广域后备保护原理与通信技术研究
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摘要
随着电力系统的快速发展，电力运营市场化的不断推进，电网的结构和运行环境日益复杂，电网安全稳定问题日渐突出。继电保护是保证电力设备运行安全的关键元件，也是整个电网安全保障系统的“第一道防线”，其性能对整个电力系统的安全稳定运行有着重大影响。传统后备保护主要是利用就地单端量信息进行故障的检测判断，不同保护装置之间一般只能通过固有定值进行协调和配合，导致保护装置的适应性差，整定配合复杂，当出现非预期的故障或异常运行工况时，可能造成保护拒动、误动或连锁动作，引发全网性的大面积停电事故。近年来，随着广域同步测量和通信技术的迅速发展和逐步成熟，基于广域测量信息的新型保护系统-广域保护的研究得到了广泛关注。广域测量信息的应用，为大幅提高和改善继电保护的性能提供了新的技术手段，有助于从根本上切实解决现有继电保护存在的适应能力较差、整定配合复杂等难题，提高保护装置在复杂故障和异常运行工况下动作的安全性和可靠性。这对保证电力设备和电网的运行安全，减小大面积停电事故的发生具有非常重要的理论和现实意义。
本文在国家自然科学基金重点项目“集中决策与分布实现相协调的大电网后备保护系统研究”（50837002）的资助下，针对新型广域后备保护系统原理、网络通信和可靠性等基础性问题进行了深入的研究。
目前已提出的广域后备保护算法存在采样同步性要求高、广域通信流量较大、故障识别容错性能不强等问题。本文提出了一种具有采样同步性要求低，广域通信流量小，且具有高容错性能的广域后备保护算法新算法。新算法采用集中式广域保护系统结构，当电网发生故障后，区域内各子站通过支路电流群福比较法，确定距离故障元件最近的输电线路，并将该线路故障电流值上传给主站；而主站则根据各子站上传的电流故障分量值以及故障电流分布特性，确定候选可疑故障线路；然后向子站获取这些候选故障线路的保护信息域内的传统保护、方向元件等动作情况，并利用改进的D-S证据理论对该多源证据进行信息融合，最终识别出实际故障线路。仿真算例验证了所提出算法的正确性和良好的信息容错性能。
随着智能电网发展，智能变电站的各种设备的信息建模及信息交互将在IEC61850框架下统一进行，IEC61850必将成为未来智能电网领域的主要标准之一。但目前IEC61850标准未对广域后备保护通信模型进行描述，这已成为广域后备保护实际应用中亟待解决的一个重要问题。为此，本文首先根据IEC61850标准层层包含的建模方法，提出了广域后备保护IED统一建模方法。然后以一220kV数字化变电站和本文提出的广域后备保护算法为例，给出了遵循IEC61850标准的广域后备保护主站和子站的树型结构模型，以及主站与子站的消息流交互过程。最后建立了广域后备保护信息交换通信服务模型，包括：客户端/服务器传输模型、电气量传输模型和逻辑状态量传输模型。所提出的后备保护通信建模方法具有良好的适应性，信息服务模型具有通信量小，传输可靠性高等特点，可满足不同结构和原理的广域保护的应用要求。
广域通信系统是广域后备保护信息交互的支撑平台，良好的通信系统对广域后备保护正确地、快速地切除电网故障具有至关重要的作用。但目前的广域通信系统还不能很好地满足广域后备保护需求。因此，本文根据广域后备保护的通信特点设计了变电站和广域通信网络。提出了以太网接入方式的Ethernet over SDH（EOS）传输模式，建立了基于EVPL的广域通信系统的组网结构，并将并行冗余协议PRP用于变电站和广域通信网络，以实现在通信故障下的业务零故障恢复时间。为了评估广域通信系统的性能，提出了基于网络时延、网络时延抖动、吞吐量、带宽利用率、丢包率等参数的评估指标，并以IEEE14节点网络系统为例，对所提出的广域通信系统的整体性能进行了仿真分析，验证了其可行性。
广域后备保护系统在构建模式、决策原理和实现技术等方面远较传统后备保护复杂，特别是涉及广域范围的网络通信，使得对其进行物理模拟实验研究和性能评估非常困难。本文根据广域后备保护的结构和运行特点，开发了一套基于高层体系结构(HLA)和Agent技术的OPNET-PSCAD/EMTDC联合同步仿真平台WAPSS，为分析评估广域后备保护在网络通信环境下的总体性能提供了一有力的工具。文中详细论述了WAPSS平台的总体结构、各重要组成部分的功能和接口方式以及多Agent的设计，最后以一仿真实例验证了平台的正确性和有效性。
广域后备保护涉及众多元件，在保护原理、实现方式、作用域等方面较传统保护都有了较大变化，影响其可靠性的因素和环节增加，研究广域后备保护的可靠性具有重要的意义。本文将广域后备保护系统分成多个子系统分别研究，综合考虑各组件的失效和修复过程，应用Markov状态空间法、故障树分析法建立了各子系统和整个系统的可靠性分析模型，最后利用故障树结构函数和蒙特卡罗仿真相结合的方法对广域后备保护系统的可靠性进行了实例评估。
论文最后对所取得的主要研究成果进行了总结，并对下一步研究工作重点进行了展望。
With the fast development of power systems and the continuous advancement ofelectricity market operation, the structure and operation environment of power gird areincreasing complicated. The relay protection is a critical component to ensure the operationsafety of power equipments, which is also the “first defense line” of the safety guaranteesystem of power grid. The performance of relay protection has significant influence on thesafe and stable operation of the whole power systems. Traditional backup protectionsmainly employ partial information, like local information or port information of theprotected components, for the detection and judgment of fault. The coordination betweendifferent protection devices is realized by fixed settings, which causes poor adaptability ofprotection devices and complicated coordination of settings. In recent years, with the fastdevelopment and gradually maturity of wide area synchronous measurement technique, thestudy of novel wide area backup protection based on wide area measuring information hasattracted extensive attention. The application of wide area measuring information providesa new technical measure to improve the performance of relay protection substantially. It ishelpful to solve the problem of poor adaptability and complicated coordination of settingsof traditional relay protection. It can also improve the safety and reliability of protectiondevices in complicated fault and abnormal operation conditions. It is of very importanttheoretical and practical significance to ensure the operation safety of power equipmentsand power grid and prevent the occurrence of large-scale blackouts
