熔融沉积制造精度及快速模具制造技术的研究
|
摘要
现代社会市场竞争日趋激烈，新产品的“上市时间”已成为取胜的关键，因此，要求设计者及制造者尽量缩短产品的开发、制造周期，以适应批量小、品种多、改型快的现代制造模式。快速成型技术(RPM)与快速模具制造技术(RT)能分别用来快速制造具有复杂形状的原型及具有高尺寸精度和低表面粗糙度的各类工模具，因而利用这两种技术能实现快速产品开发的目的。
熔融沉积制造技术(FDM)在零件原型快速制造上已获得成功的应用。基于FDM快速制造模具——生成注塑模或EDM电极时，原型的尺寸、几何精度和表面粗糙度对于最终产品的质量起着决定性的作用，因而必须研究FDM工艺的精度。
本论文首先从粘性和弹性两个方面阐述和研究了熔融态ABS熔体从喷头挤出过程中的流变性能，流变性能的分析和研究不仅有助于更好地理解FDM工艺的挤出丝过程，而且为建立理想轮廓线的补偿模型提供了理论依据。
在对FDM工艺精度进行系统分析的基础上，提出了精度研究的具体内容，即成型过程中的材料收缩及其补偿、由喷头导致的理想轮廓线的补偿和FDM工艺参数的优化。
首先通过理论和实验研究了成型过程中ABS树脂材料收缩对零件尺寸精度的影响，以及收缩的控制与补偿方法。
根据ABS丝从喷头挤出过程中的流变性能，在研究FDM工艺喷头挤出丝截面形状的基础上，建立了理想轮廓线的补偿模型，并提出了根据挤出丝实际宽度(而非喷嘴孔直径)和零件尺寸实际收缩量补偿零件内、外轮廓的新方法，验证试验结果表明该补偿模型和补偿方法正确可行。
针对FDM快速成型工艺，确定出影响原型件质量的主要工艺参数，通过正交试验，对加工出的27个标准测试件的各种特征进行测量与数据处理，研究了FDM工艺参数对原型件质量的影响规律，进而优化FDM工艺参数，并形成了一套完整的基于参数优化设置的FDM成型工艺规程。
继FDM工艺精度研究后，开展了快速模具制造技术的研究，建立了基于FDM原型快速制造电加工电极的工艺。该工艺将脉冲电铸和电弧喷涂紫铜背衬相结合，获得了结晶致密的电极工作层和结合强度高、导电与导热性良好的电极背衬层，得到的电极达到了常规机加工紫铜电极的电加工性能。同时，该工艺有效地缩短和降低了模具制造周期和成本。
最后，针对目前国内市场应用较普遍的分层实体制造(LOM)快速成型设备，提出了基于特殊涂料喷涂法的LOM纸质原型封闭处理新技术，通过快速化学镀铜解决了LOM纸质原型导电化的难题，建立了基于LOM纸质原型快速制造电加工电极的工艺。该工艺不仅减少了工序，还避免了因翻制过渡模型带来的转换误差，将脉冲电铸和电弧
摘要
喷涂紫铜背村相结合制造电极，能保证电极的电加工性能，可以实现高效率、高精度和
低成本的快速模具制造。
In increasingly stinging market competition, the lead-time to market of new product has become crucial. Therefore, development and fabrication period of new product must be shortened as possible, in order to adapt modern manufacturing mode characterized by low volume, many types and swift change. Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing (RPM) and Rapid Tooling (RT) can rapidly fabricate complicated prototypes and various mould & dies of higher dimensional precision and better surface roughness respectively. With those technologies, the objective of Rapid Product Development (RPD) can be achieved consequently.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has successfully been applied in rapid fabrication of prototype. Combined with traditional mould & die manufacturing technologies, when FDM is used to rapidly fabricate plastic injection mould and EDM electrode, the dimensional, geometrical precision and surface roughnesses of FDM prototype have decisive effects on quality of final product. It is necessary that the precision of FDM process be studied.
Firstly, the structures and properties of ABS resin, a kind of material for FDM process, are introduced, and Theological properties of melted ABS filament during extrusion from FDM's nozzle are studied in viscosity and elasticity, the research results can provide theoretical guidance for establishing the compensation model of ideal contour line.
After systemically analyzing the precision of FDM process, the research contents of FDM precision are given, which include material shrinkage during prototyping and its compensation, the compensation of ideal contour line induced by nozzle, and FDM process parameter optimization.
The effects of ABS resin shrinkage during prototyping on dimensional precision of workpiece and the method of control and compensation over shrinkage have been studied theoretically and experimentally.
According to the rheological properties of melted ABS filament during extrusion from FDM's nozzle, on the basis of research on extruded filament section shape, the compensation model of ideal contour line is established, and a new technique for compensating inner or outer contour line of workpiece is put forward, which should depend on the real width of extruded filament (instead of nozzle radius) and the real dimensional shrinkage of workpiece. The experimentally validated results prove that the compensation model of ideal contour line and the compensation technique for
in
ABSTRACT
contour line of workpiece are correct and feasible.
The main process parameters influencing FDM prototype quality are determined. By Taguchi experiment, various features data of the 27 prototyped standard test part are measured and treated, the effects of FDM process parameters on the quality of prototype are investigated, and FDM process parameters are optimized, thus, a set of FDM prototyping process rules based on parameter optimization is presented.
After studying the precision of FDM process, a rapid EDM electrode fabrication technology based on FDM is developed, The technology, which combined pulse-reverse electroforming with strengthening of copper wire-arc spraying, can obtained compact crystal electrode's working part, and strengthened filling part which has big adhesion strength, better electricity and heat conductivity, The EDM performance of the obtained electrode reaches that of electrolysis copper electrode. At the same time, the technology effectively shortens the manufacturing period and reduces the cost.
