国际结算中的票据问题研究
摘要
国际结算随国际贸易的产生而产生。国际贸易中,货物和金钱的相对给付是不可能由买卖双方当面完成的。卖方发货交单,买方凭单付款,以银行为中介,以票据为工具进行结算,是当代国际结算的基本特征。票据在国际结算中占据重要地位,国际结算中的票据在应用流通中产生的问题是国际结算领域的重要问题,关系着国际结算秩序的正常运转,及国际间资金的安全流通。本文对国际结算中的票据进行了全面分析研究,对国际结算票据特征、作用及应用以及法律适用问题进行阐述,同时分析了跟单信用证这种主要国际结算方式项下的汇票问题,并对国际结算中的电子票据问题做出建设性提议。
Basic characteristics of modern international accounts settlement is non-cash settlement,i.e., in account-settlement people use other credit instruments other than money to perform the dealings, and these credit instruments's role is taken mainly by notes.Therefore, the notes become the widely used credit instrument. In a certain sense, notes can be called the tool of international balance of accounts.Comparing with local notes, the notes in the international balance of accounts is of special traits in that they are not only adjusted and restrained by the law of notes, but also by international law of private property, international regulations of trade practice and international regulations of commercial practice...etc. Thus, my thesis will expound the practice of notes usage during the international account settlement on the basis of princples and provisions regulated by laws. Exactly because the wide usage and spread of the notes, the funds can thus be settled to the lagest extent in the global scope. The usage of notes help to increase the efficiency and security of international balance of account greatly, so the property, characteristics, function, law applicabability of the notes, and the concrete applyance in international account settlement and the modern electronic business related to notes are the initial problems in the study of international balance of accounts.
This text mainly study the problems related to notes in the international balance of accounts, and the problems will be dealed with in four parts. And the text is aimed at trying to make the note activity go on wheel in the international balance of accounts.
The main contents of the first part is the conspectus of the note problem in the international balance of accounts. Firstly, while being different in characteristics compared with common notes, the note in the international balance of accounts ,with its traits of international trade, its relation with foreign affairs, with the multiplied law regulaltions and adjustments, is in need of being analysed and reserched. The second point disscussed in the first part is the function and application of the note in the international balance of accounts. The function is that they can be utiliezed in payment, account settlement and circulation, and utilized as credit and funds, and therefore got an extensive application in the international balance of accounts. Usually in these international account settlements such as remit pay, receipt trusteeship and credit, the notes are needed.The third point is the comparison research of the international notes and local notes. This comparison is devided into three aspects: the comparision of note category and that of the note contents and the note practice, makeing the characteristics of the notes in the international balance of accounts much clearer.
The main contents of the second part is about the applyance of the law of notes in the international balance of accounts. British scholar Morris ponts out: The bank draft,check and promissory note can cause law conflicts very easily in regard to their property. In international accounts settlement, several cross-border note practices would occur concerning the same note, which makes the law applyance of the notes a more trouble-causing problem.In this part, the characteristics of the law appliance of the notes in international accounts settlement will be analyzed fist. The characteristics include three aspects: complexity of the law appliance, the widespread adoption of partition system and the appliance of self-discipline principle, or the abandon of the above three. Secondly, the principles of law appliance of the notes will be discussed. And these principles will be analyzed in detail in seven aspects as follows, the ability of trading notes, the methods of trading notes, the validity of the note form, the rights and obligations of the party concerned, the time limit, prompt and resistance of note claim, the notice of payment refusal and remedy in the case of the loss of notes.
The third part mainy study the problems concerning the bank drafts laws on the condition of single note of credit. Above all I will expound the law property of bank drafts with sigle note of credit. The note of credit and bank draft are concomitantly created, and this is why the existence of bank drafts at the very appearance of note of credit. And the reason why the bank drafts are still in use is that the notes have the function of credit, currency and accounts settlement. The credit notes are a kind of payment with conditions, and its premises is the correspondence of the single notes of credit. On the other hand, bank drafts is a payment without conditional demands, the only premises of payment is to meet the relevent provisions. In this sense, the conflict of the two is definit, because if the credit notes are banned, the bank notes with that credit will be invalid. Next problem to be analyzed is about the law problems concerning the bank notes with single note of credit in international balance of accounts, including the bank notes trading practice and the characteristics of the party concerned. Last but not least, I will analyze how to solve the conflicts with the bank notes with single credit note. The three conflicts concerned are that of written form demanded of the bank notes between international regulations of credit notes, the conflicts of the standard of bank notes and the criterion of credit notes and that of unconditional payment of the bank notes and conditional payment of the credit notes.