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50837002), thefundamental problems such as the principle of novel wide-area backup protection system,network communication and reliability are analyzed and studied in depth.
So far, one or more of the following problems exist in the proposed wide area back upprotection algorithm: high requirement for sampling synchronism, large amount of widearea communication traffic and low fault tolerance of fault identification. Aimed at these, a novel wide area backup protection algorithm which has low requirement for samplingsynchronism, small amount of wide area communication traffic and high fault tolerance isproposed in this paper. Centralized wide area protection system structure is adopted. Whenfault happens, slave stations in the area identify the transmission line which is nearest tofault element with amplitude comparison of group branch currents. And then the slavestations transmit the fault current of these transmission lines to master station. Then masterstation will choose a few suspected fault lines as candidate lines in accordance withreceived current fault components and their distribution characteristic. After that, masterstation will acquire the operation situations of traditional protections and directioncomponents of these candidate lines from slave stations. In the end, the information fusionof these multi-source evidences is carried out with modified D-S evidence theory toidentify the practical fault line. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm iscorrect and has good fault tolerance of information.
With the development of the smart grid, information modeling and informationexchange of intelligent electronic device in the smart substation will be unified under theframework of IEC61850. IEC61850standards will surely become one of the main criteriain the future smart grid field. But for now, the communication model for wide area backupprotection is not described in IEC61850standards, which has been an important problemneeded to be solved in practical application of wide area backup protection. For this reason,a generalized IED modeling procedures in wide area backup protection is presented firstlyaccording to the layer-on-layer modeling method of IEC61850standards. Then taking the220kV digital substation and the proposed algorithm of wide area backup protection forexamples, tree structure of master station and slave stations of wide area back up protectionin accordance with the principles of IEC61850standards are given. And the interactiveprocess model of message flow between master station and slave stations are given. Finally,a communication service model is established, including the transmission model betweenclients and server, the transmission model for analog value, and the transmission model forswitching values. The proposed communication modeling method for backup protectionhas characteristics of good adaptability, small communication traffic of information servicemodel, high transmission reliability. It can satisfy the application requirements of wide area protection with different structures and principles.