Finally, aimed at Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) machine which is widely applied in domestic market, a new technique for covering LOM prototype with special coating spraying is put forward, the problem on metallization of LOM prototype is resolved by means of rapid electroless plating copper, a rapid EDM electrode fabrication technology based on LOM is established. The technology not only reduces working procedure but avoids conversion errors caused by making transition model, and can ensure EDM performance of the obtained electrode using the comb
熔融沉积制造技术(FDM)在零件原型快速制造上已获得成功的应用。基于FDM快速制造模具——生成注塑模或EDM电极时，原型的尺寸、几何精度和表面粗糙度对于最终产品的质量起着决定性的作用，因而必须研究FDM工艺的精度。
本论文首先从粘性和弹性两个方面阐述和研究了熔融态ABS熔体从喷头挤出过程中的流变性能，流变性能的分析和研究不仅有助于更好地理解FDM工艺的挤出丝过程，而且为建立理想轮廓线的补偿模型提供了理论依据。
在对FDM工艺精度进行系统分析的基础上，提出了精度研究的具体内容，即成型过程中的材料收缩及其补偿、由喷头导致的理想轮廓线的补偿和FDM工艺参数的优化。
首先通过理论和实验研究了成型过程中ABS树脂材料收缩对零件尺寸精度的影响，以及收缩的控制与补偿方法。
根据ABS丝从喷头挤出过程中的流变性能，在研究FDM工艺喷头挤出丝截面形状的基础上，建立了理想轮廓线的补偿模型，并提出了根据挤出丝实际宽度(而非喷嘴孔直径)和零件尺寸实际收缩量补偿零件内、外轮廓的新方法，验证试验结果表明该补偿模型和补偿方法正确可行。
针对FDM快速成型工艺，确定出影响原型件质量的主要工艺参数，通过正交试验，对加工出的27个标准测试件的各种特征进行测量与数据处理，研究了FDM工艺参数对原型件质量的影响规律，进而优化FDM工艺参数，并形成了一套完整的基于参数优化设置的FDM成型工艺规程。
继FDM工艺精度研究后，开展了快速模具制造技术的研究，建立了基于FDM原型快速制造电加工电极的工艺。该工艺将脉冲电铸和电弧喷涂紫铜背衬相结合，获得了结晶致密的电极工作层和结合强度高、导电与导热性良好的电极背衬层，得到的电极达到了常规机加工紫铜电极的电加工性能。同时，该工艺有效地缩短和降低了模具制造周期和成本。
最后，针对目前国内市场应用较普遍的分层实体制造(LOM)快速成型设备，提出了基于特殊涂料喷涂法的LOM纸质原型封闭处理新技术，通过快速化学镀铜解决了LOM纸质原型导电化的难题，建立了基于LOM纸质原型快速制造电加工电极的工艺。该工艺不仅减少了工序，还避免了因翻制过渡模型带来的转换误差，将脉冲电铸和电弧
摘要
喷涂紫铜背村相结合制造电极，能保证电极的电加工性能，可以实现高效率、高精度和
低成本的快速模具制造。
In increasingly stinging market competition, the lead-time to market of new product has become crucial. Therefore, development and fabrication period of new product must be shortened as possible, in order to adapt modern manufacturing mode characterized by low volume, many types and swift change. Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing (RPM) and Rapid Tooling (RT) can rapidly fabricate complicated prototypes and various mould & dies of higher dimensional precision and better surface roughness respectively. With those technologies, the objective of Rapid Product Development (RPD) can be achieved consequently.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has successfully been applied in rapid fabrication of prototype. Combined with traditional mould & die manufacturing technologies, when FDM is used to rapidly fabricate plastic injection mould and EDM electrode, the dimensional, geometrical precision and surface roughnesses of FDM prototype have decisive effects on quality of final product. It is necessary that the precision of FDM process be studied.
Firstly, the structures and properties of ABS resin, a kind of material for FDM process, are introduced, and Theological properties of melted ABS filament during extrusion from FDM's nozzle are studied in viscosity and elasticity, the research results can provide theoretical guidance for establishing the compensation model of ideal contour line.
After systemically analyzing the precision of FDM process, the research contents of FDM precision are given, which include material shrinkage during prototyping and its compensation, the compensation of ideal contour line induced by nozzle, and FDM process parameter optimization.
The effects of ABS resin shrinkage during prototyping on dimensional precision of workpiece and the method of control and compensation over shrinkage have been studied theoretically and experimentally.
According to the rheological properties of melted ABS filament during extrusion from FDM's nozzle, on the basis of research on extruded filament section shape, the compensation model of ideal contour line is established, and a new technique for compensating inner or outer contour line of workpiece is put forward, which should depend on the real width of extruded filament (instead of nozzle radius) and the real dimensional shrinkage of workpiece. The experimentally validated results prove that the compensation model of ideal contour line and the compensation technique for
in
ABSTRACT
contour line of workpiece are correct and feasible.
The main process parameters influencing FDM prototype quality are determined. By Taguchi experiment, various features data of the 27 prototyped standard test part are measured and treated, the effects of FDM process parameters on the quality of prototype are investigated, and FDM process parameters are optimized, thus, a set of FDM prototyping process rules based on parameter optimization is presented.
After studying the precision of FDM process, a rapid EDM electrode fabrication technology based on FDM is developed, The technology, which combined pulse-reverse electroforming with strengthening of copper wire-arc spraying, can obtained compact crystal electrode's working part, and strengthened filling part which has big adhesion strength, better electricity and heat conductivity, The EDM performance of the obtained electrode reaches that of electrolysis copper electrode. At the same time, the technology effectively shortens the manufacturing period and reduces the cost.
Finally, aimed at Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) machine which is widely applied in domestic market, a new technique for covering LOM prototype with special coating spraying is put forward, the problem on metallization of LOM prototype is resolved by means of rapid electroless plating copper, a rapid EDM electrode fabrication technology based on LOM is established. The technology not only reduces working procedure but avoids conversion errors caused by making transition model, and can ensure EDM performance of the obtained electrode using the comb
