基于安全域的水火系统优化潮流
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摘要
电力系统优化潮流是在系统结构参数及负荷情况均给定的情况下,通过调节发电机功率、变压器抽头及无功补偿器等可控设备,找到满足所有运行约束条件并使系统的某一指标或几个指标达到最优值时的潮流分布。优化潮流在电力系统规划和调度运行等方面已得到广泛应用,但尚有很多问题仍需要进一步完善,包括非线性约束处理、优化问题建模、求解速度和可靠性的提高等方面。考虑暂态稳定性和电压稳定性约束的优化潮流问题是其中的一个重要研究方向,也是本文研究的重点。
域的方法是一种全新的方法学,与稳定性研究中传统的“逐点法”相比,对给定的注入和既定事故确定安全域的边界,可以为运行人员提供系统整体的安全稳定性信息。目前关于注入功率空间上保证系统暂态稳定性的“动态安全域”和割集功率空间上保证静态电压稳定的“静态电压稳定域”的研究已取得一定的实用性成果,研究表明关于这两种安全域的临界面可用超平面近似描述。利用上述研究成果,可以很好地解决电力系统调度优化问题中稳定约束难以处理的问题。
首先,本文提出了一种以发电费用最小为目标函数的新型优化潮流模型与算法,该模型以“静态电压稳定域”和“动态安全域”的边界条件来表示系统暂态稳定性和静态电压稳定性的约束条件。利用电力系统的有功功率与支路角、无功功率与节点电压幅值的仿射关系,以支路角作为优化变量,提出基于二次规划的优化潮流算法。新英格兰10机39节点系统算例验证了该模型和算法的有效性。
其次,提出了一种新的以最小化燃料费用和污染排放量为目标的水火电力系统优化潮流模型。模型中的约束条件考虑了网损和系统稳定性两个方面,其中网损用发电量和发电量转移分配系数表示,系统稳定性用动态安全域和静态电压稳定域的方式表示。模型的求解使用牛顿—拉夫逊迭代法实现,并采用了一种新的初值设定方法以提高计算的收敛特性。进一步还就目标函数中燃料费用和污染排放比例间的关系进行了研究。
本文还提出了一种基于安全域的电力系统分布式优化潮流算法,将多区电力系统的优化潮流问题按照分区分解为多个子优化问题,各分区子优化问题的解通过价格机制互相协调,最终收敛于系统整体的优化潮流解。该算法采用预测校正原—对偶内点法求解,计及了线路的热稳定极限以及安全域形式的暂态稳定约束和静态电压稳定约束。通过IEEE RTS-96三区域算例系统验证了该算法的有效性。
The Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is used extensively in the control centers of power utilities as well as by system planners for planning studies, as it calculates various levels of power generation and all the controls associated with the static (steady-state) operation of the entire electric power grid of a power utility. During the course of development of the OPF, it has been realized that the main challenges relate to the effectiveness of dealing nonlinear functional constraints, the modeling of the problem, and the speed and reliability for simultaneously solving all of the network equations while minimizing an objective function. The largest challenge in OPF is how to deal with transient stability and static voltage stability constraints at the same time.
A security region (SR) defined in injection space is unique for a given power system configuration or a power system with a particular postulated change in configuration. Different from traditional“point-wise”approach, a security region defined mathematically and visualized can give power system engineers systematic and global information about the feasible operation region. Two type of security have reached the stage of practical application: one is the practical dynamic security region (PDSR) in power injection space to guarantee transient stability, the other is the static voltage stability region (CVSR) in critical cut set power space. Based on the hyper-plane descriptions of critical boundaries of PDSR and CVSR, the difficulties in dealing with stability constraints in the problems of solving OPF may be overcome easily.
Firstly in this dissertation a novel mathematics model and an efficient algorithm that can minimize total generation cost with considering both 1st order and 2nd order terms of generation cost function, are developed, where both of transient stability constraints and static voltage stability constraints are taken into account based on the hyper-plane descriptions of critical boundaries of security regions. In the formulation of OPF an affine mapping between branches angles and real powers is used to take branch angles as optimization variables instead of power injections as usual. For simplicity, an affine mapping between voltage magnitudes of buses and reactive power injections in network is also used. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed mathematics model and algorithm have been validated in the 39-bus New-England System.
The formulation of the optimal hydrothermal power flow is one of fruitful applications of OPF, which is more realistic than conventional OPF because of dynamic coupling between the variables of the problem as a result of the hydro energy constraints introduced through the volume of water availability limitations.
