闭环供应链系统定价与契约协调研究
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摘要
人口、环境和资源问题一直是人类社会面临的三大问题,现今社会又以环境和资源问题尤为特出,因而发展循环和低碳经济已经成为现代经济研究的核心内容之一,循环再造工程也随即成为现代制造业企业的重要战略运作方式。这种回收再利用行为一方面是企业迫于政府相关环保法律政策的外在压力；另一方面则更多的是因为企业通过回收再造可以降低其生产成本、赢得绿色环保声誉,增加企业利润和提高市场竞争能力。有关闭环供应链系统各节点企业之间定价和协调机制设计研究,对于闭环供应链系统回收模式的选择、闭环供应链绩效管理、闭环供应链系统收益分配和系统整体运营效率的提升等方面,都具有极其重要的理论和现实意义。
尽管闭环供应链系统的建模研究在过去的几年里取得了很大的进展,涌现出了许多的定价和协调模型,但这些模型几乎都只是停留在市场需求确定、信息对称以及再造品和新产品无差异情形下的研究,且这些模型本身都存在着这样或那样的理论和方法缺陷,与闭环供应链系统管理运作实践也存在较大的差距。本文从实际出发,充分考虑更为接近现实的各种情形,如信息不对称、多零售商竞争以及新产品与再造品之间存在价格差异等等,构建相应的定价决策模型进行分析研究。并进一步探讨各种复杂情形下闭环供应链系统的协调机制设计,以实现闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化。其主要研究内容如下：
论文首先对闭环供应链及其协调的理论基础进行研究。其中包括：闭环供应链内涵的重新界定,从闭环供应链正向和逆向物流集成的角度进行其特征分析和关键流程的分析；分析了闭环供应链系统中三种不同的回收模式及其主要特征；利用博弈理论分析了闭环供应链中的Stackelberg主从博弈问题；阐述了系统协调中的机制设计和显示原理,为后续的机制设计找到了理论依据。
接着,研究了闭环供应链系统无差别定价与契约协调设计问题,通过构建对称信息下不同回收模式的闭环供应链定价模型,分析了各成员的最优定价策略和利润,并对各种模型进行了对比分析；提出了一种收益费用共享协调契约,实现了闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化；针对零售商回收运营成本信息不对称的情况,构建了非对称信息下闭环供应链决策模型；运用博弈论和最优化理论对决策模型进行分析求解,研究发现零售商总是存在谎报其回收运营成本信息的动机。针对非对称信息情况,提出一种收益费用共享协调契约,有效地抑制了零售商谎报其回收运营成本的利己行为。进一步扩展研究了零售商竞争情形下闭环供应链系统的定价与契约协调机制问题,并与前面的单一零售商定价模型进行了对比分析。最后,通过数值仿真对模型的各种结论进行了验证。
基于新产品与再造品之间存在差异的假设,构建了对称信息下闭环供应链系统差别定价模型。运用博弈论和最优化理论对模型进行了分析和求解,得出了制造商与零售商的最优定价策略和利润,并提出了一种收益费用共享协调契约实现了系统效率的优化,并对差别定价和非差别定价策略进行了对比分析；探讨了新产品与再造品之间替代系数、零售商的运营成本对系统差别定价策略和利润的影响。研究发现,新产品与再造品之间的替代程度越高,系统成员利润和系统渠道效率都越高。
在前面研究的基础上,进一步构建了零售商回收运营成本信息不对称下闭环供应链差别定价模型,运用博弈论和最优化理论对模型进行了分析和求解。提出了一种收益费用共享协调契约,有效地抑制了非对称信息下零售商谎报其回收运营成本信息的利己行为,并实现了闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化。最后,通过数值仿真对模型的各种结论进行了验证,对各主要参数进行敏感性分析,并与前面对称信息下的模型进行了对比分析。论文中所得出的各种结论能为闭环供应链中企业的决策实践提供有用的理论依据。
The problems of population, environment and resource have been three major problems of the human society being faced, and environmental and resource issues is particularly outstanding in our modern society, and thus the development cycle and low-carbon economy has become the core of modern economy. The recycling project is also become an important strategy for modern manufacturing enterprises operation. This behavior on the one hand recycling business force the government environmental protection laws and policies related to external pressure. On the other hand, much as the recovery and recycling enterprises can reduce their production costs, has won the reputation of environmental protection, increase profits and increase market competitiveness. Study on the pricing and coordination mechanism design of closed-loop supply chain system is extremely important theoretical and practical significance for the recovery mode choice and performance management of the closed-loop supply chain system, and the income distribution and improve overall operating efficiency of closed-loop supply chain system etc.