引文
[1] Alain Bernard.Rapid Product Development Case Studies and Date Integration Analysis. Computers in lndustry,2000,(43) :161~172
[2] Karl Kuzman.BIaz Nardin.Marjan Kovac.et al.The integration of Rapid Prototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology.2001 ,Vol.111:279~285
[3] 杜斌．快速原型制造中若干软件关键问题的研究：[博士学位论文]．武汉：华中理工大学，1997
[4] S.H. Choi.S. Samavedam. Modelling and Optimisation of Rapid Prototyping.Computers in lndustry,2002,(47) :39~53
[5] CHUA CHEE KAl.LEONG KAH FAI. Rapid Prototyping:Principtes&Applications in Manufacturing. Nan Yang Technological University.Singopore. 1996:79~81
[6] 尹希猛，王运赣,黄树槐．快速成型技术-90年代新的造型工具．中国机械工程，1993，4(6) :25-27
[7] 宾鸿赞，杨明．生长型制造技术-制造技术的新突破．中国机械工程，1993,4(6) :22-24
[8] 颜永年，张伟，卢清萍等．基于离散雌积成型概念的RPM 原理和发展．中国机械工 程，1994，5(4) :64-66
[9] 楚振斌，楚鹰，钟小欢．特种增材加工-21世纪的制造方法．见:第八届全国电加工学术年会论文集， 大连：大连理工大学出版杜，1997,pp342-352
[10] Hiroyuki Noguchi.Takeo Nakagawa.Manufacturing of High Precision Forming Tool Transferred from Laser Stereolithography Models by Powder Casting Method.Computers in Industry, 1999,(39) :55~60
[11] 邹国林，郭东明；贾振元．快速自动成型与快速模具制造技术．见：全国生产工程第八届学术大会论 文集，北京：机械工业出版杜，1999
[12] A. Gatto.L. luliano.Evaluation of Inserts for Modular Thermoplastic Injection Moulds Produced by Spin Casting.Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001,Vol.118:411~416
[13] 罗新华，花国然，唐亚新．国内外RPM技术的应用及新进展．见：RP技术与快速模具制造，西安：陕 西科学技术出版社，1998，154-158
[14] 宋皓，许宏武，储家佑．激光快速成形技术．模具工业，1997,200(10) ：4O-42
[15] Iwan Zein.Dietmar W. Hutmacher.Kim Cheng Tan.et al.Fused Depositon Modelling of Novel Scaffold Architectures for Tissue Engineering Applications.Biomaterials,2002,Vol.23: 1169-1185
[16] Colin Bradley.Rapid Prototyping Models Generated from Machine Vision Data.Computers in lndustry,2001,(44) :159~173
[17] 王运赣．快速成形及其在航空、航天领域的应用．机械与电子；1997,(2) :4-5
[18] 王隆太，陆宗仪．当前快速成型技术研究和应用的热点问题．机械设计与制造工 程；1999，28(3) :5～7
[19] 陈永华；殷国富．快速原型制造技术的集成应用方法．机械与电子，1998，(5) :9-12
[20] Alvise Simondetti.Computer-generated Physical Modelling in the Early Stages of the Design Process.Automation in Construction,2002,(11) :303~311
[21] 黄树槐、肖跃加，莫健华等．快速成形技术的展望．中国机械工程2000；11(1-2) ：195-200
[22] C.Bocking,G.Bennett,S.Dover,et al.Electrochemical Routes for Engineering Tool Production.The GEC Journal of Technology, 1997,1 4(2) :66~74
[23] Detlef Kochan.Chua Chee Kai,Du Zhaohui.Rapid Prototyping Issues in the 21st Century.Computers in Industry, 1999,(39) :3~10
[24] 朱君；郭戈，颜永年．快速原型技术发展和快速制造．家用电器科技，1998，(5) ：17-19
[25] φ.Bjφrke.How to make Stereolithography into a Practical Tool for Tool Production.Annals of the CIRP,1991,40(1) :175~177
[26] 黄树槐；张祥林；马黎等．快速原型制造技术的进展．中国机械工程，1997，8(5) ：8-12
[27] 王树杰．国内外快速原型技术的发展与展望．机械制造，1998，(1) ：5-7
[28] 卢秉恒，唐平，李涤尘等．激光快速成型制造技术的发展与应用．航空制造工程，1997，(7)
[29] Bernhard Mueller, Detlef Kochan. Laminated Object Manufacturing for Rapid Tooling and Patternmaking in Foundry Industry.Computers in lndustry,1999,(39) :47~53
[30] B.Wiedemann.H.-A.Jantzen.Strategies and Applications for Rapid Product and Process Development in Daimler-Benz AGComputers in Industry, 1999,(39) :11-25
[31] Prasad K.D.V.Yarlagadda.lsmet P. llyas.Periklis Christodoulou.Development of Rapid Tooling for Sheet Metal Drawing Using Nickl Electroforming and Stereolithography Processes.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 , Vol. 111 :286~294
[32] Yuhua Song.Yongnian Yan,Renji Zhang.et al. Manufacture of the Die of an Automobile Deck Part Based on Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Technology.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2002, Vol. 120:237-242
[33] 潘东杰，黄列群，沈永华．快速成形技术-制造业的新兴技术．机电工程，1999，(4) ：68-69
[34] 樊自田，叶升平，宋象军等．基于LOM原型的金属模具快速铸造．模具工业，1998，(3) ：45-46
[35] 颜永年；陈立峰，王笠．快速成形技术的发展趋势和未来．见:2001年中国机械工程学会年会暨第九 届全国特种加工学术年会，北京：机械工业出版社,2001，pp14-22
[36] 杜志俊．快速原型技术(RP)的发展与未来展望．机械工程师，1998，(5) :60-61
[37] C.X.F. Lam.X.M. Mo,S.H. Teoh.et al.Scaffold Development Using 3D Printing with a Starch-based Polymer.Materials Science and Engineering,2002,(C20) :49~56
[38] M.Y. Yang.S.G. Ryu.Development of a Composite Suitable for Rapid Prototype Machining. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 , Vol. 113:280-284
[39] K.P. Karunakaran.P.Vivekananda Shanmuganathan.Sanjay Janardhan Jadhav.et al.Rapid Prototyping of Metallic Parts and Moulds.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2000,Vol. 105:371-381
[40] Junghoon Hur.Kunwoo Lee,Zhu-hu,et al.Hybrid Rapid Prototyping System Using Machining and Deposition.Computer-Aided Design,2002,(34) :741-754
[41] Ashetey S.From CAD Art to Rapid Metal Tools.Mechanical Engineering,1997,119(3) :82~87
[42] 陈衍祥；张海鸥，王桂兰等．快速成形及其在快速制模中的应用．机电工程，1999；(5) ：152-155
[43] 唐一平，王平；丁浩．基于RP法的快速模具制造．见:RP技术与快速模具制造，西安：陕西科学技术 出版社，1998，pp204-207
[44] Holger Durr.Rolf Pilz.Nuri Saad Beser.Rapid Prototyping of EDM Electrodes by means of Selective Laser Sintering. Computers in Industry, 1999, (39) :35~45
[45] 应济．新型快速制造系统．机电工程，1998，(3) :65-66
[46] A.E.W. Rennie,G.R.Bennett,.Simulation and Manufacture of Wax Tootfaces for the Creation of Silicone Rubber Tools Usng MAGICS?RP Software, International Journal of Engineering Sirnulation,2000,Vol. 1 (3) , pp1468-1137
[47] 丁浩，王春华，唐一平等．基于光固化原型的环氧树脂制模技术．西安交通大学学 报，1998，32(10) ：26～29
