一种PWM升压式DC-DC芯片的设计
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摘要
高效率DC-DC转换器可以延长手持装置用电池寿命。本文结合工程项目设计了一种高效率DC-DC转换器。其特点是可用于数码产品、手机等便携式的电子设备,把电池提供的低电压经过开关变换提高到所需的较高电压。
本课题从DC-DC转换器的升压型拓扑结构出发,对转换器的脉宽调制方式作了详细的阐述和探讨。分析其优缺点和改进措施,并给出相应的解决方案。
论文根据便携式设备对体积、成本和功耗的严格要求,设计了转换芯片的体系结构。主要特点有:把功率开关管集成到芯片内部,开关管的开关频率高达1.2MHz,外部电容电感等常规大体积的元件可以选用小容量的表面贴装器件,极大的减小了电源系统的体积;为了减小电子设备的待机功耗,进一步提高电池的利用效率,本电源芯片设计采用了电流模式加脉宽调制的工作方式。电流模式保证了较好的动态响应和较高的灵敏度,调节性能好,减小了输出电压的波动。
对关键电路进行了Spectre模拟验证,同时根据工作模式选择合适的外部元件对系统进行模拟,并给出模拟结果和结果分析。模拟结果证明该转换器满足了不同负载下高效率的设计要求。
Motivated by emerging portable applications that demand low-power hardware to maximize battery run-time, high-efficiency low-voltage DC-DC conversion is a better selection. The thesis is a conclusion of a high efficient DC-DC converter design.
This thesis discussed the pulse width modulation (PWM) control of a boost DC-DC conversion. Analysis the advantages and disadvantages about the PWM control technologies, and provide a solution.
According to the strict request for the bulk, cost and power, the architecture of the converter is designed. The following is the main characteristics of the converter: With high switching frequency at 1.2MHz, and with the integration of the switch transistor and the PWM controller into one chip, SMT (Surface mounting technology) capacitor & inductor can be applied to minimize the bulk of the power supply system; Advanced Current Mode circuit are specially used to ensure lower power consuming, better transient response and less fluctuate of output voltage.
Simulate all critical functional blocks and give results with Spectre. Select different components, simulate the system and give the results about system characters. The result showed the efficiency at the variable loads.
本课题从DC-DC转换器的升压型拓扑结构出发,对转换器的脉宽调制方式作了详细的阐述和探讨。分析其优缺点和改进措施,并给出相应的解决方案。
论文根据便携式设备对体积、成本和功耗的严格要求,设计了转换芯片的体系结构。主要特点有:把功率开关管集成到芯片内部,开关管的开关频率高达1.2MHz,外部电容电感等常规大体积的元件可以选用小容量的表面贴装器件,极大的减小了电源系统的体积;为了减小电子设备的待机功耗,进一步提高电池的利用效率,本电源芯片设计采用了电流模式加脉宽调制的工作方式。电流模式保证了较好的动态响应和较高的灵敏度,调节性能好,减小了输出电压的波动。
对关键电路进行了Spectre模拟验证,同时根据工作模式选择合适的外部元件对系统进行模拟,并给出模拟结果和结果分析。模拟结果证明该转换器满足了不同负载下高效率的设计要求。
Motivated by emerging portable applications that demand low-power hardware to maximize battery run-time, high-efficiency low-voltage DC-DC conversion is a better selection. The thesis is a conclusion of a high efficient DC-DC converter design.
This thesis discussed the pulse width modulation (PWM) control of a boost DC-DC conversion. Analysis the advantages and disadvantages about the PWM control technologies, and provide a solution.
According to the strict request for the bulk, cost and power, the architecture of the converter is designed. The following is the main characteristics of the converter: With high switching frequency at 1.2MHz, and with the integration of the switch transistor and the PWM controller into one chip, SMT (Surface mounting technology) capacitor & inductor can be applied to minimize the bulk of the power supply system; Advanced Current Mode circuit are specially used to ensure lower power consuming, better transient response and less fluctuate of output voltage.
Simulate all critical functional blocks and give results with Spectre. Select different components, simulate the system and give the results about system characters. The result showed the efficiency at the variable loads.
引文
[1] 沙占友.新型单片开关电源的设计与应用. 北京:电子工业出版社,2001: 42～45
[2] 蔡宣三.开关电源的发展轨迹.电子产品世界,2000,17(4):42～43
[3] 王剑英等.新型开关电源实用技术. 北京:电子工业出版社,1996. 58～62
[4] 蔡宣三,龚绍文.高频功率电子学(直流-直流变换部分).北京:科学出版社,1992:113～116
[5] 李靖.中国开关电源市场的分析.电工技术杂志,2000,20(2): 44～45
[6] 陈海龙.开关电源的关键技术.现代电信科技,2002,15(12):47
[7] 陈光明.升压式 DC-DC 电源管理集成电路设计[硕士学位论文].上海:上海大学,2004.
