大回旋电子束形成技术及其应用研究
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摘要
潘尼管是一种新型的利用大回旋电子注与电磁波进行注波互作用的快波器件。与普通回旋管基于相对论效应的电子角向群聚的换能机制不同,潘尼管则是利用电子回旋中心的位置偏移实现电子与高频场之间的能量转移。整个能换过程中所有的电子都向高频场交出能量,不存在“不利”电子,因而电子注在能换作用完成后能量较为单一,易于利用降压收集极技术收集。正是这种特殊的注波互作用机制,使其在高次谐波工作时不仅能使工作磁场成倍降低,而且仍能保持较高的效率,受到了各国科研人员的关注,有利于发展永磁包装的中等功率高效毫米波、亚毫米波源。研究发现,电子注质量的好坏对潘尼管的性能影响很大,因而探索新型的、与潘尼管相匹配的电子光学系统是人们亟待解决的重要课题之一。
本文从电子运动方程、正则角动量守恒和能量守恒出发,推导出电子在理想会切和非理想会切磁场情况下的径向、角向及轴向运动方程,并求出其解析解,指出大回旋电子束形成的关键是必须有作用于电子注的倒向磁场。提出了大回旋电子枪的引导中心漂移补偿法,而后在这种方法的指导下,对不同类型大回旋电子枪进行了具体的分析和设计计算。主要工作及成果如下：
1.在深入研究大回旋电子注形成基本理论的基础上,舍弃理想化假定,导出了适用于任意缓变倒向场的直接联系阴极区与互作用区束参量的关系式。深入分析了影响速度零散的因素与抑制措施,以及引导中心的偏移规律和进行补偿的可能性,进而提出了任意缓变倒向场大回旋电子枪设计理论一引导中心漂移补偿法。这种方法抛弃了尽可能逼近理想倒向磁场的传统思路,利用实际可获得的不同倒向场,通过首先控制起始点的位置速度零散,进而用调节电场分布来控制电子通过倒向区的状态,对非理想倒向场可能引起的引导中心漂移进行补偿,最后在互作用区得到偏心很小,速度零散也很小的大回旋电子注。
2.利用上述理论,设计了一支低速度零散、偏心较小的大回旋电子枪。该电子枪利用实际磁系统可获得的倒向场,并计及了结构设计的要求,极大降低了制管工艺和结构的复杂性。阴极发射带可以置于倒向点前的轴向磁场幅值渐减区域,通过控制各条轨迹起始点的正则角动量差异,并利用多种不利因素的相互抵消作用来减小偏心与速度零散。同时,给出了两种重要的调节方法,即细调电子枪在磁场中的轴向位置和阴极中心的凸起高度,为获得高质量大回旋电子注提供了一条新的实用途径。
3.为了减小大发射面下的位置零散,在上述理论指导下,提出了利用磁控注入枪来产生大回旋电子注的新方案,并设计了电子枪。该枪的阴极发射带平行于系统轴线和磁力线,避免了在阴极处的初始角动量零散,在大电流情况下工作时仍可获得低速度零散的高质量电子注；新增的电极可以用来微调电子束的质量,以满足不同大回旋器件的要求。这种宽阴极发射带、大电流工作的磁控注入式大回旋电子枪,在第一和第二阳极电压分别为0.6kV和50kV时,所得电子注横向速度零散仅为0.65%,引导中心偏移为6.1%,横纵速度比为1.67。这为大回旋器件的研究者提供了一条新的实用大回旋电子枪设计方案。
4.编制了潘尼管的自洽非线性计算程序,提高了计算速度,对用我们设计的电子枪驱动潘尼管进行了综合研究,设计了一支三次谐波潘尼管倒向场大回旋电子枪。计及电子注的偏心7.18%与速度零散4.78%,该潘尼管可获得33.5kW的输出功率,效率达到54.3%。
5.设计了一个永磁包装三次谐波潘尼管系统。在43.5kV、1.45A下,所设计的电子枪能产生速度比2.03、速度零散4.48%、偏心6.79%的大回旋电子注。在该大回旋电子枪的驱动下,潘尼管器件功率可达35.4kW,效率可达56.0%。永磁系统的设计中,采用钕铁硼作为永磁材料。该磁系统体积小、结构紧凑,总重量在100kg左右。能够满足机载、车载等可移动装置的需求,为实际研制永磁包装潘尼管打下了基础,有重要实用前景。
Peniotron is a cyclotron fast wave tube. Different from the electron cyclotron maser interaction used in conventional gyrotrons, the peniotron using phase separation effect to realize the net energy exchange between the electrons and the high frequency field. There are no "adverse" electrons in the entire energy exchange process and the residual energy of all the electrons are relatively the same, it's easy to collect using the depressed collector technology, In addition, the strong magnetic field usually provided by superconducting magnet could be lowered greatly by selecting the high order gyro-harmonic mode, while relative high energy conversion efficiency still can be obtained. It's a more conductive way for developing median power high efficiency millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave source with permanent magnet system. As a result, many researchers pay great attention to the peniotron due to its high efficiency. It's discovered that the beam quality has a great influence on the device performance, so it's an important issue to explore new electron optical system to meet the peniotron's requirements.