[48] C.Bocking,G.R.Bennett,SJ.Dover.The Production of over 2000 Injection Mould Impressions of an SL Master Using Copper Electroformed Inserts.Second National Conference on Developments in Rapid Prototyping and Tooling.Buckingharnshire College,UK,Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1996． pp201-211, ISBN 1 86058 048 3
[49] C.Bocking,G.R.Bennett,S.J.Dover.The Use of Electroforming for Engineering Tool Production.Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing,1998,76(1) :64~68
[50] 卢秉恒，唐一平，王平．基于RP的快速制造技术．见：RP技术与快速模具制造，西安：陕西科学技术 出版杜；1998,pp7～11
[51] 黄海基．SLA技术在新产品开发和模具制造中的应用．见：第八届全国电加工学术年会论文集；大 连：大连理工大学出版社，1997；pp353-359
[52] Millan K. Yeung.Rapid Tooling-A Step Change in Mould Manufacturing.SPIE, 1997, Vol. 2910:176-186
[53] 邓朝晖，李平凡，杨旭静等．基于RPM快速制造金属零件的方法评述及展望．湖南大学学 报，1999，(5) ：34-38
[54] 覃奇贤，郭鹤桐，刘淑兰等。电镀原理与工艺．第二版．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1993． 304～305
[55] 吕益艳；王帮峰，吴安德．发展中的电铸技术，电加工与模具，200o，(4) ：44-46
[56] 赵剑峰，朱获，云乃彰．精密模具电铸工艺研究．模具工业，1997，(6) :41-44
[57] Bo Yang,Ming C. Leu.lntegration of Rapid Prototyping and Electroforming for Tooling Application, Annals of the CIRP, 1999,48(1) : 119-122
[58] 陈均武，江永安。电铸技术、北京：兵器工业出版社，1992
[59] Tony Hart,Alec Watson.Electroforming. Metal Finishing,2000,98(1 ):388~399
[60] George A. DiBari.Nickel Plating. Metal Finishing, 1999,97(1) :276~293
[61] 邱嘉华．国外电铸技术的现状．电镀与精饰，1983，(4) ：18-23
[62] 王文忠．电铸技术及其应用．电镀与涂饰，1998，17(1) ：36-39
[63] 陈均武．电铸发展现状．电镀与精饰，1996，(2) ：22-26
[64] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.Modelling the Effect of Complex Waveform on Surface Finishing in Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 2000,Vo. 135:91-97
[65] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.Modeling of Electrocrystallization for Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel.Applied Surface Science,2001,Vo. 178:178-189
[66] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.lnfluence of Spike Current in Different Shaped Waveforms on the Surface Finish of Nickel Electroforms.Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001,Vo. 140:284-292
[67] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.A study of Surface Finishing in Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel by Utilizing Different Shaped Waveforms.Surface and Coatings Technology, 1999,Vo.115:132-139
[68] 陈绍强．电铸模新型裱背材料的研制．特种铸造及有色合金，1990，(1) ：54-56
[69] 陈绍强．大型电铸壳体的双金属铸造．特种铸造及有色合金，1997；(4)
[70] 赵剑峰，云乃彰，朱荻．脉冲电铸及铸层质量研究．材料保护，1997，30(3) ：3-5
[71] 赵剑峰，朱荻．脉冲电流电铸技术的试验研究．航空工艺技术，1996,(5) ：5-7
[72] N.V. Mandich.Pulse and Pulse-Reverse Electroplating. Metal Finishing,2000,98(1) :382~387
[73] K.C. Chan.N.S. Qu.D. Zhu.Quantitative Texture Analysis in Pulse Reverse Current Electroforming of nickel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 1998,Vo.99:69~73
[74] Wun-Hsing Lee,Sen-Cheh Tang.Kung-Cheng Chung.Effects of Direct Currenet and Pulse-Plating on the Co-Deposition of Nickel and Nanometer Diamond,Surface and Coatings Technology, 1999, Vo. 120-121:607~611
[75] Hsiharng Yang,Shung-Wen Kang.lmprovement of Thickness Uniformity in Nickel Electroforming for the LIGA Process.lnternational Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2000,Vo.40:1065-1072
[76] Prasad K.D.V.Yarlagadda,Periklis Christodoutou.Vijay S. Subramanian.Feasibility Studies on the Production of Electro-discharge Machining Electrodes with Rapid Prototyping and the Electroforming Process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999,Vol.89~ 90:231-237
[77] 钱碧波，潘晓弘，程耀东等．快速原型技术及其在模具制造中的应用．机械研究与应用，1998；11(2)
[78] Allan E.W.Rennie.Chris E. Bocking.Graham R. Bennett. Electroforming of Rapid Prototyping Mandrels for Electro-discharge Machining Electrodes.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 ,Vol. 110: 186-196
[79] 徐滨士，马世宁.发展优质高效的表面新技术-电弧喷涂技术．材料保护；1993，26(12) ：6-8
[80] 刘宪军，徐滨士，马世宁等．应用电弧喷涂技术制造塑料模具．模具技术，1996，(6) :25-30
[81] Francois Peres, Arthur Mofakhami. Rapid Tooling from Prototypes:the Cool Spray MoldmakingMethod,SPIE,1998,Vol.3517:79~90
[82] 姜不居，闫双景，崔战良等．快速金属模具制造．特种铸造及有色合金，1999，(1) ：44-47
[83] Haiou Zhang, Guilan Wang.Yunhua Luo.et al. Rapid Hard Tooling by Plasma Spraying for Injection Molding and Sheet Metal Forming.Thin Solid Films,2001,(390) :7~12
[84] 陈其忠，姚应心．电铸技术基础．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1984
[85] 胡传昕编著．热喷涂原理及应用．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994
[86] 高荣发编著．热喷涂．北京：化学工业出版社，1991
[87] 胡传昕．表面处理技术手册．北京：北京工业大学出版社，1997． 5
[88] 曾昭昭．特种铸造．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990． 5
[89] 李明辉．电火花加工理论基础．北京：国防工业出版社，1989
[90] 卢存伟．电火花加工工艺学．北京：国防工业出版社，1988，12
[91] 刘宪军，陈字刚：马世宁等．应用电弧喷涂技术制作塑料加工用模具的试验研究．表面工 程，1995，(4) :45-49
[92] 郭东明，王晓明，赵福令等．面向快速制造的特种加工技术．中国机械工程，2000． 11(1-2) 206-210
[93] 吴培熙，张留城．聚合物共混改性原理及工艺．北京：轻工业出版社，1984． 1
[94] 吴培熙，张留城．聚合物共混改性．北京：轻工业出版社；1996． 2
[95] 罗河胜．实用ABS树脂．广州：广东科技出版社，1991
[96] Weihong Zhong.Fan Li,Zuoguang Zhang.et al.Short Fiber Reinforced Composites for Fused Deposition Modeling.Materials Science and Engineering,2001,(A301) :125~130
[97] 王文广，塑料改性实用技术．北京：中国轻工业出版社,2000． 3：205-213
[98] 唐志玉．挤塑模设计．北京：化学工业出版杜，1997． 6
[99] H.A. Barnes,J.F. Hutton,K. Walters.An Introduction to Rheology.Amsterdam,Elsevier,1989
[100] R．M奥戈凯威斯(R．M．Ogorkiewicz)主编，何平笙译．热塑性塑料的性能和设计(原书名： Thermoplastics properties and design)．北京：科学出版社，1986． 6
[101] 陶明元，韩明.LOM成形精度的分析．锻压机械,2000 ，(5) ：12～13
