地区电能质量监测与管理系统的设计与实现
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摘要
近年来，电能质量问题逐渐引起人们的重视。一方面由于电力电子器件和非线性设备的广泛应用，使得电网中的电压、电流波形发生畸变，造成电能质量的严重恶化；另一方面由于工业自动化水平的提高，微处理器和PLC等智能器件大量应用于工业过程控制，而这些精细过程控制更容易受到电力系统抖动的影响，因此现代工业对电能质量提出了更高的要求。同时，随着电力工业的快速发展，稳态电能质量问题如电压波动、频率波动、谐波等，已经引起了足够的重视。暂态电能质量问题越来越突出，如电压跌落、骤升、短时断电等现象经常发生，给用户带来了很大的损失。电能质量监测系统的开发成了系统和用户的共同需求。因此必需发展满足要求的新监测技术。
这一开发面临工业技术的许多问题。过去，由于特殊用户的性质，没有接触多少扰动类型，而现在有大量类型的扰动要处理，正如上面所指出的那样。需要开发灵活的电能质量监测仪来处理大范围的电能质量问题而不是局限于狭窄的几类，例如，仅仅是谐波和闪变。制造商正在努力开发功能强大、费用低廉的监测仪，这种倾向仍将持续若干年。监测仪可能放在没有保护的户外长达几个月，应建立专门的管理措施。
电能质量监测和数据管理有多种方式，但需要标准格式化。需要寻找方法足够精确统计分析各种电能质量现象和管理数据并且使用最少的监测仪、最少的通讯设施、最少的数据下载量以降低费用。以下是一些关键问题：
1、应该确立怎样的电能质量监测与数据管理途径?
2、监测位置的选择是随机的或带有某种特征?
3、监测时期应怎样确定?
4、什么是PQM最好的数据格式?
5、怎样处理大量的电能质量数据?
本文综述了PQM和它的数据管理的关键技术，并尝试开发电能质量监测与
管理系统，并能为系统和用户共同享用。
In recent years, power quality has gradually become an important concern. The extensive applications for power electronic apparatus and nonlinear equipment distort the waveforms of voltages and currents. As a result, power quality is going much worse. In addition, due to the improvement of industrial automatization, such parts of an apparatus as MPU and PLC are applied to industrial process controls, which are disturbed easily by stirs from power system. Therefore modern industry needs higher power quality than old one does. At the same time, with the rapid development of electric power industry, stabile power quality issues, such as voltage fluctuation and flicker, frequency fluctuation, harmonics, have increasingly captured considerable attention from utility companies and their customers. Transient power quality issues have been becoming extrusive, such as voltage well, voltage sag and voltage interruption, and bring customers amount of loss. Developing a system for Power Quality Monitoring(PQM) has been become the requirements of both the faculty and customers. It is necessary for novel techniques to meet the development.
This development is confronting the industry with many new technical issues. Whereas formerly there was an interest in very few disturbance types, depending on the nature of the particular customer problem, now a wide range has to be handled, as presented above. Flexible PQ monitors need to be developed able to handle the full range of the above, instead of less versatile instruments dedicated to just flicker or harmonics for example. Monitor manufactures are taking advantage of developments in processing power to develop instruments with greater ability at lower cost and this trend looks to continue for some years. Monitors may be left in unprotected outdoor locations for many months and environmental specifications need to be made tighter.
It is important to load data from them and manage the data for statistics and analysis in power quality problem.
There are many ways for PQM and its data and this area also needs standardization. A methodology needs to be developed which is accurate enough to analyze and manage data from monitors but uses the minimum of monitors to reduce cost, communications, infrastructure requirements and data overload. Some of the issue which need addressing are
(1) Which t approach for PQM data management should be determined?
(2) Should the choice be entirely random or focused on sites with particular characteristic?
(3) What should be the monitoring survey period?
(4) What should be the most favorable data format for PQM?
(5) How do handle versatile data for POM?
This paper will summarise the key trends found for PQM and its data management and attempt to develop a system for local POM and data management which should been shared by both faculty and customers.
这一开发面临工业技术的许多问题。过去，由于特殊用户的性质，没有接触多少扰动类型，而现在有大量类型的扰动要处理，正如上面所指出的那样。需要开发灵活的电能质量监测仪来处理大范围的电能质量问题而不是局限于狭窄的几类，例如，仅仅是谐波和闪变。制造商正在努力开发功能强大、费用低廉的监测仪，这种倾向仍将持续若干年。监测仪可能放在没有保护的户外长达几个月，应建立专门的管理措施。
电能质量监测和数据管理有多种方式，但需要标准格式化。需要寻找方法足够精确统计分析各种电能质量现象和管理数据并且使用最少的监测仪、最少的通讯设施、最少的数据下载量以降低费用。以下是一些关键问题：
1、应该确立怎样的电能质量监测与数据管理途径?