Based on the equation of electron motion, the conservation of canonical angular momentum and the total energy, we derived the electron's radial, angular and axial motion equation in the ideal cusp and non-ideal cusp respectively, and obtained the analytical solution. It pointed out that the key in the formation of large-orbit electron beam was the reversal magnetic field. Then, we analyzed the different kinds of large-orbit electron gun in detail, and designed the electron optical system of the third-harmonic peniotron. The main works and results are listed bellow.
Firstly, on the basis of analyzing the general regularities of electron motion in the general reversal field, we derived the relationship between parameters at the cathode and parameters at the interaction area irrespective of the intermediate process, which simplifies the analysis of different program. Then we analyzed the various causes of the velocity spread and the rules of the guiding center deviation, and the corresponding velocity spread suppression method and the guiding center compensation method of the large-orbit electron beam were brought forward. The cores of the guiding center compensation method including the several parts:using the magnetic field configuration that can be realized practically; controlling the initial magnetic flux spread; and adjusting the electrons' phase at the Cusp area.
Secondly, a novel approach to get large-orbit electron beam is demonstrated using gradually-changing reversal magnetic field. On the basis of gradually-changing reversal magnetic field theory, we designed a large-orbit electron beam with low velocity spread and low guiding center deviation. Different from the traditional three-step method, our design doesn't pursuit the formation of thin tubular electron beam and the utilization of mutation reversal magnetic field, which reduces the difficulties of structure complexity and tube-making process, In addition, the cathode emission band can be placed in the axial magnetic field before the magnetic reversal point where its magnitude decreasing gradually, by controlling the angular momentum differences between every trajectory starting points and using the offset effect of various unfavorable factors to reduce eccentricity and velocity spread. We provide two technical ways to obtain high quality large-orbit electron beam:fine-tuning the axial position of the electron gun in the magnetic field and adjusting the height of the central proection.
Thirdly, the generation of axis-encircling large-orbit electron beam using magnetron type injection gun is studied theoretically and numerically. In the simulation, the magnetic field is no longer an ideal one; instead, it's a gradually reversal magnetic field that can be realized by actually coils and magnetic shield, which increases the possibility of application, In addition, the cathode emission band is parallel no longer to the system's axis but also to the magnetic field lines, in this way it eliminates the initial angular momentum spread at the cathode and helps to reduce the velocity spread greatly. By adjusting the voltages of the two anodes, the beam quality can be modulated easily to meet the specific requirements of different gyro-devices. Through numerical simulation by EGUN, a large-orbit electron beam with axial velocity spread of1.82%, guiding center deviation of6.1%, and velocity ratio of1.67is obtained. The scheme provides a new electron gun candidate for the large-orbit devices.
Fourthly, we write the self-consistent nonlinear program for peniotron, by which the compute speed is increased greatly. The four-slotted third-harmonic peniotron is deeply studied by the small signal theory and an example peniotron is designed. Based on the requirements of the third-harmonic peniotron, we designed a large-orbit electron gun. In the gun, an electron beam with axial velocity spread of4.78%, guiding center deviation of7.18%and velocity ratio of2.2is generated, which satisfies the special requirements of beam-wave interaction in third-harmonic peniotron. Driven by this gun, the peniotron is predicted to yield an output power of31.9kW at30GHz, with the microwave conversion efficiency up to49.4%, which shows the perfect matching between the high frequency system and its electron-optical system. Finally, it is found that the device performance is very sensitive to the relative axial position between the magnetic system and the electrode system. If the magnetic system shifts to the right for0.8mm, the device efficiency would decrease from49.4%to31.7%. This phenomenon provides meaningful information in the device hot-test.