[102] P.Gu.May Yan,X. Huang.X. Zhang. Analysis of Machine Accuracy for Rapid Prototyping of Quality Components.SPIE,1998,Vol.3517:91~101
[103] 黄旗明，王运赣．快速成形LOM精度控制研究．机械与电子，1998，(3) :34-35
[104] Jack G. Zhou,Daniel Herscovici, Calvin C. Chen.Parametric Process Optimization to Improve the Accuracy of Rapid Prototyped Stereolithography Parts. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2000,Vol.40:363~379
[105] 陆春进，侯丽雅，杨继全．微小机械快速成型系统中的CAD技术．机械科学与技术，1998，17(4)
[106] Hope R.L,Roth R.N.,Facobs P.A..Adaptive Slicing with Sloping Layer Surfaces.Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1997, Vol.3(3) :89~98
[107] W.Rattanawong.S.H. Masood.P. lovenitti.A Volumetric Approach to Part-build Orientations in Rapid Prototyping.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 ,Vol. 119:348-353
[108] 江开勇，肖棋．熔融挤压堆积成形的原型精度分析．中国机械工程，2000，11(6) ：665-667
[109] R.I. Campbell, M. Martorelli.H.S. Lee.Surface Roughness Visualisation for Rapid Prototyping Models.Computer-Aided Design,2002,(34) :717-725
[110] R.E. Williams.S.N. Komaragiri.V.L. Melton.lnvestigation of the Effect of Various Build Methods on the Performance of Rapid Prototyping(stereolithography). Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1996,Vol.61: 173-178
[111] 张根保；易树平．提高分层制造精度方法的研究．计算机辅助设计与制造，1998，(8)
[112] 纪丰伟，张根保．提高分层实体制造精度和效率的研究．机械设计与制造工程，1999，28(4) ：38-41
[113] 吴任东,唐果林，魏大中．MEM成形大型零件原型工艺研究．见:2001年中国机械工程学会年会暨 第九届全国特种加工学术年会，北京：机械工业出版社，2001；pp315-319
[114] 谭永生．FDM快速成型技术及其应用航空制造技术，2001，(1) ：26-28
[115] 张治华．塑料收缩性．北京：中国石化出版社，1999． 1
[116] 丁玉良，刘有炳．概率论与数理统计．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1991． 3
[117] 杨兆选．555定时器原理及实用电路集锦．北京：轻工业出版社；1984
[118] 肖棋，江开勇．熔融挤压堆积成形质量分析．机械设计与制造，1999，(4) ：58-60
[119] 肖棋，江开勇．熔融沉积快速成形工艺控制研究，华侨大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，20(1) ：76-79
[120] Yongnian Yan.Renji Zhang.Guodong Hong.Research on the Bonding of Material Paths in Melted Extrusion Modeling.Materials and Design,2000,Vol.21:93~99
[121] 史玉升，黄树槐，周祖德等．影响SLS成形件性能的主要因素分析．见:2001年中国机械工程学会 年会暨第九届全国特种加工学术年会论文集，北京：机械工业出版社,2001，pp323-327
[122] 克里斯坦森(Christensen；R．M．)著，郝松林，老亮译．粘弹性力学引论．北京：科学出版社，1990． 11
[123] 孙家(?)．样条函数与计算几何．北京：科学出版社，1982
[124] R.WichA BernardJ.C. Bocquet.Quality Insurance for Optimal Parameters Determination for Stereolithography Process.SPlE, 1997,Vol.2910: 122-132
[125] P. Kulkarni.D. Dutta.Deposition strategies and Resulting Part Stiffness in Fused Deposition Modeling Journal of Maufacturing Science and Engineering, 1999, Vol.121:93-103
[126] T.H.C. Childs.N.P. Juster.Linear and Geometric Accuracies from Layer Manufacturing, Annals of the C1RP,1994,43(1) :163~166
[127] R.lppo!ito,L.luliano,A. Gatto.Benchmarking of Rapid Prototyping Techniques in Terms of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish.Annals of the CIRP,1995,44(1) :157~160
[128] 陈兆能；邱泽麟,余经洪．试验分析与设计．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1991，1
[129] 中国科学院数学研究所概率统计室．常用数理统计表．北京：科学出版社，1974，8
[130] 栾军．现代试验设计优化方法．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1995,3
[131] C.E. Bocking,A.E.W.Rennie,G.R. Bennett.Relationships between Wall Thickness and Erosion Depth of Thin Walled Electroformed EDM Electrodes Produced from RP Models.Proceedings of the 11th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium,Austin,Texas, USA,August,2000,pp469~477,!SSN 1053-2153
[132] Allan E.W.Rennie.Chris E. Bocking.Graham R. Bennett. Electroforming of a Stereolithography Master Pattern for Use as an Electro-Discharge Machine Electrode. Proc. 33rd Intel. MATADOR Conf.UMlST,Manchester,UKJul. 2000,pp301-306,ISBN 1852333235
[133] 王伊卿，卢凤兰；卢秉恒．电铸与电弧喷涂相结合制造EDM 电极．电加工与模具，2001，(4) :41-43
[134] 卢凤兰．王伊卿，李涤尘等．基于RP的电铸成型机的开发与应用．电加工与模具，2001,(5) ：35-38
[135] C.H. Che Haron.B. Md. Deros.A. Ginting.et al.Investigation on the Influence of Machining Parameters When Machining Tool Steel Using EDM.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2001, Vol. 116:84-87
[136] 杨来侠，李涤尘，卢秉恒．电火花加工(EDM)中所用电极的制造方法．机械设计与制 造，1998，(3) :43-44
[137] 徐惠宇，朱荻，曲宁松．电铸沉积层性能的试验研究．电加工与模具,2001,(1) ：18-20
[138] Jurgen Stampfl.Rudolf Leitgeb,Yih-Lin Cheng.et al.Electro-discharge Machining of Mesoscopic Parts with Electroplated Copper and Hot-pressed Silver Tungsten Electrodes Journal of Micromech. Microeng.,2000,(10) :1~6
[139] H.M. ZawJ.Y.H. Fuh.A.Y.C. Nee.et al.Formation of a New EDM Electrode Material Using
Sintering Techniques Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, Vol.89~90:182-186
[140] 毛卫平．赵剑峰．一种 EDM整体电极的快速制造方法．电加工与模具，1999，(5) ：33-35
[141] 中华人民共和国机械工业部统编．电镀工工艺学北京：科学普及出版社，1984． 10
[142] 王伊卿，赵文轸，唐一平等．电弧喷涂模具材料性能研究．中国机械工程，2000 ，11(10) ：1112-1115
[143] 肖宏滨，朱锦洪，刘泽吴等．电弧喷涂工艺参数对涂层结合强度的影响．洛阳工学院学 报，1999，20(1) ：32-34
[144] 曾正明．实用工程材料技术手册．北京：机械工业出版社，2001． 3
[145] 董均果．实用材料手册．北京：冶金工业出版社,2000
[146] 安继儒．中外常用金属材料手册．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1990． 7
[147] 孙立权，董奇志．表面处理方法对电弧喷涂涂层强度影响的试验研究．焊接技术，1998，(5) ：6～7
[148] A.Rosochowski,A.Matuszak.Rapid Tooling:the State of the Art.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2000,Vol. 106:191 ~198
[149] Robert E. Eppich,Peter J. Hardro,Dr. Brent E. Stucker.Rapid Tooling for the Die Casting Industry.Die Casting Engineer,2000,5/6:30~38
[150] Merlin C.Wamer.Rapid Prototyping for Die Casting: Today's Application and Future Development.Die Casting Engineer,1996,3/4:12~16
[151] K. Chipley.S. Viswanathan.R.H.Cooper.Concurrent Engineering and Rapid Prototyping for Die Casting.Die Casting Engineer, 18~26
[152] 郭海滨，颜永年，王刚等．基于 SSM技术的 M-220试验机光路系统的设计与分析．中国机械工 程，1997,7(1) ：29～31