[8] Anthony John Stratakos. High-Efficiency Low-Voltage DC-DC Conversion for Portable Applications. Phd Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley,2001.
[9] 梁剑,韩雁.智能开关电源集成电路 TOPSwitch 分析,电子器件,2001,24(1): 14～19
[10] Liaw C M, Chiang S J, Lai C Y, et al. Modeling and Controller Design of a Current-Mode Controlled Converter. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on,Volume:41 Issue:2,April 1994. 231～240
[11] Kazimierczuk M K. Transfer Function of Current Modulator in PWM Converters with Current Mode Control. Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 47 Issue:9, 2000. 1407～1412
[12] Raymond B Ridley. A New, Continuous-Time Model For Current-Mode Control. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume:6 Issue:2, 1991. 271～280
[13] Vatche Vorperian. Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using Model of PWM Switch. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. IEEE Transactions on, Volume:26, Issue:3,May 1990. 490～496
[14] Dong Tan F,Middlebrook R D. Unified Modeling and Measurement of Current Programmed Converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1993. PESC'93 Record, 24th Annual IEEE, 20～24 June 1993. 380～387
[15] 韦枫.峰值电流模式 PWM DC-DC 转换器设计[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2004.
[16] Middlebrook R D. Modeling Current-Programmed Buck and Boost Regulators. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume:4, Issue:1,Jan.1989.36～52
[17] Zho X, Xu P. A Novel Current-Sharing Control Technique for Low-Voltage High Current Voltage Regulator Module Applications. IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 2000, 15:1153～1162.
[18] Tse C K, Lai Y M. Control of Bifurcation in Current-programmed DC-DC Converters: a Reexamination of Slope Compensation. Circuits and Systems, 2000. Proceedings. ISCAS 2000 Geneva. The 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume:1,28-31 May 2000. 671～674 vol.1
[19] Anunciada A V,Silva M M. On the Stability and Subharmonic Susceptibility of Current-mode Controlled Converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1992.PESC'92 Record, 23rd Annual IEEE, 29 June～3 July 1992. 345～353 vol.1
[20] Isaac Zafrany, Sam Ben-Yaakov. A Chaos Model of Subharmonic Oscillations in Current Mode PWM Boost Converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1995. PESC'95 Record, 26th Annual IEEE, Volume:2, 18～22 June 1995. 1111～1117 vol.2
[21] 周政海.低压高频 PWM DC/DC 转换器芯片设计[硕士学位论文].杭州:杭州电子工业学院,2003.
[22] Byungcho Choi, Jaeyeol Kim, Bo H CHO, et al. Designing Control Loop for DC-to-DC Converters Loaded With Unknown AC Dynamics. Industrial Electronics,IEEE Transactions on, Volume:49, Issue:4, Aug.2002. 925～932
[23] Raymond B Ridley, Bo H CHO, Fred C Y Lee. Analysis and Interpretation of LoopGains of Multiloop-Controlled Switching Regulators. Power Electronics,IEEE Transactions on, Volume:3, Issue:4, Oct.1988. 489～498
[24] Jesus Leyva-Ramos, Jorge Alberto Morales-Saldana. A Design Criteria for the Current Gain in Current-Programmed Regulators. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 45, Issue: 4, Aug.1998. 568～573
[25] 何捷,朱臻,王涛等.一种具有温度补偿、高电源抑制比的带隙基准源.复旦学报,2001,40(1):86～90
[26] 黄晓敏,陈朝阳,邹雪城等.一种高精度的带隙基准电压源及电流源.计算机与数字工程,2004,32(6):62～81
[27] 高工,许刚.精密基准电压源的设计思路与应用考虑(上).模拟器件天地,1999(6):9～11
[28] 高工,许刚.精密基准电压源的设计思路与应用考虑(下).模拟器件天地,1999(7):8～10
[29] Richard Redl, Brian P. Erisman, Zoltan Zansky. Optimizing the Load Transient Response of the Buck Converter. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1998.APEC'98.Conference Proceedings 1998., Thirteenth Annual, Volume:1,15-19 Feb.1998. 170～176 vol.1
[30] Dan M Sable, Bo H.CHO, Raymond B. Ridley. Elimination of the Positive Zero in Fixed Frequency Boost and Flyback Converters. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1990. APEC'90, Conference Proceedings 1990., Fifth Annual,11-16 March 1990. 205～211
[31] 施浩.电流型 PWM 控制芯片的研究设计:[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2003.