Lastly, based on the reliability of current magnetic and process condition, the permanent magnet system and the large-orbit electron gun are designed. The NdFeB32is used for the permanent magnet material. The size of the total magnet is small and compact enough, and the total weight is about100kg. The amplitude of the main field is0.396T, and the length of the uniform region is as long as50mm. After optimization, an axis-encircling electron beam with axial velocity spread4.48%, guiding centre deviation ratio6.97%and high velocity ratio2.03is obtained, which satisfies the3rd-harmonic peniotron. Driven by the electron gun, an output power of35.4kW is obtained and the device efficiency is up to56.0%, this is an attractive result in laboratory platform.
本文从电子运动方程、正则角动量守恒和能量守恒出发,推导出电子在理想会切和非理想会切磁场情况下的径向、角向及轴向运动方程,并求出其解析解,指出大回旋电子束形成的关键是必须有作用于电子注的倒向磁场。提出了大回旋电子枪的引导中心漂移补偿法,而后在这种方法的指导下,对不同类型大回旋电子枪进行了具体的分析和设计计算。主要工作及成果如下：
1.在深入研究大回旋电子注形成基本理论的基础上,舍弃理想化假定,导出了适用于任意缓变倒向场的直接联系阴极区与互作用区束参量的关系式。深入分析了影响速度零散的因素与抑制措施,以及引导中心的偏移规律和进行补偿的可能性,进而提出了任意缓变倒向场大回旋电子枪设计理论一引导中心漂移补偿法。这种方法抛弃了尽可能逼近理想倒向磁场的传统思路,利用实际可获得的不同倒向场,通过首先控制起始点的位置速度零散,进而用调节电场分布来控制电子通过倒向区的状态,对非理想倒向场可能引起的引导中心漂移进行补偿,最后在互作用区得到偏心很小,速度零散也很小的大回旋电子注。
2.利用上述理论,设计了一支低速度零散、偏心较小的大回旋电子枪。该电子枪利用实际磁系统可获得的倒向场,并计及了结构设计的要求,极大降低了制管工艺和结构的复杂性。阴极发射带可以置于倒向点前的轴向磁场幅值渐减区域,通过控制各条轨迹起始点的正则角动量差异,并利用多种不利因素的相互抵消作用来减小偏心与速度零散。同时,给出了两种重要的调节方法,即细调电子枪在磁场中的轴向位置和阴极中心的凸起高度,为获得高质量大回旋电子注提供了一条新的实用途径。
3.为了减小大发射面下的位置零散,在上述理论指导下,提出了利用磁控注入枪来产生大回旋电子注的新方案,并设计了电子枪。该枪的阴极发射带平行于系统轴线和磁力线,避免了在阴极处的初始角动量零散,在大电流情况下工作时仍可获得低速度零散的高质量电子注；新增的电极可以用来微调电子束的质量,以满足不同大回旋器件的要求。这种宽阴极发射带、大电流工作的磁控注入式大回旋电子枪,在第一和第二阳极电压分别为0.6kV和50kV时,所得电子注横向速度零散仅为0.65%,引导中心偏移为6.1%,横纵速度比为1.67。这为大回旋器件的研究者提供了一条新的实用大回旋电子枪设计方案。
4.编制了潘尼管的自洽非线性计算程序,提高了计算速度,对用我们设计的电子枪驱动潘尼管进行了综合研究,设计了一支三次谐波潘尼管倒向场大回旋电子枪。计及电子注的偏心7.18%与速度零散4.78%,该潘尼管可获得33.5kW的输出功率,效率达到54.3%。
5.设计了一个永磁包装三次谐波潘尼管系统。在43.5kV、1.45A下,所设计的电子枪能产生速度比2.03、速度零散4.48%、偏心6.79%的大回旋电子注。在该大回旋电子枪的驱动下,潘尼管器件功率可达35.4kW,效率可达56.0%。永磁系统的设计中,采用钕铁硼作为永磁材料。该磁系统体积小、结构紧凑,总重量在100kg左右。能够满足机载、车载等可移动装置的需求,为实际研制永磁包装潘尼管打下了基础,有重要实用前景。
Peniotron is a cyclotron fast wave tube. Different from the electron cyclotron maser interaction used in conventional gyrotrons, the peniotron using phase separation effect to realize the net energy exchange between the electrons and the high frequency field. There are no "adverse" electrons in the entire energy exchange process and the residual energy of all the electrons are relatively the same, it's easy to collect using the depressed collector technology, In addition, the strong magnetic field usually provided by superconducting magnet could be lowered greatly by selecting the high order gyro-harmonic mode, while relative high energy conversion efficiency still can be obtained. It's a more conductive way for developing median power high efficiency millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave source with permanent magnet system. As a result, many researchers pay great attention to the peniotron due to its high efficiency. It's discovered that the beam quality has a great influence on the device performance, so it's an important issue to explore new electron optical system to meet the peniotron's requirements.