The forth part is mainly about the researth on electronic notes in international balance of accounts. In the law of electronic notes in international accounts settlement there are two major ponits. One of them is how the law of traditional system can accept these electronic notes and thus make them legalized. The most critical difficulty includes the conflict between the electronic notes and regulated written form of the notes in each country together with the value of the overload data in the electronic notes.The former difficulty means whether the electronic notes can satisfy the provisions in each country, and thus be accepted and proteced by the laws. And the latter difficulty means whether the data in the notes can serve to be the legal proof accepted by court in each country when disputes concerning electronic notes occurs. The second major point is about the establishment of the electronic notes circulating mechanism. In order to carry out all the functions of the paper notes, the eletronic notes should circulate freely and then realize its commercial value in the circulation. If the electronic notes are to be circulated freely, it is important to realize the essence of the traditional circulation. So the demanded written form of the notes and handwritten signiture, both of which take paper as its medium, should not be enforced on the electronic notes. A new mechanism which functions in the electronic environment should be established according to the nature of circulation.
Based on the above dissertation, the writer analyzed and clarified the important status of the notes used in the international account settlement in international trade, the advancement of its theory and practice. International settlement business will continue with the development of international trade. Modern communication equipments are widely applicable in trade, transport, banking, insurance and other industries, which will make the international settlement business progress towards the direction of non-paper notes, and will square the debt among countries more efficiently and accurately . In recent years, with the continuously expansile and embedded international economic exchanges, China used a variety of flexible settlement methods in international trade, in particular, the increasing use of notes bring more convenience for people. It requires us to use the legal systems and international practice of the world for reference, and improve Chinese Commercial Instrument Law system, reducing the note risk in international economic exchanges.
Basic characteristics of modern international accounts settlement is non-cash settlement,i.e., in account-settlement people use other credit instruments other than money to perform the dealings, and these credit instruments's role is taken mainly by notes.Therefore, the notes become the widely used credit instrument. In a certain sense, notes can be called the tool of international balance of accounts.Comparing with local notes, the notes in the international balance of accounts is of special traits in that they are not only adjusted and restrained by the law of notes, but also by international law of private property, international regulations of trade practice and international regulations of commercial practice...etc. Thus, my thesis will expound the practice of notes usage during the international account settlement on the basis of princples and provisions regulated by laws. Exactly because the wide usage and spread of the notes, the funds can thus be settled to the lagest extent in the global scope. The usage of notes help to increase the efficiency and security of international balance of account greatly, so the property, characteristics, function, law applicabability of the notes, and the concrete applyance in international account settlement and the modern electronic business related to notes are the initial problems in the study of international balance of accounts.
This text mainly study the problems related to notes in the international balance of accounts, and the problems will be dealed with in four parts. And the text is aimed at trying to make the note activity go on wheel in the international balance of accounts.
The main contents of the first part is the conspectus of the note problem in the international balance of accounts. Firstly, while being different in characteristics compared with common notes, the note in the international balance of accounts ,with its traits of international trade, its relation with foreign affairs, with the multiplied law regulaltions and adjustments, is in need of being analysed and reserched. The second point disscussed in the first part is the function and application of the note in the international balance of accounts. The function is that they can be utiliezed in payment, account settlement and circulation, and utilized as credit and funds, and therefore got an extensive application in the international balance of accounts. Usually in these international account settlements such as remit pay, receipt trusteeship and credit, the notes are needed.The third point is the comparison research of the international notes and local notes. This comparison is devided into three aspects: the comparision of note category and that of the note contents and the note practice, makeing the characteristics of the notes in the international balance of accounts much clearer.
The main contents of the second part is about the applyance of the law of notes in the international balance of accounts. British scholar Morris ponts out: The bank draft,check and promissory note can cause law conflicts very easily in regard to their property. In international accounts settlement, several cross-border note practices would occur concerning the same note, which makes the law applyance of the notes a more trouble-causing problem.In this part, the characteristics of the law appliance of the notes in international accounts settlement will be analyzed fist. The characteristics include three aspects: complexity of the law appliance, the widespread adoption of partition system and the appliance of self-discipline principle, or the abandon of the above three. Secondly, the principles of law appliance of the notes will be discussed. And these principles will be analyzed in detail in seven aspects as follows, the ability of trading notes, the methods of trading notes, the validity of the note form, the rights and obligations of the party concerned, the time limit, prompt and resistance of note claim, the notice of payment refusal and remedy in the case of the loss of notes.