As wide area communication system is the support for information interaction of widearea backup protection, excellent communication system plays a critical role to wide areabackup protection correctly and rapidly removing the failure of power grid. But the existingwide-area communication system still cannot meet the requirements of wide area backupprotection. Therefore, according to the communication features of wide area backupprotection, the communication system for wide area backup protection including wide-areacommunication network and service model is designed. In the communication networkaspect, the Ethernet over SDH (EOS) transmission mode by Ethernet access way isproposed, and the network structure of wide area communication system based on EVPL isestablished. The parallel redundancy protocol (PRP) is adopted for station and wide areacommunication network to realize zero recovery time in communication failure condition.In order to estimate the property of wide area communication system, evaluation indexbased on network time delay, time delay variation, throughput, utilization factor ofbandwidth and packet loss ration is proposed. Taking network system of IEEE14nodes forexample, the overall performance of proposed wide area communication system isanalyzed. The feasibility is verified.
Wide area backup protection is much more complicated than traditional backupprotection in aspects of construction mode, decision-making principle and implementationtechnique. Specially, it involves wide area communication that makes the physicalsimulation and performance evaluation very difficult. According to the structure andoperation characteristics of wide area backup protection, a synchronous co-simulationplatform called Wide Area Protection Synchronizing Simulator (WAPSS) associated withOPNET and PSCAD/EMTDC based on HLA (High-Level Architecture) and Agent isdeveloped, which provides a effective tool for overall performance analysis and evaluationof wide area backup protection under the environment of network communication. Thestructure of WAPSS platform, the function of important components, interface model andthe Multi-Agent design are discussed in detail. A simulation example is implemented toverify the correctness and availability of the platform.
Compared with traditional protection, the wide area backup protection which is relatedto numerous components has big change in protection principle, implementation and action scope. Hence, the number of the influence factor of reliability increases. The study on thereliability of wide area backup protection is of important significance. The wide areabackup protection system is divided into several subsystems to study respectively. Withcomprehensive consideration of the failure and repair process of various components, thereliability models of various subsystems and the whole system are built up with utilizationof Markov state-space method and fault tree analysis method. In the end, the reliabilityevaluation of wide area backup protection is carried out by combining fault tree structurefunction and Monte Carlo simulation.
Finally, the achieved research results are concluded and prospective about the futurestudy is highlighted.
本文在国家自然科学基金重点项目“集中决策与分布实现相协调的大电网后备保护系统研究”（50837002）的资助下，针对新型广域后备保护系统原理、网络通信和可靠性等基础性问题进行了深入的研究。