2、监测位置的选择是随机的或带有某种特征?
3、监测时期应怎样确定?
4、什么是PQM最好的数据格式?
5、怎样处理大量的电能质量数据?
本文综述了PQM和它的数据管理的关键技术，并尝试开发电能质量监测与
管理系统，并能为系统和用户共同享用。
In recent years, power quality has gradually become an important concern. The extensive applications for power electronic apparatus and nonlinear equipment distort the waveforms of voltages and currents. As a result, power quality is going much worse. In addition, due to the improvement of industrial automatization, such parts of an apparatus as MPU and PLC are applied to industrial process controls, which are disturbed easily by stirs from power system. Therefore modern industry needs higher power quality than old one does. At the same time, with the rapid development of electric power industry, stabile power quality issues, such as voltage fluctuation and flicker, frequency fluctuation, harmonics, have increasingly captured considerable attention from utility companies and their customers. Transient power quality issues have been becoming extrusive, such as voltage well, voltage sag and voltage interruption, and bring customers amount of loss. Developing a system for Power Quality Monitoring(PQM) has been become the requirements of both the faculty and customers. It is necessary for novel techniques to meet the development.
This development is confronting the industry with many new technical issues. Whereas formerly there was an interest in very few disturbance types, depending on the nature of the particular customer problem, now a wide range has to be handled, as presented above. Flexible PQ monitors need to be developed able to handle the full range of the above, instead of less versatile instruments dedicated to just flicker or harmonics for example. Monitor manufactures are taking advantage of developments in processing power to develop instruments with greater ability at lower cost and this trend looks to continue for some years. Monitors may be left in unprotected outdoor locations for many months and environmental specifications need to be made tighter.
It is important to load data from them and manage the data for statistics and analysis in power quality problem.
There are many ways for PQM and its data and this area also needs standardization. A methodology needs to be developed which is accurate enough to analyze and manage data from monitors but uses the minimum of monitors to reduce cost, communications, infrastructure requirements and data overload. Some of the issue which need addressing are
(1) Which t approach for PQM data management should be determined?
(2) Should the choice be entirely random or focused on sites with particular characteristic?
(3) What should be the monitoring survey period?
(4) What should be the most favorable data format for PQM?
(5) How do handle versatile data for POM?
This paper will summarise the key trends found for PQM and its data management and attempt to develop a system for local POM and data management which should been shared by both faculty and customers.
引文
[1] 施奕平，吴国安．基于DSP的电网质量监测仪．电测与仪表，2002(1)，17～19
[2] Dugan R C, McGranaghan M F, Beaty H W. Electrical Power Systems Quality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996
[3] Emanuel A E, Orr J A, Gulachenski E M. A Survey of Harmonic Voltages and Currents at the Customer's Bus. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1993, 8(1)
[4] Glassary of Terms and Definitions Concerning Electric Power Transmission System Access and Wheeling[R], IEEE Power Engineering Society, 96 TP110-0.
[5] A. Robert, Supply Quality Issues at the Interface between Power System and Industrial Consumers. IEEE ICHQP Ⅷ[C]. Athen, 1998: 182-189.
[6] 胡铭，等．电能质量及其分析方法综述．电网技术，2000，24(3)：36-38
[7] 王宾，潘贞存，赵建国，等．电能质量监测数据的同步处理与装置设计．电力系统自动化，2002，26(11)：45-49
[8] 肖湘宁，徐永海．电能质量问题剖析．电网技术，2001，25(3)：65-69
[9] 潘贞存，陈青，王慧，等．电能质量及其检测方法的研究．山东电力技术，1997(5)：55-58
[10] ROBERT A. Power Quality Monitoring at the Interface between Transmission and Users[A]. IEEE ICHQP Ⅸ[C]. Orlando: IEEE/PES, 2000: 425-430.
[11] GOSBELL V J, MUTTIK P K. Power Quality Monitoring in Australasia[A], CIGRE2002[C], Paris, 2002: 36-201
[12] DAPONTE P, DI PENTA P M, MERCURIO G. Transientmetcr: A Distributed Measurement System for Power Quality Monitoring[A], IEEE ICHQP Ⅸ[C]. Orlando: IEEE/PES, 2000: 1017-1022.