The third part mainy study the problems concerning the bank drafts laws on the condition of single note of credit. Above all I will expound the law property of bank drafts with sigle note of credit. The note of credit and bank draft are concomitantly created, and this is why the existence of bank drafts at the very appearance of note of credit. And the reason why the bank drafts are still in use is that the notes have the function of credit, currency and accounts settlement. The credit notes are a kind of payment with conditions, and its premises is the correspondence of the single notes of credit. On the other hand, bank drafts is a payment without conditional demands, the only premises of payment is to meet the relevent provisions. In this sense, the conflict of the two is definit, because if the credit notes are banned, the bank notes with that credit will be invalid. Next problem to be analyzed is about the law problems concerning the bank notes with single note of credit in international balance of accounts, including the bank notes trading practice and the characteristics of the party concerned. Last but not least, I will analyze how to solve the conflicts with the bank notes with single credit note. The three conflicts concerned are that of written form demanded of the bank notes between international regulations of credit notes, the conflicts of the standard of bank notes and the criterion of credit notes and that of unconditional payment of the bank notes and conditional payment of the credit notes.
The forth part is mainly about the researth on electronic notes in international balance of accounts. In the law of electronic notes in international accounts settlement there are two major ponits. One of them is how the law of traditional system can accept these electronic notes and thus make them legalized. The most critical difficulty includes the conflict between the electronic notes and regulated written form of the notes in each country together with the value of the overload data in the electronic notes.The former difficulty means whether the electronic notes can satisfy the provisions in each country, and thus be accepted and proteced by the laws. And the latter difficulty means whether the data in the notes can serve to be the legal proof accepted by court in each country when disputes concerning electronic notes occurs. The second major point is about the establishment of the electronic notes circulating mechanism. In order to carry out all the functions of the paper notes, the eletronic notes should circulate freely and then realize its commercial value in the circulation. If the electronic notes are to be circulated freely, it is important to realize the essence of the traditional circulation. So the demanded written form of the notes and handwritten signiture, both of which take paper as its medium, should not be enforced on the electronic notes. A new mechanism which functions in the electronic environment should be established according to the nature of circulation.