[153] 唐亚新，黄因慧，赵国光等．激光饶结快速成型设备的开发和工艺试验．机械科学与技术， 1998：17(5) ：793～794,797
[154] 崔国起胀连洪，郝艳玲等.LOM激光快速成型系统及其应用．航空制造技术；1999，(5) ：27～29
[155] 张永峰，马玲俊，郭为民等．非金属化学镀的活化工艺．材料开发与应用,2000 ．15(2) :30～34
[2] Karl Kuzman.BIaz Nardin.Marjan Kovac.et al.The integration of Rapid Prototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology.2001 ,Vol.111:279~285
[3] 杜斌．快速原型制造中若干软件关键问题的研究：[博士学位论文]．武汉：华中理工大学，1997
[4] S.H. Choi.S. Samavedam. Modelling and Optimisation of Rapid Prototyping.Computers in lndustry,2002,(47) :39~53
[5] CHUA CHEE KAl.LEONG KAH FAI. Rapid Prototyping:Principtes&Applications in Manufacturing. Nan Yang Technological University.Singopore. 1996:79~81
[6] 尹希猛，王运赣,黄树槐．快速成型技术-90年代新的造型工具．中国机械工程，1993，4(6) :25-27
[7] 宾鸿赞，杨明．生长型制造技术-制造技术的新突破．中国机械工程，1993,4(6) :22-24
[8] 颜永年，张伟，卢清萍等．基于离散雌积成型概念的RPM 原理和发展．中国机械工 程，1994，5(4) :64-66
[9] 楚振斌，楚鹰，钟小欢．特种增材加工-21世纪的制造方法．见:第八届全国电加工学术年会论文集， 大连：大连理工大学出版杜，1997,pp342-352
[10] Hiroyuki Noguchi.Takeo Nakagawa.Manufacturing of High Precision Forming Tool Transferred from Laser Stereolithography Models by Powder Casting Method.Computers in Industry, 1999,(39) :55~60
[11] 邹国林，郭东明；贾振元．快速自动成型与快速模具制造技术．见：全国生产工程第八届学术大会论 文集，北京：机械工业出版杜，1999
[12] A. Gatto.L. luliano.Evaluation of Inserts for Modular Thermoplastic Injection Moulds Produced by Spin Casting.Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001,Vol.118:411~416
[13] 罗新华，花国然，唐亚新．国内外RPM技术的应用及新进展．见：RP技术与快速模具制造，西安：陕 西科学技术出版社，1998，154-158
[14] 宋皓，许宏武，储家佑．激光快速成形技术．模具工业，1997,200(10) ：4O-42
[15] Iwan Zein.Dietmar W. Hutmacher.Kim Cheng Tan.et al.Fused Depositon Modelling of Novel Scaffold Architectures for Tissue Engineering Applications.Biomaterials,2002,Vol.23: 1169-1185
[16] Colin Bradley.Rapid Prototyping Models Generated from Machine Vision Data.Computers in lndustry,2001,(44) :159~173
[17] 王运赣．快速成形及其在航空、航天领域的应用．机械与电子；1997,(2) :4-5
[18] 王隆太，陆宗仪．当前快速成型技术研究和应用的热点问题．机械设计与制造工 程；1999，28(3) :5～7
[19] 陈永华；殷国富．快速原型制造技术的集成应用方法．机械与电子，1998，(5) :9-12
[20] Alvise Simondetti.Computer-generated Physical Modelling in the Early Stages of the Design Process.Automation in Construction,2002,(11) :303~311
[21] 黄树槐、肖跃加，莫健华等．快速成形技术的展望．中国机械工程2000；11(1-2) ：195-200
[22] C.Bocking,G.Bennett,S.Dover,et al.Electrochemical Routes for Engineering Tool Production.The GEC Journal of Technology, 1997,1 4(2) :66~74
[23] Detlef Kochan.Chua Chee Kai,Du Zhaohui.Rapid Prototyping Issues in the 21st Century.Computers in Industry, 1999,(39) :3~10
[24] 朱君；郭戈，颜永年．快速原型技术发展和快速制造．家用电器科技，1998，(5) ：17-19
[25] φ.Bjφrke.How to make Stereolithography into a Practical Tool for Tool Production.Annals of the CIRP,1991,40(1) :175~177
[26] 黄树槐；张祥林；马黎等．快速原型制造技术的进展．中国机械工程，1997，8(5) ：8-12
[27] 王树杰．国内外快速原型技术的发展与展望．机械制造，1998，(1) ：5-7
[28] 卢秉恒，唐平，李涤尘等．激光快速成型制造技术的发展与应用．航空制造工程，1997，(7)
[29] Bernhard Mueller, Detlef Kochan. Laminated Object Manufacturing for Rapid Tooling and Patternmaking in Foundry Industry.Computers in lndustry,1999,(39) :47~53
[30] B.Wiedemann.H.-A.Jantzen.Strategies and Applications for Rapid Product and Process Development in Daimler-Benz AGComputers in Industry, 1999,(39) :11-25
[31] Prasad K.D.V.Yarlagadda.lsmet P. llyas.Periklis Christodoulou.Development of Rapid Tooling for Sheet Metal Drawing Using Nickl Electroforming and Stereolithography Processes.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 , Vol. 111 :286~294
[32] Yuhua Song.Yongnian Yan,Renji Zhang.et al. Manufacture of the Die of an Automobile Deck Part Based on Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Technology.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2002, Vol. 120:237-242
[33] 潘东杰，黄列群，沈永华．快速成形技术-制造业的新兴技术．机电工程，1999，(4) ：68-69
[34] 樊自田，叶升平，宋象军等．基于LOM原型的金属模具快速铸造．模具工业，1998，(3) ：45-46
[35] 颜永年；陈立峰，王笠．快速成形技术的发展趋势和未来．见:2001年中国机械工程学会年会暨第九 届全国特种加工学术年会，北京：机械工业出版社,2001，pp14-22
[36] 杜志俊．快速原型技术(RP)的发展与未来展望．机械工程师，1998，(5) :60-61
[37] C.X.F. Lam.X.M. Mo,S.H. Teoh.et al.Scaffold Development Using 3D Printing with a Starch-based Polymer.Materials Science and Engineering,2002,(C20) :49~56
[38] M.Y. Yang.S.G. Ryu.Development of a Composite Suitable for Rapid Prototype Machining. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 , Vol. 113:280-284
[39] K.P. Karunakaran.P.Vivekananda Shanmuganathan.Sanjay Janardhan Jadhav.et al.Rapid Prototyping of Metallic Parts and Moulds.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2000,Vol. 105:371-381
[40] Junghoon Hur.Kunwoo Lee,Zhu-hu,et al.Hybrid Rapid Prototyping System Using Machining and Deposition.Computer-Aided Design,2002,(34) :741-754
[41] Ashetey S.From CAD Art to Rapid Metal Tools.Mechanical Engineering,1997,119(3) :82~87
[42] 陈衍祥；张海鸥，王桂兰等．快速成形及其在快速制模中的应用．机电工程，1999；(5) ：152-155
[43] 唐一平，王平；丁浩．基于RP法的快速模具制造．见:RP技术与快速模具制造，西安：陕西科学技术 出版社，1998，pp204-207
[44] Holger Durr.Rolf Pilz.Nuri Saad Beser.Rapid Prototyping of EDM Electrodes by means of Selective Laser Sintering. Computers in Industry, 1999, (39) :35~45
[45] 应济．新型快速制造系统．机电工程，1998，(3) :65-66
[46] A.E.W. Rennie,G.R.Bennett,.Simulation and Manufacture of Wax Tootfaces for the Creation of Silicone Rubber Tools Usng MAGICS?RP Software, International Journal of Engineering Sirnulation,2000,Vol. 1 (3) , pp1468-1137
[47] 丁浩，王春华，唐一平等．基于光固化原型的环氧树脂制模技术．西安交通大学学 报，1998，32(10) ：26～29