[13] 林干等．智能型电网谐波监视、分析、保护一体化装置的研制[A]．电力系统自动化[J]．2000，24(1)：64-66．
[14] Koichi Nara, Jun Hasegawa, Tsutomu Oyama et al. Forward to Future Power Delivery System[A], IEEE ICHQP Ⅸ[C]. Orlando: IEEE/PES, 2000: 8-18.
[15] 林海雪主编．电压电流频率和电能质量国家标准应用手册．北京：中国电力出版社，2000
[16] 马维新．电力系统电压．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[17] 吕润余．电力系统高次谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[18] 孙树勤．电压波动与闪变．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[19] 蔡玢．电力系统频率．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[20] 林海雪．电力系统三相不平衡．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[21] Bollen M H J. Understanding Power Quality Problems, Voltage Sags and Interruptions. IEEE PRESS, Piscataway, New Jersey, 2000
[22] Mancao R T. Power Quality Monitoring of a Distribution System. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994, 9(2): 1136～1140
[23] HANOCH Lev-Ari, Senior Member, et al. Application of Staggered Undersampling to Power Quality Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2000, 15(3): 864～869
[24] M. T. Bishop, A. V. Do, S. R. Mendis. Voltage Flicker Measurement and Analysis System. IEEE Compter Applications in Power. 1994, 7(2): 34～38
[25] Dan Sabin. A Systems Approach to Power Quality Monitoring for Performance Assessment, Mark McGranaghan-Electrotek Concepts, Knoxville, Tennessee, Ashok Sundaram-Electric Power Research Institue
[26] Schlichting L C M, Liz M B, Raizer A. Power Quality Related to Switched Mode Power supplies Associations[A]. IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 639-643
[27] 吴道虎，李玉华，康巍晶．新型多功能电能质量监测仪的研制．电测与仪表，1997，34(6)：27～29
[28] 王小平，杨维翰，王绍兰．便携式电能质量分析仪的研制．电测与仪表，2000，37(3)：19～21
[29] 王宾，潘贞存．电能质量监测系统硬件平台的特点与设计．国际电能质量研讨会：36～39
[30] N. Kagan, E. L. Ferrari, et al. A Methodology for Monitoring Harmonic Distortions in Electric Power Distribution Systems. IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 195-200
[31] 林立域．Access 97使用手册．北京：清华大学出版社，1998
[32] 吴竞昌．供电系统谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[33] 邢春颖，阳影．现代神经网络应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1996
[34] 王明俊，付书逷，吴玉生．面向对象设计的开放式能量管理系统．北京：电子工业出版社，1997
[35] 隗永安．现代通信原理．成都：西南交大出版社，2000
[36] 陈文高．配电系统可靠性实用基础．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[37] Martinon J, Boudou D. Power Quality Management in the French Electric System History, Present Position and Future Trends[A], IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 168-173
[38] Ribeiro P F. An Overview of Power Quality Problem in Transportation and Isolated power System[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Summer Meeting[C]. Seattle: IEEE/PES, 2001
[39] Faranda R, Zaninelli D and Zanini A. Electric Power Quality on Aircraft: Analysis and propagation of Disturbance[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Summer Meeting[C]. Seattle: IEEE/PES, 2001
[40] Caramia P, Carpinelli G, Russo A et al. Integrated Probabilistic Harmonic Index[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Winter Meeting[C]. New York: IEEE/PES, 2002
[41] Grasselli U, Lamedica R, Vitola A L et al. Characterization of PQ Indices for an Electrified Metrotransit System through Simulation and Monitoring Activities[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Summer Meeting[C]. Seattle: IEEE/PES, 2001
[42] Capasso A, Iamedica R, Modesto C et al. Experimental Assessment of Personal Computer Harmonic Impact on Power Quality[J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 1999, 21: 321-333
[43] Moreno M A, Usaola J. Frequency Domain Methods for Analysis of VIS-PWM Converters Using Neural Networks[A]. IEEE ICHQP ⅡⅩ[C]. Athens: IEEE/PES, 1998: 60-64
[44] Negnevitsky M. Expert System Application for Voltage and VAR in Power Transmission and Distribution System[J]. IEEE trans. On Power Delivery, 1997, 12(3): 1392-1397
[45] Kaprielian S Jouny I Radial Basis Function Network for Predicting Power System Harmonics[J]. SPIE, 1996, Vol. 27: 195-201
[46] Terzija V V, Wehrmann S, Stanojevic et al. Power Quality Assessment Using A Robust Nonlinear Technique[A]. IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002:29-35
[47] Carlsson F. Behavior of Synchronous Machines Subjected to Transient Overvoltages[A].
IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 608-613
[48] Bollen M H J. Method of Critical Distances for Stochastic Assessment of Voltage Sags[J]. Proc. IEE-generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1998, 145(1): 70-76
[49] Quder M R, Bollen M H J, Allan R N. Stochastic Prediction of Voltage Sags in a Large transmission System[J]. IEEE Trans. On Industry Application, 1999, 35(1): 152-162
[50] Littler B, Morrow J. Wavelets for the Analysis and Compression of Power System Disturbances[J]. IEEE Trans. On Power delivery, 1999, 14(2): 358-364
[51] Heydt G T, Galli A W. Transient Power Quality Problem Analyzed Using Wavelets[J]. IEEE Trans. On Power delivery, 1997, 12(2): 908-915
[52] 马文营，张巍，杨洪耕．电能质量监测系统统计报表的设计与实现[J]．继电器．2002，12：48-50
[53] 李珂，张文波，赵明等译．Visual Basic．NET技术内幕．北京：清华出版社，2003
[54] 王慧英，陈维军，刘超等译．Visual Basic．NET程序设计专家指南．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[2] Dugan R C, McGranaghan M F, Beaty H W. Electrical Power Systems Quality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996
[3] Emanuel A E, Orr J A, Gulachenski E M. A Survey of Harmonic Voltages and Currents at the Customer's Bus. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1993, 8(1)
[4] Glassary of Terms and Definitions Concerning Electric Power Transmission System Access and Wheeling[R], IEEE Power Engineering Society, 96 TP110-0.
[5] A. Robert, Supply Quality Issues at the Interface between Power System and Industrial Consumers. IEEE ICHQP Ⅷ[C]. Athen, 1998: 182-189.
[6] 胡铭，等．电能质量及其分析方法综述．电网技术，2000，24(3)：36-38
[7] 王宾，潘贞存，赵建国，等．电能质量监测数据的同步处理与装置设计．电力系统自动化，2002，26(11)：45-49
[8] 肖湘宁，徐永海．电能质量问题剖析．电网技术，2001，25(3)：65-69
[9] 潘贞存，陈青，王慧，等．电能质量及其检测方法的研究．山东电力技术，1997(5)：55-58
[10] ROBERT A. Power Quality Monitoring at the Interface between Transmission and Users[A]. IEEE ICHQP Ⅸ[C]. Orlando: IEEE/PES, 2000: 425-430.
[11] GOSBELL V J, MUTTIK P K. Power Quality Monitoring in Australasia[A], CIGRE2002[C], Paris, 2002: 36-201
[12] DAPONTE P, DI PENTA P M, MERCURIO G. Transientmetcr: A Distributed Measurement System for Power Quality Monitoring[A], IEEE ICHQP Ⅸ[C]. Orlando: IEEE/PES, 2000: 1017-1022.
[13] 林干等．智能型电网谐波监视、分析、保护一体化装置的研制[A]．电力系统自动化[J]．2000，24(1)：64-66．
[14] Koichi Nara, Jun Hasegawa, Tsutomu Oyama et al. Forward to Future Power Delivery System[A], IEEE ICHQP Ⅸ[C]. Orlando: IEEE/PES, 2000: 8-18.
