基于故障录波数据的牵引变电所故障分析专家系统研究
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摘要
高速重载的电力牵引是铁路现代化的发展方向，对供电可靠性和安全性的要求越来越高，牵引供电系统的维修时间也大幅缩短。所以，建立一个能够帮助值班人员理解录波信息、判断故障元件并校验保护和断路器动作行为的故障分析专家系统就具有明显的理论意义和实践意义。
本文在分析和总结现有的牵引变电所及电网故障诊断系统的方案设计及实现方法的优缺点的基础上，首先阐述了故障录波数据在变电所故障分析和诊断中的重要性，接着介绍了与本故障分析系统配套使用的变电所微机故障录波装置的工作原理及其录波文件的结构，并与IEEE的标准COMTRADE文件格式做了对照。然后对本故障分析专家系统进行了详细的功能分析、总体方案设计和各分析功能的算法设计，指出故障分析专家系统由故障信息预处理子系统和专家系统内核两部分组成，前者负责图形化的波形分析和故障参数计算和有效故障信息的提取，而后者负责故障设备诊断和保护、开关动作行为的评价。其中，在专家系统内核的设计中采用了典型的产生式专家系统的结构：以推理机为中心，以电气设备库、故障信息库组成的数据库和电流突变事件鉴别、继电保护原理规则库、保护—断路器配置库组成的规则库为基础，以解释模块和人机接口为辅助组成部分，分别对数据库中的电气设备和规则库中的故障推理规则采用对象和产生式规则的表示方法，在故障推理中应用了过程式的推理机和以故障数据为驱动的正向推理方法。最后，举例说明了变电所数据库及规则库的建立方法，并利用面向对象编程技术实现了基于故障录波数据的变电所故障分析专家系统的部分功能。
Modem railway is characterized by its trend of high speed and heavy duty, which demands more emphases on the reliability and security of traction power supply system and less MTTR on the event of fault. Therefore, it's theoretically sound and practically feasible to develop an expert system for traction substation fault analysis serving as an aid to operator in understanding the information conveyed by fault waveform, diagnosing faulted electrical equipments and assessing the behavior of protective relays and circuit breakers.
On the basis of having a good knowledge of works previously donned by others in this field, it is illustrated in the first place that the role played by DFR (Digital Fault Recorder) Data in carrying out fault analysis should be attached enough importance. Then, the DFR system as well as its file format is introduced in comparison with COMTRADE file format from IEEE. The detailed function analysis, top level design and implementation algorism of the ES is proposed, which consists of fault information preprocessing subsystem and expert system kernel. The former is responsible for the graphic waveform analysis, faulted parameter and effective fault information extraction, and the latter for the diagnosis of faulted equipments and verifying the behavior of protective relays and circuit breakers. The expert system kernel takes the form of a typical Production Expert System: inference engine as the central part, electrical equipment database, fault information database, current jump event identification rule base, protective relaying scheme rule base and relay-CB configuration rule base as basis part, explanation module and human-machine interfacing module as assistant part. The equipments in electrical equipment database are described by means of objects, where the rules described by means of Production Rules. The procedural inference engine and the fault data driven foreword reasoning are employed. Finally, the building of traction
substation-related knowledge, including electrical equipment data, protective relaying scheme rule and relay-CB configuration rule, is showed in a case study, and the program of DFR data based ES for traction substation fault analysis is developed using object-oriented programming technology.
本文在分析和总结现有的牵引变电所及电网故障诊断系统的方案设计及实现方法的优缺点的基础上，首先阐述了故障录波数据在变电所故障分析和诊断中的重要性，接着介绍了与本故障分析系统配套使用的变电所微机故障录波装置的工作原理及其录波文件的结构，并与IEEE的标准COMTRADE文件格式做了对照。然后对本故障分析专家系统进行了详细的功能分析、总体方案设计和各分析功能的算法设计，指出故障分析专家系统由故障信息预处理子系统和专家系统内核两部分组成，前者负责图形化的波形分析和故障参数计算和有效故障信息的提取，而后者负责故障设备诊断和保护、开关动作行为的评价。其中，在专家系统内核的设计中采用了典型的产生式专家系统的结构：以推理机为中心，以电气设备库、故障信息库组成的数据库和电流突变事件鉴别、继电保护原理规则库、保护—断路器配置库组成的规则库为基础，以解释模块和人机接口为辅助组成部分，分别对数据库中的电气设备和规则库中的故障推理规则采用对象和产生式规则的表示方法，在故障推理中应用了过程式的推理机和以故障数据为驱动的正向推理方法。最后，举例说明了变电所数据库及规则库的建立方法，并利用面向对象编程技术实现了基于故障录波数据的变电所故障分析专家系统的部分功能。
Modem railway is characterized by its trend of high speed and heavy duty, which demands more emphases on the reliability and security of traction power supply system and less MTTR on the event of fault. Therefore, it's theoretically sound and practically feasible to develop an expert system for traction substation fault analysis serving as an aid to operator in understanding the information conveyed by fault waveform, diagnosing faulted electrical equipments and assessing the behavior of protective relays and circuit breakers.