Based on the above dissertation, the writer analyzed and clarified the important status of the notes used in the international account settlement in international trade, the advancement of its theory and practice. International settlement business will continue with the development of international trade. Modern communication equipments are widely applicable in trade, transport, banking, insurance and other industries, which will make the international settlement business progress towards the direction of non-paper notes, and will square the debt among countries more efficiently and accurately . In recent years, with the continuously expansile and embedded international economic exchanges, China used a variety of flexible settlement methods in international trade, in particular, the increasing use of notes bring more convenience for people. It requires us to use the legal systems and international practice of the world for reference, and improve Chinese Commercial Instrument Law system, reducing the note risk in international economic exchanges.
引文
[1]沈瑞年、尹继红、庞红:《国际结算》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 1 页。
[2][英]莫里斯:《法律冲突法》,李东来等译,中国对外翻译出版公司1990 年第 1 版,第 368 页。
[3]参见方士华:《<英国票据法>与<日内瓦统一法>之比较研究》,《国际商务研究》1999 年第 2 期,第 36 页。
[4]参见李双元:《国际私法·冲突篇》,武汉大学出版社 1993 年第 1 版,第 341 页。
[5]参见王瀚、黄静:《国际票据法律适用问题比较研究》,《现代法学》1997 年第 5 期,第 4 页。
[6][日]北胁敏一:《国际私法—国际关系法》,姚梅镇译,法律出版社1989 年版第 1 版,第 111-112 页。
[7]参见王瀚、黄静:《国际票据法律适用问题比较研究》,《现代法学》1997 年第 5 期,第 4 页。
[8][法]亨利·巴迪福:《国际私法各论》,曾陈明汝译,台湾正中书局1979 年第 1 版,第 343 页。
[9]参见[日]北胁敏一:《国际私法——国际关系法》,姚梅镇译,法律出版社 1989 年第 1 版,第 223 页。
[10]赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年第 1 版,第 184 页。
[11]“场所支配行为”是国际私法中的一项冲突规则,由意大利法学家巴特鲁斯所创立。认为法律行为方式应由行为地法来决定,只要某一行为符合行为地法的规定,那么世界各国都应承认它的合法性。
[12]参见[德]沃尔夫:《国际私法》,李浩培等译,法律出版社 1988 年第 1 版,第 630 页。
[13]刘铁铮:《国际私法论丛》,台湾国立政治大学出版社 1984 年第 3版,第 147 页。
[14][德]沃尔夫:《国际私法》,李浩培等译,法律出版社 1988 年第 1版,第 639 页。
[15]参见李金泽:《信用证与国际贸易融资法律问题》,中国金融出版社2004 年第 1 版,第 51 页。
[16]参见金赛波、李健:《信用证法律》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第117 页。
[17]参见何家宝:《信用证与汇票法律关系比较研究》,《法学》2003 年第 4 期,第 58 页。
[18]参见苏宗样主编:《国际结算》,中国金融出版社1998年第2版,第76页。
[19]参见张新建:《电子票据的书面形式问题及其解决》,法律快车网,http://www.lawtime.cn/zhishi/piaoju/pjzhipiao/pjzdianzi/2007041958074_6.html,2008 年 1 月 20 日。
[20]参见[美]小詹姆斯·C·肯博伊:《银行家法学原理》,张必来译,中国计划出版社 2001 年第 1 版,第 221-241 页。
[21]参见方士华:《<英国票据法>与<日内瓦统一法>之比较研究》,《国际商务研究》1999 年第 2 期,第 36 页。
[22]参见刘颖、吕国民:《国际经济法资料选编》(下册),中信出版社2004 年第 1 版,第 125 页。
[23]参见向在胜:《论电子提单的流通性》,《武汉大学学报》(人文社科版)2005 年 1 月第 58 卷,第 54 页。
[24]参见吕国民:《国际贸易中法律问题研究》,法律出版社 2001 年第 1版,第 115 页。
[25]参见王雪民:《视听资料研究综述与评价》,中国法制出版社 2001 年第 1 版,124 页。
[26]何家弘、刘品新:《证据法学》,法律出版社2004年第1版,第26页。
[27]参见吕来明:《票据法基本制度评判》,中国法制出版社 2003 年第 1版,第 26 页。
[28]参见赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年第 1 版,第21 页。
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[30]参见蔡业冰:《电子签名在我国电子票据制度中的法律效力探讨》,中国大学生网,http://www.chinaue.com/html/2005-12/20051212171930511.html,2008 年 1 月 20 日。
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2.潘攀:《票据的法律冲突》,北京大学出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
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4.赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年第 1 版。