Based on the equation of electron motion, the conservation of canonical angular momentum and the total energy, we derived the electron's radial, angular and axial motion equation in the ideal cusp and non-ideal cusp respectively, and obtained the analytical solution. It pointed out that the key in the formation of large-orbit electron beam was the reversal magnetic field. Then, we analyzed the different kinds of large-orbit electron gun in detail, and designed the electron optical system of the third-harmonic peniotron. The main works and results are listed bellow.
Firstly, on the basis of analyzing the general regularities of electron motion in the general reversal field, we derived the relationship between parameters at the cathode and parameters at the interaction area irrespective of the intermediate process, which simplifies the analysis of different program. Then we analyzed the various causes of the velocity spread and the rules of the guiding center deviation, and the corresponding velocity spread suppression method and the guiding center compensation method of the large-orbit electron beam were brought forward. The cores of the guiding center compensation method including the several parts:using the magnetic field configuration that can be realized practically; controlling the initial magnetic flux spread; and adjusting the electrons' phase at the Cusp area.
Secondly, a novel approach to get large-orbit electron beam is demonstrated using gradually-changing reversal magnetic field. On the basis of gradually-changing reversal magnetic field theory, we designed a large-orbit electron beam with low velocity spread and low guiding center deviation. Different from the traditional three-step method, our design doesn't pursuit the formation of thin tubular electron beam and the utilization of mutation reversal magnetic field, which reduces the difficulties of structure complexity and tube-making process, In addition, the cathode emission band can be placed in the axial magnetic field before the magnetic reversal point where its magnitude decreasing gradually, by controlling the angular momentum differences between every trajectory starting points and using the offset effect of various unfavorable factors to reduce eccentricity and velocity spread. We provide two technical ways to obtain high quality large-orbit electron beam:fine-tuning the axial position of the electron gun in the magnetic field and adjusting the height of the central proection.
Thirdly, the generation of axis-encircling large-orbit electron beam using magnetron type injection gun is studied theoretically and numerically. In the simulation, the magnetic field is no longer an ideal one; instead, it's a gradually reversal magnetic field that can be realized by actually coils and magnetic shield, which increases the possibility of application, In addition, the cathode emission band is parallel no longer to the system's axis but also to the magnetic field lines, in this way it eliminates the initial angular momentum spread at the cathode and helps to reduce the velocity spread greatly. By adjusting the voltages of the two anodes, the beam quality can be modulated easily to meet the specific requirements of different gyro-devices. Through numerical simulation by EGUN, a large-orbit electron beam with axial velocity spread of1.82%, guiding center deviation of6.1%, and velocity ratio of1.67is obtained. The scheme provides a new electron gun candidate for the large-orbit devices.
Fourthly, we write the self-consistent nonlinear program for peniotron, by which the compute speed is increased greatly. The four-slotted third-harmonic peniotron is deeply studied by the small signal theory and an example peniotron is designed. Based on the requirements of the third-harmonic peniotron, we designed a large-orbit electron gun. In the gun, an electron beam with axial velocity spread of4.78%, guiding center deviation of7.18%and velocity ratio of2.2is generated, which satisfies the special requirements of beam-wave interaction in third-harmonic peniotron. Driven by this gun, the peniotron is predicted to yield an output power of31.9kW at30GHz, with the microwave conversion efficiency up to49.4%, which shows the perfect matching between the high frequency system and its electron-optical system. Finally, it is found that the device performance is very sensitive to the relative axial position between the magnetic system and the electrode system. If the magnetic system shifts to the right for0.8mm, the device efficiency would decrease from49.4%to31.7%. This phenomenon provides meaningful information in the device hot-test.
Lastly, based on the reliability of current magnetic and process condition, the permanent magnet system and the large-orbit electron gun are designed. The NdFeB32is used for the permanent magnet material. The size of the total magnet is small and compact enough, and the total weight is about100kg. The amplitude of the main field is0.396T, and the length of the uniform region is as long as50mm. After optimization, an axis-encircling electron beam with axial velocity spread4.48%, guiding centre deviation ratio6.97%and high velocity ratio2.03is obtained, which satisfies the3rd-harmonic peniotron. Driven by the electron gun, an output power of35.4kW is obtained and the device efficiency is up to56.0%, this is an attractive result in laboratory platform.
引文
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