目前已提出的广域后备保护算法存在采样同步性要求高、广域通信流量较大、故障识别容错性能不强等问题。本文提出了一种具有采样同步性要求低，广域通信流量小，且具有高容错性能的广域后备保护算法新算法。新算法采用集中式广域保护系统结构，当电网发生故障后，区域内各子站通过支路电流群福比较法，确定距离故障元件最近的输电线路，并将该线路故障电流值上传给主站；而主站则根据各子站上传的电流故障分量值以及故障电流分布特性，确定候选可疑故障线路；然后向子站获取这些候选故障线路的保护信息域内的传统保护、方向元件等动作情况，并利用改进的D-S证据理论对该多源证据进行信息融合，最终识别出实际故障线路。仿真算例验证了所提出算法的正确性和良好的信息容错性能。
随着智能电网发展，智能变电站的各种设备的信息建模及信息交互将在IEC61850框架下统一进行，IEC61850必将成为未来智能电网领域的主要标准之一。但目前IEC61850标准未对广域后备保护通信模型进行描述，这已成为广域后备保护实际应用中亟待解决的一个重要问题。为此，本文首先根据IEC61850标准层层包含的建模方法，提出了广域后备保护IED统一建模方法。然后以一220kV数字化变电站和本文提出的广域后备保护算法为例，给出了遵循IEC61850标准的广域后备保护主站和子站的树型结构模型，以及主站与子站的消息流交互过程。最后建立了广域后备保护信息交换通信服务模型，包括：客户端/服务器传输模型、电气量传输模型和逻辑状态量传输模型。所提出的后备保护通信建模方法具有良好的适应性，信息服务模型具有通信量小，传输可靠性高等特点，可满足不同结构和原理的广域保护的应用要求。
广域通信系统是广域后备保护信息交互的支撑平台，良好的通信系统对广域后备保护正确地、快速地切除电网故障具有至关重要的作用。但目前的广域通信系统还不能很好地满足广域后备保护需求。因此，本文根据广域后备保护的通信特点设计了变电站和广域通信网络。提出了以太网接入方式的Ethernet over SDH（EOS）传输模式，建立了基于EVPL的广域通信系统的组网结构，并将并行冗余协议PRP用于变电站和广域通信网络，以实现在通信故障下的业务零故障恢复时间。为了评估广域通信系统的性能，提出了基于网络时延、网络时延抖动、吞吐量、带宽利用率、丢包率等参数的评估指标，并以IEEE14节点网络系统为例，对所提出的广域通信系统的整体性能进行了仿真分析，验证了其可行性。
广域后备保护系统在构建模式、决策原理和实现技术等方面远较传统后备保护复杂，特别是涉及广域范围的网络通信，使得对其进行物理模拟实验研究和性能评估非常困难。本文根据广域后备保护的结构和运行特点，开发了一套基于高层体系结构(HLA)和Agent技术的OPNET-PSCAD/EMTDC联合同步仿真平台WAPSS，为分析评估广域后备保护在网络通信环境下的总体性能提供了一有力的工具。文中详细论述了WAPSS平台的总体结构、各重要组成部分的功能和接口方式以及多Agent的设计，最后以一仿真实例验证了平台的正确性和有效性。
广域后备保护涉及众多元件，在保护原理、实现方式、作用域等方面较传统保护都有了较大变化，影响其可靠性的因素和环节增加，研究广域后备保护的可靠性具有重要的意义。本文将广域后备保护系统分成多个子系统分别研究，综合考虑各组件的失效和修复过程，应用Markov状态空间法、故障树分析法建立了各子系统和整个系统的可靠性分析模型，最后利用故障树结构函数和蒙特卡罗仿真相结合的方法对广域后备保护系统的可靠性进行了实例评估。
论文最后对所取得的主要研究成果进行了总结，并对下一步研究工作重点进行了展望。
With the fast development of power systems and the continuous advancement ofelectricity market operation, the structure and operation environment of power gird areincreasing complicated. The relay protection is a critical component to ensure the operationsafety of power equipments, which is also the “first defense line” of the safety guaranteesystem of power grid. The performance of relay protection has significant influence on thesafe and stable operation of the whole power systems. Traditional backup protectionsmainly employ partial information, like local information or port information of theprotected components, for the detection and judgment of fault. The coordination betweendifferent protection devices is realized by fixed settings, which causes poor adaptability ofprotection devices and complicated coordination of settings. In recent years, with the fastdevelopment and gradually maturity of wide area synchronous measurement technique, thestudy of novel wide area backup protection based on wide area measuring information hasattracted extensive attention. The application of wide area measuring information providesa new technical measure to improve the performance of relay protection substantially. It ishelpful to solve the problem of poor adaptability and complicated coordination of settingsof traditional relay protection. It can also improve the safety and reliability of protectiondevices in complicated fault and abnormal operation conditions. It is of very importanttheoretical and practical significance to ensure the operation safety of power equipmentsand power grid and prevent the occurrence of large-scale blackouts
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50837002), thefundamental problems such as the principle of novel wide-area backup protection system,network communication and reliability are analyzed and studied in depth.