Secondly, in this dissertation a novel formulation of the optimal hydrothermal power flow problem is also suggested with taking into account the emissions minimization, and the transient stability and voltage stability in its constraints based on the concepts of security regions. The transmission loss is approximately expressed in terms of the generalized generation shift distribution factor and of generated power. The implementation is based on a Newton Raphson’s interactive procedure, with novel initial guesses to obtain improved convergence properties. The IEEE standard systems are worked out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Finally, the security region constrained distributed optimal power flow for interconnected power system is presented in this dissertation. The centralized OPF problem of the multi-area power systems is decomposed into independent distributed OPF subproblems one for each area. The transient stability constraints and static voltage stability constraints, and line current limits are included as constraints. The solutions of the distributed OPF subproblems make the independent dispatch of each area possible while achieving a multi-area optimum. The nonlinear distributed OPF subproblem is solved by an efficient predictor-corrector interior point method. The IEEE three-area RTS-96 system is worked out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
域的方法是一种全新的方法学,与稳定性研究中传统的“逐点法”相比,对给定的注入和既定事故确定安全域的边界,可以为运行人员提供系统整体的安全稳定性信息。目前关于注入功率空间上保证系统暂态稳定性的“动态安全域”和割集功率空间上保证静态电压稳定的“静态电压稳定域”的研究已取得一定的实用性成果,研究表明关于这两种安全域的临界面可用超平面近似描述。利用上述研究成果,可以很好地解决电力系统调度优化问题中稳定约束难以处理的问题。
首先,本文提出了一种以发电费用最小为目标函数的新型优化潮流模型与算法,该模型以“静态电压稳定域”和“动态安全域”的边界条件来表示系统暂态稳定性和静态电压稳定性的约束条件。利用电力系统的有功功率与支路角、无功功率与节点电压幅值的仿射关系,以支路角作为优化变量,提出基于二次规划的优化潮流算法。新英格兰10机39节点系统算例验证了该模型和算法的有效性。
其次,提出了一种新的以最小化燃料费用和污染排放量为目标的水火电力系统优化潮流模型。模型中的约束条件考虑了网损和系统稳定性两个方面,其中网损用发电量和发电量转移分配系数表示,系统稳定性用动态安全域和静态电压稳定域的方式表示。模型的求解使用牛顿—拉夫逊迭代法实现,并采用了一种新的初值设定方法以提高计算的收敛特性。进一步还就目标函数中燃料费用和污染排放比例间的关系进行了研究。
本文还提出了一种基于安全域的电力系统分布式优化潮流算法,将多区电力系统的优化潮流问题按照分区分解为多个子优化问题,各分区子优化问题的解通过价格机制互相协调,最终收敛于系统整体的优化潮流解。该算法采用预测校正原—对偶内点法求解,计及了线路的热稳定极限以及安全域形式的暂态稳定约束和静态电压稳定约束。通过IEEE RTS-96三区域算例系统验证了该算法的有效性。
The Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is used extensively in the control centers of power utilities as well as by system planners for planning studies, as it calculates various levels of power generation and all the controls associated with the static (steady-state) operation of the entire electric power grid of a power utility. During the course of development of the OPF, it has been realized that the main challenges relate to the effectiveness of dealing nonlinear functional constraints, the modeling of the problem, and the speed and reliability for simultaneously solving all of the network equations while minimizing an objective function. The largest challenge in OPF is how to deal with transient stability and static voltage stability constraints at the same time.
A security region (SR) defined in injection space is unique for a given power system configuration or a power system with a particular postulated change in configuration. Different from traditional“point-wise”approach, a security region defined mathematically and visualized can give power system engineers systematic and global information about the feasible operation region. Two type of security have reached the stage of practical application: one is the practical dynamic security region (PDSR) in power injection space to guarantee transient stability, the other is the static voltage stability region (CVSR) in critical cut set power space. Based on the hyper-plane descriptions of critical boundaries of PDSR and CVSR, the difficulties in dealing with stability constraints in the problems of solving OPF may be overcome easily.
Firstly in this dissertation a novel mathematics model and an efficient algorithm that can minimize total generation cost with considering both 1st order and 2nd order terms of generation cost function, are developed, where both of transient stability constraints and static voltage stability constraints are taken into account based on the hyper-plane descriptions of critical boundaries of security regions. In the formulation of OPF an affine mapping between branches angles and real powers is used to take branch angles as optimization variables instead of power injections as usual. For simplicity, an affine mapping between voltage magnitudes of buses and reactive power injections in network is also used. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed mathematics model and algorithm have been validated in the 39-bus New-England System.
The formulation of the optimal hydrothermal power flow is one of fruitful applications of OPF, which is more realistic than conventional OPF because of dynamic coupling between the variables of the problem as a result of the hydro energy constraints introduced through the volume of water availability limitations.
Secondly, in this dissertation a novel formulation of the optimal hydrothermal power flow problem is also suggested with taking into account the emissions minimization, and the transient stability and voltage stability in its constraints based on the concepts of security regions. The transmission loss is approximately expressed in terms of the generalized generation shift distribution factor and of generated power. The implementation is based on a Newton Raphson’s interactive procedure, with novel initial guesses to obtain improved convergence properties. The IEEE standard systems are worked out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Finally, the security region constrained distributed optimal power flow for interconnected power system is presented in this dissertation. The centralized OPF problem of the multi-area power systems is decomposed into independent distributed OPF subproblems one for each area. The transient stability constraints and static voltage stability constraints, and line current limits are included as constraints. The solutions of the distributed OPF subproblems make the independent dispatch of each area possible while achieving a multi-area optimum. The nonlinear distributed OPF subproblem is solved by an efficient predictor-corrector interior point method. The IEEE three-area RTS-96 system is worked out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
引文
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