Although the study about the closed-loop supply chain system modeling has made great progress, the emergence of a number of pricing and coordination model in the past few years, almost all of these models based on the remain in the market demand is determined, information symmetry, and recycling products and no difference in the case of new products research, and the existence of these models are themselves one way or another theory and method defects, and there is a big gap for t the operation of closed loop supply chain management practices. The paper take full account of more realistic various circumstances, such as asymmetric information, multi-retailer competition and new product and the price difference between recycled goods, etc. The paper constructs the corresponding model, and analyses the pricing decisions. And to further explore the complex case closed-loop supply chain coordination mechanisms designed to achieve closed-loop supply chain coordination and efficiency of optimization. Its main contents are as follows:
Firstly, the coordination of the closed-loop supply chain and its theoretical base are studied in the paper. These include:closed-loop supply chain re-definition content, and analyses the characteristics and key processes of the closed-loop supply chain from at the point of the integration of the forward and reverse logistics; And then the paper analyses the three different recovery models and the main features, and use game theory to analyze the stackelberg problems in the closed-loop supply chain, and describes the system design and coordination mechanism in the display principle, the mechanism for the follow-up to find a theoretical basis for the design.
Then, the pricing and contract coordination design issues of closed-loop supply chain system are studied in the paper. The pricing and contract coordination design issues are studied under asymmetric information by building models of different recycling closed-loop supply chain pricing model, and analyze the optimal pricing strategies of each member and profits, and comparative analysis between variety of models; The paper propose a coordination contract revenue sharing costs to achieve the closed-loop supply chain coordination and efficiency of optimization; The pricing and contract coordination model of the closed-loop supply chain was constructed based on the situation of asymmetric information of the retailers recovery costs; By use of the game theory and optimization theory solve the decision-making model, the study found that retailers is always false information on their recycling motivation operating costs. For the asymmetric information situation, proposes a coordination contract revenue sharing costs, effectively drawing up the recovery of operating costs retailers misrepresent their self-interest behavior. Further expansion of the retail competition of the closed-loop supply chain system, studies on the contract pricing and coordination mechanisms, and analyzes comparatively with the pricing model about a single retailer above. Finally, the numerical simulation is analyzed to validate the models various conclusions.
The differential pricing model of closed-loop supply chain system is built under asymmetric information assumptions based on the differences between the recycled products and new products. The paper analyzes and solves these models by use of game theory and optimization theory, and obtains manufacturers and retailers the optimal pricing strategies and profits, and proposes a coordination contract revenue sharing to achieve cost efficiency and optimization of the system., and differential pricing and non-differential pricing strategies were compared. The paper studies the differential impact of a new product and the recycling coefficient of substitution, the retailer's operating costs to pricing strategies and profits of the system. The result found that new products and the degree of substitution between recycled products make for the system members profit and system profit and channel efficiency.
