基于IGCT的NPC三电平中压大容量变流装置关键技术研究
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摘要
本文围绕集成门极换流晶闸管(IGCT:Integrated gate commutated thyristor)和中点箝位式三电平(NPC-3L:neutral point clamped three level),对中压大容量变流装置的关键技术展开了研究,涉及了IGCT的器件特性和驱动技术、PEBB的实用设计方法、NPC-3L的调制策略以及中点平衡问题的解决。
第一,对4000A/4500V系列不对称型IGCT器件的驱动技术进行了研究。根据IGCT的基本结构与运行机理,得到IGCT的开通、关断、导通等基本功能对驱动电路的设计要求。分析了NPC-3L拓扑中不同工况下IGCT门阴极电位的变化规律,探讨了驱动电路对这些工况的检测以及相关的状态反馈、维持电流抑制、重触发等逻辑控制要求。设计研发了4000A/4500V系列不对称型GCT的门极驱动电路,对驱动电路的工作原理进行了说明。最后,通过电路基本功能测试、开关单脉冲测试与三电平工况测试,IGCT驱动的相关理论与驱动电路的性能得到了验证。
第二,使用简单的SPWM方式实现了不同控制目标SVPWM调制策略的等效。从线电压伏秒积守恒关系入手,建立线电压坐标系的空间矢量图和开关周期窗口移动图作为推导两种调制方式间等效算法的分析工具,在占空比和矢量序列上为两种调制方式之间的等效架起了桥梁。利用等效工具,以零序注入与调制波分解为手段,以降低开关损耗、优化波形质量、中点电压平衡为控制目标,推导了零序分量与调制波分解量的大小。仿真和实验表明,利用零序注入与调制波分解对多控制目标的SVPWM调制策略进行等效实现,不但简化了调制算法,而且实现了多控制目标调制策略的平滑转换。
第三,对NPC-3L变流器中点电位不平衡时,输出交流电压的补偿与中点电位的反馈控制问题进行了研究。提出了基于调制波分解和基于零序注入的两种中点电位反馈控制策略,在保证输出交流电压无畸变的同时还能实现中点电位的任意调节。这两种调制策略都基于SPWM原理,实现简单,适用于强化传统的中点电位平衡控制或需要对上下组直流电压进行分别控制的场合。文中分别给出了调制波分解和零序注入下中点电流的控制范围,并量化了零序注入时中点电位的低频波动幅值大小。
第四,提出了一种简单有效的IGCT变流器吸收箝位电路优化参数选取办法。通过换流工况的详细分析,提出了箝位电路的等效电路。根据等效电路进行了响应分析,综合考虑箝位电路的设计原则,作出了箝位电路关键性能与参数选取的关系曲线。根据曲线给出了优化参数的计算公式,不但大大简化了箝位电路的设计过程,而且降低了最小脉宽限制,提高了动态恢复速度。通过设计实例详细说明了箝位电路的设计流程,并进行了仿真与实验验证。
第五,对IGCT NPC-3L变流器的热损耗估算方法展开了研究。通过双脉冲测试确定了功率器件开关损耗计算公式的待定系数。针对传统热损耗估算方法限定调制方式和工况理想化引起的误差问题,建立了一种考虑交流电流纹波和中间直流电压脉动的适用于任何调制方式的通用型三电平热损耗仿真模型,PEBB的半桥功率测试说明模型的估算结果可以满足工程设计要求。利用仿真模型,本文还对极限不平衡发热工况下采取不同调制方式时PEBB的载流能力进行了仿真分析。
Focus on "IGCT" device and "NPC three-level" topology, key techniques of medium voltage high power converters are discussed in this dissertation, involves device characteristics and drive techniques of IGCT, design method of PEBB, modulation of NPC-3L and resolution of neutral point balance problem.
Firstly, drive techniques of4000A/4500V series asymmetric IGCT devices are discussed. The basic structure and operation mechanism of IGCT are analyzed, the design requirements of gate unit to achieve basic functions such as turn-on, turn-off and conducting are proposed. The variation rules of gate-to-cathode voltage according to different working conditions in NPC-3L topology are analyzed. How to detect these working conditions and related logical control requirements such as status detection, back-porch current limitation and retrigger are explained. A4000A/4500V asymmetric GCT gate unit is developed. Finally, through circuit basic function test, single pulse switching test and three-level operation mode test, the drive theory of IGCT and the performance of designed gate unit are verified.