[15] 林海雪主编．电压电流频率和电能质量国家标准应用手册．北京：中国电力出版社，2000
[16] 马维新．电力系统电压．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[17] 吕润余．电力系统高次谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[18] 孙树勤．电压波动与闪变．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[19] 蔡玢．电力系统频率．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[20] 林海雪．电力系统三相不平衡．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[21] Bollen M H J. Understanding Power Quality Problems, Voltage Sags and Interruptions. IEEE PRESS, Piscataway, New Jersey, 2000
[22] Mancao R T. Power Quality Monitoring of a Distribution System. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994, 9(2): 1136～1140
[23] HANOCH Lev-Ari, Senior Member, et al. Application of Staggered Undersampling to Power Quality Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2000, 15(3): 864～869
[24] M. T. Bishop, A. V. Do, S. R. Mendis. Voltage Flicker Measurement and Analysis System. IEEE Compter Applications in Power. 1994, 7(2): 34～38
[25] Dan Sabin. A Systems Approach to Power Quality Monitoring for Performance Assessment, Mark McGranaghan-Electrotek Concepts, Knoxville, Tennessee, Ashok Sundaram-Electric Power Research Institue
[26] Schlichting L C M, Liz M B, Raizer A. Power Quality Related to Switched Mode Power supplies Associations[A]. IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 639-643
[27] 吴道虎，李玉华，康巍晶．新型多功能电能质量监测仪的研制．电测与仪表，1997，34(6)：27～29
[28] 王小平，杨维翰，王绍兰．便携式电能质量分析仪的研制．电测与仪表，2000，37(3)：19～21
[29] 王宾，潘贞存．电能质量监测系统硬件平台的特点与设计．国际电能质量研讨会：36～39
[30] N. Kagan, E. L. Ferrari, et al. A Methodology for Monitoring Harmonic Distortions in Electric Power Distribution Systems. IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 195-200
[31] 林立域．Access 97使用手册．北京：清华大学出版社，1998
[32] 吴竞昌．供电系统谐波．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[33] 邢春颖，阳影．现代神经网络应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1996
[34] 王明俊，付书逷，吴玉生．面向对象设计的开放式能量管理系统．北京：电子工业出版社，1997
[35] 隗永安．现代通信原理．成都：西南交大出版社，2000
[36] 陈文高．配电系统可靠性实用基础．北京：中国电力出版社，1998
[37] Martinon J, Boudou D. Power Quality Management in the French Electric System History, Present Position and Future Trends[A], IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 168-173
[38] Ribeiro P F. An Overview of Power Quality Problem in Transportation and Isolated power System[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Summer Meeting[C]. Seattle: IEEE/PES, 2001
[39] Faranda R, Zaninelli D and Zanini A. Electric Power Quality on Aircraft: Analysis and propagation of Disturbance[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Summer Meeting[C]. Seattle: IEEE/PES, 2001
[40] Caramia P, Carpinelli G, Russo A et al. Integrated Probabilistic Harmonic Index[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Winter Meeting[C]. New York: IEEE/PES, 2002
[41] Grasselli U, Lamedica R, Vitola A L et al. Characterization of PQ Indices for an Electrified Metrotransit System through Simulation and Monitoring Activities[A]. Proc. Of IEEE Summer Meeting[C]. Seattle: IEEE/PES, 2001
[42] Capasso A, Iamedica R, Modesto C et al. Experimental Assessment of Personal Computer Harmonic Impact on Power Quality[J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 1999, 21: 321-333
[43] Moreno M A, Usaola J. Frequency Domain Methods for Analysis of VIS-PWM Converters Using Neural Networks[A]. IEEE ICHQP ⅡⅩ[C]. Athens: IEEE/PES, 1998: 60-64
[44] Negnevitsky M. Expert System Application for Voltage and VAR in Power Transmission and Distribution System[J]. IEEE trans. On Power Delivery, 1997, 12(3): 1392-1397
[45] Kaprielian S Jouny I Radial Basis Function Network for Predicting Power System Harmonics[J]. SPIE, 1996, Vol. 27: 195-201
[46] Terzija V V, Wehrmann S, Stanojevic et al. Power Quality Assessment Using A Robust Nonlinear Technique[A]. IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002:29-35
[47] Carlsson F. Behavior of Synchronous Machines Subjected to Transient Overvoltages[A].
IEEE ICHQP Ⅹ[C]. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE/PES, 2002: 608-613
[48] Bollen M H J. Method of Critical Distances for Stochastic Assessment of Voltage Sags[J]. Proc. IEE-generation, Transmission and Distribution, 1998, 145(1): 70-76
[49] Quder M R, Bollen M H J, Allan R N. Stochastic Prediction of Voltage Sags in a Large transmission System[J]. IEEE Trans. On Industry Application, 1999, 35(1): 152-162
[50] Littler B, Morrow J. Wavelets for the Analysis and Compression of Power System Disturbances[J]. IEEE Trans. On Power delivery, 1999, 14(2): 358-364
[51] Heydt G T, Galli A W. Transient Power Quality Problem Analyzed Using Wavelets[J]. IEEE Trans. On Power delivery, 1997, 12(2): 908-915
[52] 马文营，张巍，杨洪耕．电能质量监测系统统计报表的设计与实现[J]．继电器．2002，12：48-50
[53] 李珂，张文波，赵明等译．Visual Basic．NET技术内幕．北京：清华出版社，2003
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