[32] Gray P R, Meyer R G. Analysis and Design for Analog Integrated Circuits New York: Wiley, 2001. 322～327
[33] Cheung Fai Lee, Philip K T, Mok. On-Chip Current Sensing Technique For CMOS Monolithic Switch-Mode Power Converters. Circuits and Systems,2002.ISCAS 2002.IEEE International Symposium on, Volume:5,26-29 May 2002. 265～268vol.5
[34] Ki W H. Current Sensing Technique Using MOS Transistors Scaling With Matched Bipolar Current Source. U.S. Patent 5, 757, 174, 1998.4～7
[35] Corsi M. Current Sensing Schemes for Use in BiCMOS Integrated Circuits. IEEE Proceedings of the 1996 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting, New York, USA,1995.55～57
[36] Chen J J. Integrated Current Sensing Circuits Suitable for Step-down DC/DC Converters. Electron. Lett., 2004, 40(3): 200～201
[37] Stephen L, Wong, C, Andre T. Salama. An Efficient CMOS Buffer for Driving Large Capacitive Loads. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of,Volume:21,Issue:3, Jun 1986.464～469
[38] Nagaraj K. Slew Rate Enhancement Technique for CMOS out Buffers. Electronics Letters,Volume:25,Issue:19,14 Sept.1989.1304～1305
[39] Yajun Ha, Li M F, Ai Qun Liu. Low-Voltage High Driving Capability CMOS Buffer Used in MEMS Interface Circuits. Electronics, Circuits and Systems,1999. Proceedings of ICECS'99.The 6th IEEE International Conference on, Volume:3, 5～8 Sept.1999.1313～1316 vol.3
[40] 康华光,陈大钦(1999).电子技术基础(模拟部分). 北京.高等教育出版社,1999:322～337
[41] Toumazou C, Lidgey F J, Haigh D G(1996).模拟集成电路设计―电流模法.北京.高等教育出版社,1999.:212～225
[42] 胡黎强,林争辉,李晓庆.改进型脉宽调制 DC-DC 变换芯片的实现.《半导体技术》,2003, 27(3): 41～47
[43] Sedra A S, Smith K C. Microelectronic Circuits. 3rd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991:195～197
[2] 蔡宣三.开关电源的发展轨迹.电子产品世界,2000,17(4):42～43
[3] 王剑英等.新型开关电源实用技术. 北京:电子工业出版社,1996. 58～62
[4] 蔡宣三,龚绍文.高频功率电子学(直流-直流变换部分).北京:科学出版社,1992:113～116
[5] 李靖.中国开关电源市场的分析.电工技术杂志,2000,20(2): 44～45
[6] 陈海龙.开关电源的关键技术.现代电信科技,2002,15(12):47
[7] 陈光明.升压式 DC-DC 电源管理集成电路设计[硕士学位论文].上海:上海大学,2004.
[8] Anthony John Stratakos. High-Efficiency Low-Voltage DC-DC Conversion for Portable Applications. Phd Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley,2001.
[9] 梁剑,韩雁.智能开关电源集成电路 TOPSwitch 分析,电子器件,2001,24(1): 14～19
[10] Liaw C M, Chiang S J, Lai C Y, et al. Modeling and Controller Design of a Current-Mode Controlled Converter. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on,Volume:41 Issue:2,April 1994. 231～240
[11] Kazimierczuk M K. Transfer Function of Current Modulator in PWM Converters with Current Mode Control. Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 47 Issue:9, 2000. 1407～1412
[12] Raymond B Ridley. A New, Continuous-Time Model For Current-Mode Control. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume:6 Issue:2, 1991. 271～280
[13] Vatche Vorperian. Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using Model of PWM Switch. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. IEEE Transactions on, Volume:26, Issue:3,May 1990. 490～496
[14] Dong Tan F,Middlebrook R D. Unified Modeling and Measurement of Current Programmed Converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1993. PESC'93 Record, 24th Annual IEEE, 20～24 June 1993. 380～387
[15] 韦枫.峰值电流模式 PWM DC-DC 转换器设计[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2004.
[16] Middlebrook R D. Modeling Current-Programmed Buck and Boost Regulators. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume:4, Issue:1,Jan.1989.36～52
[17] Zho X, Xu P. A Novel Current-Sharing Control Technique for Low-Voltage High Current Voltage Regulator Module Applications. IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 2000, 15:1153～1162.
