed cost, and the fuel cost was related with the generation efficiency through the uniform heat price. The analyses indicated that fuel cost priority owned by the efficient unit could be covered by the fixed capital cost.
According to the present situation and the classic market theories of electricity market, an operation framework based on physical and financial balance was proposed. Through the analysis of the balance mechanism between different parts of electricity, the paper highlighted the important auxiliary position of financial trading, and indicated the broad prospects to apply the complex system simulation as the electricity market was getting complex. This section provided the basis for the specific design of electricity market.
The development experiences of electricity markets in different countries and regions were carefully analyzed, and the research subject of electricity market in transition was proposed creatively. The paper traced the experiences in developed countries like the England and the US and the developing countries, and accumulated the evidences to support the proposition. The characteristics, typical performances and the design approaches of the electricity market in transition were also indicated.
Considering the competition couldn't achieve the energy-saving generation in the electricity market in transition, a bi-level energy-saving optimization model of electricity market was proposed first. The new model adopted the bi-level structure with layered optimal dispatch and efficiency replacement which were designed to work out and revise the dispatch plan respectively. And the appropriate settlement rule ensured that the generators who had been successfully matched in the efficiency replacement could share the energy-saving benefit.
Furthermore, considering the efficiency levels of the generators weren't coordinated with their market position, an efficiency oriented energy-saving optimization model of electricity market was proposed. The new model extended the generation right to virtual generation right, and the trading of virtual generation right and the economic dispatch were operated independently. The market activities wouldn't affect the safety and the stability of the system directly. The appropriate settlement rule also ensured the dominant market positions of the efficient generators. The energy-saving goal of generation could be achieved through an indirectly way.
引文
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