On the basis of having a good knowledge of works previously donned by others in this field, it is illustrated in the first place that the role played by DFR (Digital Fault Recorder) Data in carrying out fault analysis should be attached enough importance. Then, the DFR system as well as its file format is introduced in comparison with COMTRADE file format from IEEE. The detailed function analysis, top level design and implementation algorism of the ES is proposed, which consists of fault information preprocessing subsystem and expert system kernel. The former is responsible for the graphic waveform analysis, faulted parameter and effective fault information extraction, and the latter for the diagnosis of faulted equipments and verifying the behavior of protective relays and circuit breakers. The expert system kernel takes the form of a typical Production Expert System: inference engine as the central part, electrical equipment database, fault information database, current jump event identification rule base, protective relaying scheme rule base and relay-CB configuration rule base as basis part, explanation module and human-machine interfacing module as assistant part. The equipments in electrical equipment database are described by means of objects, where the rules described by means of Production Rules. The procedural inference engine and the fault data driven foreword reasoning are employed. Finally, the building of traction
substation-related knowledge, including electrical equipment data, protective relaying scheme rule and relay-CB configuration rule, is showed in a case study, and the program of DFR data based ES for traction substation fault analysis is developed using object-oriented programming technology.
引文
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21．庄慧敏，陈小川．牵引变电所保护动作行为分析专家系统设计．继电器．2003(2)
22．郭锴，李群湛，贺建闽．电气化铁路故障信息处理系统方案研究．机车电传动．2004(2)
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2．谢维廉，施怀瑾．专家系统及其在发电厂变电所中的应用．北京：水利电力出版社，1994
3．杜一，张沛超，郁惟镛，聂宇本．基于故障录波数据的分布式电网故障诊断系统．继电器．2003，31(1)
4. Rayudu R.K., Samarasinghe S., and Kulasiri D., A comparison of model-based reasoning and learning approaches to power transmission fault diagnosis, Second New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems, 1995
5．朱永利，张文勤，高曙，杨以涵，高元楷，潘明惠．电力系统故障判断专家系统．华北电力学院学报．1992，(1)
6．刘力强，高曙，张文勤，顾雪平．电力系统故障判断骨架型专家系统——故障模型知识库．北京动力经济学院学报．1994(1)
7．张学军，刘小冰，阎彩萍，陈佩琳，王锡田．基于正反向推理的电力系统故障诊断专家系统．山西电力技术．1998(6)
8．刘青松，夏道止．基于正反向推理的电力系统故障诊断专家系统．电网技术．1999，23(9)
9．何跃英，江荣汉．基于模糊理论的电力设备故障诊断专家系统．电工技术学报．1994(3)
10．周明，任建文，李庚银，徐开理．基于模糊推理的分布式电力系统故障诊断专家系统．电力系统自动化．2001(24)
11. Heung-Jae Lee, Deung-Yong Park, Bok-Shin Ahn, Young-Moon Park, Jong-Keun Park, S. S. Venkata, A Fuzzy Expert System for the Integrated Fault Diagnosis, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL 2000
12. Hyun-Joon Cho, Jong-Keun Park, An expert system for fault section
diagnosis of power systems using fuzzy relations, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEM, VOL. 15, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1997
13. Monsef H., Ranjbar A.M., Jadid S., Fuzzy rule-based expert system for power system fault diagnosis, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings, Volume: 144, Issue: 2, March 1997
14．顾雪平，张文勤，高曙，杨以涵，盛四清．人工神经网络和专家系统结合运用的电力系统故障诊断方法．华北电力学院学报．1992，(2)
15. Al-Sayed M.A.H., Alfuhaid A.S., ANN-based approach for fast fault diagnosis and alarm handling of power systems, International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, 2000. Volume: 1,30 Oct.-1 Nov. 2000
16．张义忠，冯振声，孟晨．模糊推理和神经网络的集成在故障诊断中的研究．系统工程与电子技术．2000(3)
17．李夏青，鲍林栋，樊金生．电气化铁路牵引变电所故障诊断专家系统．石家庄铁道学院学报．1995(1)
18．贺威俊，陈小川，高仕斌，刘学军，王牣．牵引变电站综合自动化与专家系统应用研究．铁道学报．1996(2)
19. Xie ShaoFeng, Li QunZhan, Application of expert system based on mixing reasoning in traction substation fault diagnosis, The 2nd International Workshop on Autonomous Decentralized System, 2002.6-7 Nov. 2002
20．解绍锋．牵引变电所故障分析专家系统研究．西南交通大学硕士学位论文．2001
21．庄慧敏，陈小川．牵引变电所保护动作行为分析专家系统设计．继电器．2003(2)
22．郭锴，李群湛，贺建闽．电气化铁路故障信息处理系统方案研究．机车电传动．2004(2)
23．张琦，韩祯祥，文福拴．一种基于粗糙集理论的电力系统故障诊断和警报处理新方法．中国电力．1998(4)
24．骆健等．国内外故障录波器的比较．电力自动化设备．2001，21(7)
25．电力工业部东北电力设计院等．故障录波装置的原理和应用．北京：电力工业出版社，1981
26．董密．多通道谐波监测及故障录波一体化装置的研制．中南大学硕士学位论文．2002
27．兰洋．故障录波文件的数据压缩研究．四川大学硕士学位论文．2002
28．张兆宁，孙雅明，毛鹏．电力系统故障暂态信号分析中基波提取的新方法．电力系统及其自动化学报．1999(3)
29．陈小川．复线电力牵引网微机故障测距原理及实现．西南交通大学学报．1994(2)
30．赵丽平，李群湛，陈小川．基于虚拟仪器的接触网故障测距装置．电力自动化设备．2003(4)
31．贺威俊，高仕斌，张淑琴，王勋等．电力牵引供变电技术．成都：西南交通大学出版社，1998
32. Young D.J., Lo K.L., McDonald J.R., Howard R., Rye, J., Development of a practical expert system for alarm processing, Generation, Transmission and Distribution [see also IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution], IEE Proceedings C, Volume: 139, Issue: 5, Sept. 1992
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