Based on the above research, and further the differential pricing model is built under asymmetric information of the retail operating recovery cost in the closed-loop supply chain system. By use of game theory and optimization theory, this model is analyzed and solved. The paper proposes a revenue and expenses sharing coordination contract to effectively fiction retailer false information on their operating costs under asymmetric information and recovery of self-interest behavior, and achieve coordination and efficiency of optimization of the closed-loop supply chain system. Finally, the numerical simulation is analyzed to validate the models various conclusions, and the paper analyzes the sensitivity of the main parameters, and compares with the previous model under asymmetric information. These results can provide a useful theoretical basis for the decision-making practice of corporate in the closed-loop supply chain.
尽管闭环供应链系统的建模研究在过去的几年里取得了很大的进展,涌现出了许多的定价和协调模型,但这些模型几乎都只是停留在市场需求确定、信息对称以及再造品和新产品无差异情形下的研究,且这些模型本身都存在着这样或那样的理论和方法缺陷,与闭环供应链系统管理运作实践也存在较大的差距。本文从实际出发,充分考虑更为接近现实的各种情形,如信息不对称、多零售商竞争以及新产品与再造品之间存在价格差异等等,构建相应的定价决策模型进行分析研究。并进一步探讨各种复杂情形下闭环供应链系统的协调机制设计,以实现闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化。其主要研究内容如下：
论文首先对闭环供应链及其协调的理论基础进行研究。其中包括：闭环供应链内涵的重新界定,从闭环供应链正向和逆向物流集成的角度进行其特征分析和关键流程的分析；分析了闭环供应链系统中三种不同的回收模式及其主要特征；利用博弈理论分析了闭环供应链中的Stackelberg主从博弈问题；阐述了系统协调中的机制设计和显示原理,为后续的机制设计找到了理论依据。
接着,研究了闭环供应链系统无差别定价与契约协调设计问题,通过构建对称信息下不同回收模式的闭环供应链定价模型,分析了各成员的最优定价策略和利润,并对各种模型进行了对比分析；提出了一种收益费用共享协调契约,实现了闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化；针对零售商回收运营成本信息不对称的情况,构建了非对称信息下闭环供应链决策模型；运用博弈论和最优化理论对决策模型进行分析求解,研究发现零售商总是存在谎报其回收运营成本信息的动机。针对非对称信息情况,提出一种收益费用共享协调契约,有效地抑制了零售商谎报其回收运营成本的利己行为。进一步扩展研究了零售商竞争情形下闭环供应链系统的定价与契约协调机制问题,并与前面的单一零售商定价模型进行了对比分析。最后,通过数值仿真对模型的各种结论进行了验证。
基于新产品与再造品之间存在差异的假设,构建了对称信息下闭环供应链系统差别定价模型。运用博弈论和最优化理论对模型进行了分析和求解,得出了制造商与零售商的最优定价策略和利润,并提出了一种收益费用共享协调契约实现了系统效率的优化,并对差别定价和非差别定价策略进行了对比分析；探讨了新产品与再造品之间替代系数、零售商的运营成本对系统差别定价策略和利润的影响。研究发现,新产品与再造品之间的替代程度越高,系统成员利润和系统渠道效率都越高。
在前面研究的基础上,进一步构建了零售商回收运营成本信息不对称下闭环供应链差别定价模型,运用博弈论和最优化理论对模型进行了分析和求解。提出了一种收益费用共享协调契约,有效地抑制了非对称信息下零售商谎报其回收运营成本信息的利己行为,并实现了闭环供应链系统的协调和效率优化。最后,通过数值仿真对模型的各种结论进行了验证,对各主要参数进行敏感性分析,并与前面对称信息下的模型进行了对比分析。论文中所得出的各种结论能为闭环供应链中企业的决策实践提供有用的理论依据。
The problems of population, environment and resource have been three major problems of the human society being faced, and environmental and resource issues is particularly outstanding in our modern society, and thus the development cycle and low-carbon economy has become the core of modern economy. The recycling project is also become an important strategy for modern manufacturing enterprises operation. This behavior on the one hand recycling business force the government environmental protection laws and policies related to external pressure. On the other hand, much as the recovery and recycling enterprises can reduce their production costs, has won the reputation of environmental protection, increase profits and increase market competitiveness. Study on the pricing and coordination mechanism design of closed-loop supply chain system is extremely important theoretical and practical significance for the recovery mode choice and performance management of the closed-loop supply chain system, and the income distribution and improve overall operating efficiency of closed-loop supply chain system etc.