5.张东祥主编:《国际结算》,首都经济贸易大学出版社 2005 年第 1 版。
6.苏宗祥主编:《国际结算》,中国金融出版社 1998 年版第 2 版。
7.卓乃坚:《国际贸易支付与结算及其单证实务》,东华大学出版社 2005年第 1 版。
8.吕来明主编:《票据法基本制度评判》,中国法制出版社 2003 年第 1版。
9.何其生主编:《电子商务的法律应用》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
10.屈广清主编:《冲突法原理》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
11.何家弘、刘品新:《证据法学》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
12.何家弘:《电子证据法研究》,法律出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
13.范健:《商法》,高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社 2002 年第 2 版。
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15.李金泽:《信用证与国际贸易融资法律问题》,中国金融出版社 2004年第 1 版。
16.金赛波、李健:《信用证法律》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
17.金赛波:《中国信用证法律和重要案例点评》,对外经济贸易大学出版社 2002 年第 2 版。
18.吴兴光:《美国统一商法典概要》,华南理工大学出版社 1997 年第 1版。
19.韩德培:《国际私法》,高等教育出版社 2000 年第 1 版。
20.李双元等:《中国国际私法通论》,武汉大学出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
21.傅静坤:《契约冲突法论》,人民出版社 2001 年第 1 版。
22.王小能:《票据法教程》,北京大学出版社 2001 年第 1 版。
23.沈涓:《冲突法及其价值导向》,中国政法大学出版社 2002 年第 1版。
24.张德荣:《票据诉讼》,法律出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
25.[英]莫里斯:《法律冲突法》,李东来等译,中国对外翻译出版公司1990 年第 1 版。
26.[法]亨利·巴迪福等:《国际私法总论》,陈洪武等译,中国对外翻译出版社 1989 年第 1 版。
1.贾和平:《涉外票据诸法律问题探析——兼评 DZ 分行诉中国公司票据纠纷案》,《国际经贸探索》2004 年第 1 期。
2.李健男:《论国际票据法律制度的统一及其对我国的启示》,《南方金融》2004 年第 10 期。
3.何春欣:《跟单信用证下汇票的若干特殊法律问题研究》,《对外经贸实务》2003 年第 8 期。
4.周劲:《我国国际结算方式电子化的现状及趋势》,《中山大学学报论丛》2006 年 26 卷第 6 期。
5.李健男:《票据法律适用法比较研究》,《暨南学报》(人文科学与社会科学版)2004 年第 6 期。
6.向在胜:《论电子提单的流通性》,《武汉大学学报》(人文社会版)2005年第 1 期。
7.方士华:《<英国票据法>与<日内瓦统一法>之比较研究》,《国际商务研究》1999 年第 2 期。
8.何家宝:《信用证与汇票法律关系比较研究》,《法学》2003 年第 4 期。
9.王瀚、黄静:《国际票据法律适用问题比较研究》,《现代法学》1997年第 5 期。
[2][英]莫里斯:《法律冲突法》,李东来等译,中国对外翻译出版公司1990 年第 1 版,第 368 页。
[3]参见方士华:《<英国票据法>与<日内瓦统一法>之比较研究》,《国际商务研究》1999 年第 2 期,第 36 页。
[4]参见李双元:《国际私法·冲突篇》,武汉大学出版社 1993 年第 1 版,第 341 页。
[5]参见王瀚、黄静:《国际票据法律适用问题比较研究》,《现代法学》1997 年第 5 期,第 4 页。
[6][日]北胁敏一:《国际私法—国际关系法》,姚梅镇译,法律出版社1989 年版第 1 版,第 111-112 页。
[7]参见王瀚、黄静:《国际票据法律适用问题比较研究》,《现代法学》1997 年第 5 期,第 4 页。
[8][法]亨利·巴迪福:《国际私法各论》,曾陈明汝译,台湾正中书局1979 年第 1 版,第 343 页。
[9]参见[日]北胁敏一:《国际私法——国际关系法》,姚梅镇译,法律出版社 1989 年第 1 版,第 223 页。
[10]赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年第 1 版,第 184 页。
[11]“场所支配行为”是国际私法中的一项冲突规则,由意大利法学家巴特鲁斯所创立。认为法律行为方式应由行为地法来决定,只要某一行为符合行为地法的规定,那么世界各国都应承认它的合法性。
[12]参见[德]沃尔夫:《国际私法》,李浩培等译,法律出版社 1988 年第 1 版,第 630 页。
[13]刘铁铮:《国际私法论丛》,台湾国立政治大学出版社 1984 年第 3版,第 147 页。
[14][德]沃尔夫:《国际私法》,李浩培等译,法律出版社 1988 年第 1版,第 639 页。
[15]参见李金泽:《信用证与国际贸易融资法律问题》,中国金融出版社2004 年第 1 版,第 51 页。
[16]参见金赛波、李健:《信用证法律》,法律出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第117 页。
[17]参见何家宝:《信用证与汇票法律关系比较研究》,《法学》2003 年第 4 期,第 58 页。
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1.贾和平:《涉外票据诸法律问题探析——兼评 DZ 分行诉中国公司票据纠纷案》,《国际经贸探索》2004 年第 1 期。
2.李健男:《论国际票据法律制度的统一及其对我国的启示》,《南方金融》2004 年第 10 期。
3.何春欣:《跟单信用证下汇票的若干特殊法律问题研究》,《对外经贸实务》2003 年第 8 期。
4.周劲:《我国国际结算方式电子化的现状及趋势》,《中山大学学报论丛》2006 年 26 卷第 6 期。
5.李健男:《票据法律适用法比较研究》,《暨南学报》(人文科学与社会科学版)2004 年第 6 期。
6.向在胜:《论电子提单的流通性》,《武汉大学学报》(人文社会版)2005年第 1 期。
7.方士华:《<英国票据法>与<日内瓦统一法>之比较研究》,《国际商务研究》1999 年第 2 期。
8.何家宝:《信用证与汇票法律关系比较研究》,《法学》2003 年第 4 期。
9.王瀚、黄静:《国际票据法律适用问题比较研究》,《现代法学》1997年第 5 期。