[48] C.Bocking,G.R.Bennett,SJ.Dover.The Production of over 2000 Injection Mould Impressions of an SL Master Using Copper Electroformed Inserts.Second National Conference on Developments in Rapid Prototyping and Tooling.Buckingharnshire College,UK,Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1996． pp201-211, ISBN 1 86058 048 3
[49] C.Bocking,G.R.Bennett,S.J.Dover.The Use of Electroforming for Engineering Tool Production.Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing,1998,76(1) :64~68
[50] 卢秉恒，唐一平，王平．基于RP的快速制造技术．见：RP技术与快速模具制造，西安：陕西科学技术 出版杜；1998,pp7～11
[51] 黄海基．SLA技术在新产品开发和模具制造中的应用．见：第八届全国电加工学术年会论文集；大 连：大连理工大学出版社，1997；pp353-359
[52] Millan K. Yeung.Rapid Tooling-A Step Change in Mould Manufacturing.SPIE, 1997, Vol. 2910:176-186
[53] 邓朝晖，李平凡，杨旭静等．基于RPM快速制造金属零件的方法评述及展望．湖南大学学 报，1999，(5) ：34-38
[54] 覃奇贤，郭鹤桐，刘淑兰等。电镀原理与工艺．第二版．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1993． 304～305
[55] 吕益艳；王帮峰，吴安德．发展中的电铸技术，电加工与模具，200o，(4) ：44-46
[56] 赵剑峰，朱获，云乃彰．精密模具电铸工艺研究．模具工业，1997，(6) :41-44
[57] Bo Yang,Ming C. Leu.lntegration of Rapid Prototyping and Electroforming for Tooling Application, Annals of the CIRP, 1999,48(1) : 119-122
[58] 陈均武，江永安。电铸技术、北京：兵器工业出版社，1992
[59] Tony Hart,Alec Watson.Electroforming. Metal Finishing,2000,98(1 ):388~399
[60] George A. DiBari.Nickel Plating. Metal Finishing, 1999,97(1) :276~293
[61] 邱嘉华．国外电铸技术的现状．电镀与精饰，1983，(4) ：18-23
[62] 王文忠．电铸技术及其应用．电镀与涂饰，1998，17(1) ：36-39
[63] 陈均武．电铸发展现状．电镀与精饰，1996，(2) ：22-26
[64] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.Modelling the Effect of Complex Waveform on Surface Finishing in Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 2000,Vo. 135:91-97
[65] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.Modeling of Electrocrystallization for Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel.Applied Surface Science,2001,Vo. 178:178-189
[66] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.lnfluence of Spike Current in Different Shaped Waveforms on the Surface Finish of Nickel Electroforms.Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001,Vo. 140:284-292
[67] K.P. Wong.K.C. Chan.T.M. Yue.A study of Surface Finishing in Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel by Utilizing Different Shaped Waveforms.Surface and Coatings Technology, 1999,Vo.115:132-139
[68] 陈绍强．电铸模新型裱背材料的研制．特种铸造及有色合金，1990，(1) ：54-56
[69] 陈绍强．大型电铸壳体的双金属铸造．特种铸造及有色合金，1997；(4)
[70] 赵剑峰，云乃彰，朱荻．脉冲电铸及铸层质量研究．材料保护，1997，30(3) ：3-5
[71] 赵剑峰，朱荻．脉冲电流电铸技术的试验研究．航空工艺技术，1996,(5) ：5-7
[72] N.V. Mandich.Pulse and Pulse-Reverse Electroplating. Metal Finishing,2000,98(1) :382~387
[73] K.C. Chan.N.S. Qu.D. Zhu.Quantitative Texture Analysis in Pulse Reverse Current Electroforming of nickel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 1998,Vo.99:69~73
[74] Wun-Hsing Lee,Sen-Cheh Tang.Kung-Cheng Chung.Effects of Direct Currenet and Pulse-Plating on the Co-Deposition of Nickel and Nanometer Diamond,Surface and Coatings Technology, 1999, Vo. 120-121:607~611
[75] Hsiharng Yang,Shung-Wen Kang.lmprovement of Thickness Uniformity in Nickel Electroforming for the LIGA Process.lnternational Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2000,Vo.40:1065-1072
[76] Prasad K.D.V.Yarlagadda,Periklis Christodoutou.Vijay S. Subramanian.Feasibility Studies on the Production of Electro-discharge Machining Electrodes with Rapid Prototyping and the Electroforming Process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999,Vol.89~ 90:231-237
[77] 钱碧波，潘晓弘，程耀东等．快速原型技术及其在模具制造中的应用．机械研究与应用，1998；11(2)
[78] Allan E.W.Rennie.Chris E. Bocking.Graham R. Bennett. Electroforming of Rapid Prototyping Mandrels for Electro-discharge Machining Electrodes.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 ,Vol. 110: 186-196
[79] 徐滨士，马世宁.发展优质高效的表面新技术-电弧喷涂技术．材料保护；1993，26(12) ：6-8
[80] 刘宪军，徐滨士，马世宁等．应用电弧喷涂技术制造塑料模具．模具技术，1996，(6) :25-30
[81] Francois Peres, Arthur Mofakhami. Rapid Tooling from Prototypes:the Cool Spray MoldmakingMethod,SPIE,1998,Vol.3517:79~90
[82] 姜不居，闫双景，崔战良等．快速金属模具制造．特种铸造及有色合金，1999，(1) ：44-47
[83] Haiou Zhang, Guilan Wang.Yunhua Luo.et al. Rapid Hard Tooling by Plasma Spraying for Injection Molding and Sheet Metal Forming.Thin Solid Films,2001,(390) :7~12
[84] 陈其忠，姚应心．电铸技术基础．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1984
[85] 胡传昕编著．热喷涂原理及应用．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994
[86] 高荣发编著．热喷涂．北京：化学工业出版社，1991
[87] 胡传昕．表面处理技术手册．北京：北京工业大学出版社，1997． 5
[88] 曾昭昭．特种铸造．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990． 5
[89] 李明辉．电火花加工理论基础．北京：国防工业出版社，1989
[90] 卢存伟．电火花加工工艺学．北京：国防工业出版社，1988，12
[91] 刘宪军，陈字刚：马世宁等．应用电弧喷涂技术制作塑料加工用模具的试验研究．表面工 程，1995，(4) :45-49
[92] 郭东明，王晓明，赵福令等．面向快速制造的特种加工技术．中国机械工程，2000． 11(1-2) 206-210
[93] 吴培熙，张留城．聚合物共混改性原理及工艺．北京：轻工业出版社，1984． 1
[94] 吴培熙，张留城．聚合物共混改性．北京：轻工业出版社；1996． 2
[95] 罗河胜．实用ABS树脂．广州：广东科技出版社，1991
[96] Weihong Zhong.Fan Li,Zuoguang Zhang.et al.Short Fiber Reinforced Composites for Fused Deposition Modeling.Materials Science and Engineering,2001,(A301) :125~130
[97] 王文广，塑料改性实用技术．北京：中国轻工业出版社,2000． 3：205-213
[98] 唐志玉．挤塑模设计．北京：化学工业出版杜，1997． 6
[99] H.A. Barnes,J.F. Hutton,K. Walters.An Introduction to Rheology.Amsterdam,Elsevier,1989
[100] R．M奥戈凯威斯(R．M．Ogorkiewicz)主编，何平笙译．热塑性塑料的性能和设计(原书名： Thermoplastics properties and design)．北京：科学出版社，1986． 6
[101] 陶明元，韩明.LOM成形精度的分析．锻压机械,2000 ，(5) ：12～13
[102] P.Gu.May Yan,X. Huang.X. Zhang. Analysis of Machine Accuracy for Rapid Prototyping of Quality Components.SPIE,1998,Vol.3517:91~101
[103] 黄旗明，王运赣．快速成形LOM精度控制研究．机械与电子，1998，(3) :34-35