Although the study about the closed-loop supply chain system modeling has made great progress, the emergence of a number of pricing and coordination model in the past few years, almost all of these models based on the remain in the market demand is determined, information symmetry, and recycling products and no difference in the case of new products research, and the existence of these models are themselves one way or another theory and method defects, and there is a big gap for t the operation of closed loop supply chain management practices. The paper take full account of more realistic various circumstances, such as asymmetric information, multi-retailer competition and new product and the price difference between recycled goods, etc. The paper constructs the corresponding model, and analyses the pricing decisions. And to further explore the complex case closed-loop supply chain coordination mechanisms designed to achieve closed-loop supply chain coordination and efficiency of optimization. Its main contents are as follows:
Firstly, the coordination of the closed-loop supply chain and its theoretical base are studied in the paper. These include:closed-loop supply chain re-definition content, and analyses the characteristics and key processes of the closed-loop supply chain from at the point of the integration of the forward and reverse logistics; And then the paper analyses the three different recovery models and the main features, and use game theory to analyze the stackelberg problems in the closed-loop supply chain, and describes the system design and coordination mechanism in the display principle, the mechanism for the follow-up to find a theoretical basis for the design.
Then, the pricing and contract coordination design issues of closed-loop supply chain system are studied in the paper. The pricing and contract coordination design issues are studied under asymmetric information by building models of different recycling closed-loop supply chain pricing model, and analyze the optimal pricing strategies of each member and profits, and comparative analysis between variety of models; The paper propose a coordination contract revenue sharing costs to achieve the closed-loop supply chain coordination and efficiency of optimization; The pricing and contract coordination model of the closed-loop supply chain was constructed based on the situation of asymmetric information of the retailers recovery costs; By use of the game theory and optimization theory solve the decision-making model, the study found that retailers is always false information on their recycling motivation operating costs. For the asymmetric information situation, proposes a coordination contract revenue sharing costs, effectively drawing up the recovery of operating costs retailers misrepresent their self-interest behavior. Further expansion of the retail competition of the closed-loop supply chain system, studies on the contract pricing and coordination mechanisms, and analyzes comparatively with the pricing model about a single retailer above. Finally, the numerical simulation is analyzed to validate the models various conclusions.
The differential pricing model of closed-loop supply chain system is built under asymmetric information assumptions based on the differences between the recycled products and new products. The paper analyzes and solves these models by use of game theory and optimization theory, and obtains manufacturers and retailers the optimal pricing strategies and profits, and proposes a coordination contract revenue sharing to achieve cost efficiency and optimization of the system., and differential pricing and non-differential pricing strategies were compared. The paper studies the differential impact of a new product and the recycling coefficient of substitution, the retailer's operating costs to pricing strategies and profits of the system. The result found that new products and the degree of substitution between recycled products make for the system members profit and system profit and channel efficiency.
Based on the above research, and further the differential pricing model is built under asymmetric information of the retail operating recovery cost in the closed-loop supply chain system. By use of game theory and optimization theory, this model is analyzed and solved. The paper proposes a revenue and expenses sharing coordination contract to effectively fiction retailer false information on their operating costs under asymmetric information and recovery of self-interest behavior, and achieve coordination and efficiency of optimization of the closed-loop supply chain system. Finally, the numerical simulation is analyzed to validate the models various conclusions, and the paper analyzes the sensitivity of the main parameters, and compares with the previous model under asymmetric information. These results can provide a useful theoretical basis for the decision-making practice of corporate in the closed-loop supply chain.
引文
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