[18] Tse C K, Lai Y M. Control of Bifurcation in Current-programmed DC-DC Converters: a Reexamination of Slope Compensation. Circuits and Systems, 2000. Proceedings. ISCAS 2000 Geneva. The 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, Volume:1,28-31 May 2000. 671～674 vol.1
[19] Anunciada A V,Silva M M. On the Stability and Subharmonic Susceptibility of Current-mode Controlled Converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1992.PESC'92 Record, 23rd Annual IEEE, 29 June～3 July 1992. 345～353 vol.1
[20] Isaac Zafrany, Sam Ben-Yaakov. A Chaos Model of Subharmonic Oscillations in Current Mode PWM Boost Converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1995. PESC'95 Record, 26th Annual IEEE, Volume:2, 18～22 June 1995. 1111～1117 vol.2
[21] 周政海.低压高频 PWM DC/DC 转换器芯片设计[硕士学位论文].杭州:杭州电子工业学院,2003.
[22] Byungcho Choi, Jaeyeol Kim, Bo H CHO, et al. Designing Control Loop for DC-to-DC Converters Loaded With Unknown AC Dynamics. Industrial Electronics,IEEE Transactions on, Volume:49, Issue:4, Aug.2002. 925～932
[23] Raymond B Ridley, Bo H CHO, Fred C Y Lee. Analysis and Interpretation of LoopGains of Multiloop-Controlled Switching Regulators. Power Electronics,IEEE Transactions on, Volume:3, Issue:4, Oct.1988. 489～498
[24] Jesus Leyva-Ramos, Jorge Alberto Morales-Saldana. A Design Criteria for the Current Gain in Current-Programmed Regulators. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 45, Issue: 4, Aug.1998. 568～573
[25] 何捷,朱臻,王涛等.一种具有温度补偿、高电源抑制比的带隙基准源.复旦学报,2001,40(1):86～90
[26] 黄晓敏,陈朝阳,邹雪城等.一种高精度的带隙基准电压源及电流源.计算机与数字工程,2004,32(6):62～81
[27] 高工,许刚.精密基准电压源的设计思路与应用考虑(上).模拟器件天地,1999(6):9～11
[28] 高工,许刚.精密基准电压源的设计思路与应用考虑(下).模拟器件天地,1999(7):8～10
[29] Richard Redl, Brian P. Erisman, Zoltan Zansky. Optimizing the Load Transient Response of the Buck Converter. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1998.APEC'98.Conference Proceedings 1998., Thirteenth Annual, Volume:1,15-19 Feb.1998. 170～176 vol.1
[30] Dan M Sable, Bo H.CHO, Raymond B. Ridley. Elimination of the Positive Zero in Fixed Frequency Boost and Flyback Converters. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1990. APEC'90, Conference Proceedings 1990., Fifth Annual,11-16 March 1990. 205～211
[31] 施浩.电流型 PWM 控制芯片的研究设计:[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2003.
[32] Gray P R, Meyer R G. Analysis and Design for Analog Integrated Circuits New York: Wiley, 2001. 322～327
[33] Cheung Fai Lee, Philip K T, Mok. On-Chip Current Sensing Technique For CMOS Monolithic Switch-Mode Power Converters. Circuits and Systems,2002.ISCAS 2002.IEEE International Symposium on, Volume:5,26-29 May 2002. 265～268vol.5
[34] Ki W H. Current Sensing Technique Using MOS Transistors Scaling With Matched Bipolar Current Source. U.S. Patent 5, 757, 174, 1998.4～7
[35] Corsi M. Current Sensing Schemes for Use in BiCMOS Integrated Circuits. IEEE Proceedings of the 1996 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting, New York, USA,1995.55～57
[36] Chen J J. Integrated Current Sensing Circuits Suitable for Step-down DC/DC Converters. Electron. Lett., 2004, 40(3): 200～201
[37] Stephen L, Wong, C, Andre T. Salama. An Efficient CMOS Buffer for Driving Large Capacitive Loads. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of,Volume:21,Issue:3, Jun 1986.464～469
[38] Nagaraj K. Slew Rate Enhancement Technique for CMOS out Buffers. Electronics Letters,Volume:25,Issue:19,14 Sept.1989.1304～1305
[39] Yajun Ha, Li M F, Ai Qun Liu. Low-Voltage High Driving Capability CMOS Buffer Used in MEMS Interface Circuits. Electronics, Circuits and Systems,1999. Proceedings of ICECS'99.The 6th IEEE International Conference on, Volume:3, 5～8 Sept.1999.1313～1316 vol.3
[40] 康华光,陈大钦(1999).电子技术基础(模拟部分). 北京.高等教育出版社,1999:322～337
[41] Toumazou C, Lidgey F J, Haigh D G(1996).模拟集成电路设计―电流模法.北京.高等教育出版社,1999.:212～225
[42] 胡黎强,林争辉,李晓庆.改进型脉宽调制 DC-DC 变换芯片的实现.《半导体技术》,2003, 27(3): 41～47
[43] Sedra A S, Smith K C. Microelectronic Circuits. 3rd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991:195～197