[104] Jack G. Zhou,Daniel Herscovici, Calvin C. Chen.Parametric Process Optimization to Improve the Accuracy of Rapid Prototyped Stereolithography Parts. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2000,Vol.40:363~379
[105] 陆春进，侯丽雅，杨继全．微小机械快速成型系统中的CAD技术．机械科学与技术，1998，17(4)
[106] Hope R.L,Roth R.N.,Facobs P.A..Adaptive Slicing with Sloping Layer Surfaces.Rapid Prototyping Journal, 1997, Vol.3(3) :89~98
[107] W.Rattanawong.S.H. Masood.P. lovenitti.A Volumetric Approach to Part-build Orientations in Rapid Prototyping.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2001 ,Vol. 119:348-353
[108] 江开勇，肖棋．熔融挤压堆积成形的原型精度分析．中国机械工程，2000，11(6) ：665-667
[109] R.I. Campbell, M. Martorelli.H.S. Lee.Surface Roughness Visualisation for Rapid Prototyping Models.Computer-Aided Design,2002,(34) :717-725
[110] R.E. Williams.S.N. Komaragiri.V.L. Melton.lnvestigation of the Effect of Various Build Methods on the Performance of Rapid Prototyping(stereolithography). Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1996,Vol.61: 173-178
[111] 张根保；易树平．提高分层制造精度方法的研究．计算机辅助设计与制造，1998，(8)
[112] 纪丰伟，张根保．提高分层实体制造精度和效率的研究．机械设计与制造工程，1999，28(4) ：38-41
[113] 吴任东,唐果林，魏大中．MEM成形大型零件原型工艺研究．见:2001年中国机械工程学会年会暨 第九届全国特种加工学术年会，北京：机械工业出版社，2001；pp315-319
[114] 谭永生．FDM快速成型技术及其应用航空制造技术，2001，(1) ：26-28
[115] 张治华．塑料收缩性．北京：中国石化出版社，1999． 1
[116] 丁玉良，刘有炳．概率论与数理统计．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1991． 3
[117] 杨兆选．555定时器原理及实用电路集锦．北京：轻工业出版社；1984
[118] 肖棋，江开勇．熔融挤压堆积成形质量分析．机械设计与制造，1999，(4) ：58-60
[119] 肖棋，江开勇．熔融沉积快速成形工艺控制研究，华侨大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，20(1) ：76-79
[120] Yongnian Yan.Renji Zhang.Guodong Hong.Research on the Bonding of Material Paths in Melted Extrusion Modeling.Materials and Design,2000,Vol.21:93~99
[121] 史玉升，黄树槐，周祖德等．影响SLS成形件性能的主要因素分析．见:2001年中国机械工程学会 年会暨第九届全国特种加工学术年会论文集，北京：机械工业出版社,2001，pp323-327
[122] 克里斯坦森(Christensen；R．M．)著，郝松林，老亮译．粘弹性力学引论．北京：科学出版社，1990． 11
[123] 孙家(?)．样条函数与计算几何．北京：科学出版社，1982
[124] R.WichA BernardJ.C. Bocquet.Quality Insurance for Optimal Parameters Determination for Stereolithography Process.SPlE, 1997,Vol.2910: 122-132
[125] P. Kulkarni.D. Dutta.Deposition strategies and Resulting Part Stiffness in Fused Deposition Modeling Journal of Maufacturing Science and Engineering, 1999, Vol.121:93-103
[126] T.H.C. Childs.N.P. Juster.Linear and Geometric Accuracies from Layer Manufacturing, Annals of the C1RP,1994,43(1) :163~166
[127] R.lppo!ito,L.luliano,A. Gatto.Benchmarking of Rapid Prototyping Techniques in Terms of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish.Annals of the CIRP,1995,44(1) :157~160
[128] 陈兆能；邱泽麟,余经洪．试验分析与设计．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1991，1
[129] 中国科学院数学研究所概率统计室．常用数理统计表．北京：科学出版社，1974，8
[130] 栾军．现代试验设计优化方法．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1995,3
[131] C.E. Bocking,A.E.W.Rennie,G.R. Bennett.Relationships between Wall Thickness and Erosion Depth of Thin Walled Electroformed EDM Electrodes Produced from RP Models.Proceedings of the 11th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium,Austin,Texas, USA,August,2000,pp469~477,!SSN 1053-2153
[132] Allan E.W.Rennie.Chris E. Bocking.Graham R. Bennett. Electroforming of a Stereolithography Master Pattern for Use as an Electro-Discharge Machine Electrode. Proc. 33rd Intel. MATADOR Conf.UMlST,Manchester,UKJul. 2000,pp301-306,ISBN 1852333235
[133] 王伊卿，卢凤兰；卢秉恒．电铸与电弧喷涂相结合制造EDM 电极．电加工与模具，2001，(4) :41-43
[134] 卢凤兰．王伊卿，李涤尘等．基于RP的电铸成型机的开发与应用．电加工与模具，2001,(5) ：35-38
[135] C.H. Che Haron.B. Md. Deros.A. Ginting.et al.Investigation on the Influence of Machining Parameters When Machining Tool Steel Using EDM.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2001, Vol. 116:84-87
[136] 杨来侠，李涤尘，卢秉恒．电火花加工(EDM)中所用电极的制造方法．机械设计与制 造，1998，(3) :43-44
[137] 徐惠宇，朱荻，曲宁松．电铸沉积层性能的试验研究．电加工与模具,2001,(1) ：18-20
[138] Jurgen Stampfl.Rudolf Leitgeb,Yih-Lin Cheng.et al.Electro-discharge Machining of Mesoscopic Parts with Electroplated Copper and Hot-pressed Silver Tungsten Electrodes Journal of Micromech. Microeng.,2000,(10) :1~6
[139] H.M. ZawJ.Y.H. Fuh.A.Y.C. Nee.et al.Formation of a New EDM Electrode Material Using
Sintering Techniques Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1999, Vol.89~90:182-186
[140] 毛卫平．赵剑峰．一种 EDM整体电极的快速制造方法．电加工与模具，1999，(5) ：33-35
[141] 中华人民共和国机械工业部统编．电镀工工艺学北京：科学普及出版社，1984． 10
[142] 王伊卿，赵文轸，唐一平等．电弧喷涂模具材料性能研究．中国机械工程，2000 ，11(10) ：1112-1115
[143] 肖宏滨，朱锦洪，刘泽吴等．电弧喷涂工艺参数对涂层结合强度的影响．洛阳工学院学 报，1999，20(1) ：32-34
[144] 曾正明．实用工程材料技术手册．北京：机械工业出版社，2001． 3
[145] 董均果．实用材料手册．北京：冶金工业出版社,2000
[146] 安继儒．中外常用金属材料手册．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1990． 7
[147] 孙立权，董奇志．表面处理方法对电弧喷涂涂层强度影响的试验研究．焊接技术，1998，(5) ：6～7
[148] A.Rosochowski,A.Matuszak.Rapid Tooling:the State of the Art.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,2000,Vol. 106:191 ~198
[149] Robert E. Eppich,Peter J. Hardro,Dr. Brent E. Stucker.Rapid Tooling for the Die Casting Industry.Die Casting Engineer,2000,5/6:30~38
[150] Merlin C.Wamer.Rapid Prototyping for Die Casting: Today's Application and Future Development.Die Casting Engineer,1996,3/4:12~16
[151] K. Chipley.S. Viswanathan.R.H.Cooper.Concurrent Engineering and Rapid Prototyping for Die Casting.Die Casting Engineer, 18~26
[152] 郭海滨，颜永年，王刚等．基于 SSM技术的 M-220试验机光路系统的设计与分析．中国机械工 程，1997,7(1) ：29～31
[153] 唐亚新，黄因慧，赵国光等．激光饶结快速成型设备的开发和工艺试验．机械科学与技术， 1998：17(5) ：793～794,797
[154] 崔国起胀连洪，郝艳玲等.LOM激光快速成型系统及其应用．航空制造技术；1999，(5) ：27～29
[155] 张永峰，马玲俊，郭为民等．非金属化学镀的活化工艺．材料开发与应用,2000 ．15(2) :30～34