So far, one or more of the following problems exist in the proposed wide area back upprotection algorithm: high requirement for sampling synchronism, large amount of widearea communication traffic and low fault tolerance of fault identification. Aimed at these, a novel wide area backup protection algorithm which has low requirement for samplingsynchronism, small amount of wide area communication traffic and high fault tolerance isproposed in this paper. Centralized wide area protection system structure is adopted. Whenfault happens, slave stations in the area identify the transmission line which is nearest tofault element with amplitude comparison of group branch currents. And then the slavestations transmit the fault current of these transmission lines to master station. Then masterstation will choose a few suspected fault lines as candidate lines in accordance withreceived current fault components and their distribution characteristic. After that, masterstation will acquire the operation situations of traditional protections and directioncomponents of these candidate lines from slave stations. In the end, the information fusionof these multi-source evidences is carried out with modified D-S evidence theory toidentify the practical fault line. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm iscorrect and has good fault tolerance of information.
With the development of the smart grid, information modeling and informationexchange of intelligent electronic device in the smart substation will be unified under theframework of IEC61850. IEC61850standards will surely become one of the main criteriain the future smart grid field. But for now, the communication model for wide area backupprotection is not described in IEC61850standards, which has been an important problemneeded to be solved in practical application of wide area backup protection. For this reason,a generalized IED modeling procedures in wide area backup protection is presented firstlyaccording to the layer-on-layer modeling method of IEC61850standards. Then taking the220kV digital substation and the proposed algorithm of wide area backup protection forexamples, tree structure of master station and slave stations of wide area back up protectionin accordance with the principles of IEC61850standards are given. And the interactiveprocess model of message flow between master station and slave stations are given. Finally,a communication service model is established, including the transmission model betweenclients and server, the transmission model for analog value, and the transmission model forswitching values. The proposed communication modeling method for backup protectionhas characteristics of good adaptability, small communication traffic of information servicemodel, high transmission reliability. It can satisfy the application requirements of wide area protection with different structures and principles.
As wide area communication system is the support for information interaction of widearea backup protection, excellent communication system plays a critical role to wide areabackup protection correctly and rapidly removing the failure of power grid. But the existingwide-area communication system still cannot meet the requirements of wide area backupprotection. Therefore, according to the communication features of wide area backupprotection, the communication system for wide area backup protection including wide-areacommunication network and service model is designed. In the communication networkaspect, the Ethernet over SDH (EOS) transmission mode by Ethernet access way isproposed, and the network structure of wide area communication system based on EVPL isestablished. The parallel redundancy protocol (PRP) is adopted for station and wide areacommunication network to realize zero recovery time in communication failure condition.In order to estimate the property of wide area communication system, evaluation indexbased on network time delay, time delay variation, throughput, utilization factor ofbandwidth and packet loss ration is proposed. Taking network system of IEEE14nodes forexample, the overall performance of proposed wide area communication system isanalyzed. The feasibility is verified.
Wide area backup protection is much more complicated than traditional backupprotection in aspects of construction mode, decision-making principle and implementationtechnique. Specially, it involves wide area communication that makes the physicalsimulation and performance evaluation very difficult. According to the structure andoperation characteristics of wide area backup protection, a synchronous co-simulationplatform called Wide Area Protection Synchronizing Simulator (WAPSS) associated withOPNET and PSCAD/EMTDC based on HLA (High-Level Architecture) and Agent isdeveloped, which provides a effective tool for overall performance analysis and evaluationof wide area backup protection under the environment of network communication. Thestructure of WAPSS platform, the function of important components, interface model andthe Multi-Agent design are discussed in detail. A simulation example is implemented toverify the correctness and availability of the platform.
Compared with traditional protection, the wide area backup protection which is relatedto numerous components has big change in protection principle, implementation and action scope. Hence, the number of the influence factor of reliability increases. The study on thereliability of wide area backup protection is of important significance. The wide areabackup protection system is divided into several subsystems to study respectively. Withcomprehensive consideration of the failure and repair process of various components, thereliability models of various subsystems and the whole system are built up with utilizationof Markov state-space method and fault tree analysis method. In the end, the reliabilityevaluation of wide area backup protection is carried out by combining fault tree structurefunction and Monte Carlo simulation.
Finally, the achieved research results are concluded and prospective about the futurestudy is highlighted.
引文
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