Secondly, multiple objective SVPWM strategies is equivalent realized by simple SPWM principal. According to the principal of time-voltage product conservation, line voltage space vector diagram and switching window shift diagram are established to derive equivalent algorithms between the two modulation strategies. The two diagrams bridged the gap of duty cycle and vector sequence between the two modulation strategies. Based on the analyses, using zero sequence injection and modulation waveforms decomposition, a few different modulation algorithms are deduced to reduce switching loss, optimize output waveforms quality and balance the neutral point voltage. Simulation and experiments indicated that, using zero sequence injection and modulation waveforms decomposition to equivalent realize multiple objective SVPWM strategies, not only simplify the modulation algorithms, but also realize the smooth switching of different modulation strategies with each objectives.
Thirdly, output AC voltage compensation and neutral point voltage feedback control under neutral point voltage unbalanced conditions are discussed. Based on zero sequence injection or modulation waves decomposition, two neutral point feedback control strategies are proposed. Using the two strategies, not only output voltage can be guaranteed no distortion but also neutral point voltage can be adjusted at will. Both the two modulation strategies are based on SPWM principal, so they are very simple to realize, and suitable for enhancing neutral point balance control or applications where need to control up and down DC link voltage separately. The neutral point current control abilities of the two strategies are given separately, and the neutral point voltage low frequency fluctuation amplitude is also quantized when using zero sequence injection way.
Fourthly, a novel design method of the clamping circuit in IGCT converters is proposed and the calculation process has been greatly simplified. After a detailed analysis of the clamping circuit commutating process, an equivalent circuit is presented and its response analysis is made. According to the design rule of the clamping circuit, an optimal parameter design method is introduced, and it reduces the minimum pulse width and speed up the dynamic recovery process. Finally, a design example is presented. Simulations and experiments are made to verify the goodness of the result.
Fifthly, power loss estimation method for IGCT NPC-3L converter is discussed. The undetermined coefficients in switching loss calculation formulas are determined through double pulse test. Traditional loss estimation method is restricted by one particular modulation strategy and there is estimation error due to idealized working conditions. Aim at this problem, a universal NPC-3L power loss simulation estimator suitable for any modulation strategies is presented. Output current ripple and DC link voltage fluctuation are considered in the estimator. Through PEBB half bridge power test, the accuracy of estimator is verified to meet the engineering requirements. Through estimator calculation, the power capabilities of PEBB under different modulation strategies and critical thermal conditions are analyzed.
第一,对4000A/4500V系列不对称型IGCT器件的驱动技术进行了研究。根据IGCT的基本结构与运行机理,得到IGCT的开通、关断、导通等基本功能对驱动电路的设计要求。分析了NPC-3L拓扑中不同工况下IGCT门阴极电位的变化规律,探讨了驱动电路对这些工况的检测以及相关的状态反馈、维持电流抑制、重触发等逻辑控制要求。设计研发了4000A/4500V系列不对称型GCT的门极驱动电路,对驱动电路的工作原理进行了说明。最后,通过电路基本功能测试、开关单脉冲测试与三电平工况测试,IGCT驱动的相关理论与驱动电路的性能得到了验证。
第二,使用简单的SPWM方式实现了不同控制目标SVPWM调制策略的等效。从线电压伏秒积守恒关系入手,建立线电压坐标系的空间矢量图和开关周期窗口移动图作为推导两种调制方式间等效算法的分析工具,在占空比和矢量序列上为两种调制方式之间的等效架起了桥梁。利用等效工具,以零序注入与调制波分解为手段,以降低开关损耗、优化波形质量、中点电压平衡为控制目标,推导了零序分量与调制波分解量的大小。仿真和实验表明,利用零序注入与调制波分解对多控制目标的SVPWM调制策略进行等效实现,不但简化了调制算法,而且实现了多控制目标调制策略的平滑转换。
第三,对NPC-3L变流器中点电位不平衡时,输出交流电压的补偿与中点电位的反馈控制问题进行了研究。提出了基于调制波分解和基于零序注入的两种中点电位反馈控制策略,在保证输出交流电压无畸变的同时还能实现中点电位的任意调节。这两种调制策略都基于SPWM原理,实现简单,适用于强化传统的中点电位平衡控制或需要对上下组直流电压进行分别控制的场合。文中分别给出了调制波分解和零序注入下中点电流的控制范围,并量化了零序注入时中点电位的低频波动幅值大小。
第四,提出了一种简单有效的IGCT变流器吸收箝位电路优化参数选取办法。通过换流工况的详细分析,提出了箝位电路的等效电路。根据等效电路进行了响应分析,综合考虑箝位电路的设计原则,作出了箝位电路关键性能与参数选取的关系曲线。根据曲线给出了优化参数的计算公式,不但大大简化了箝位电路的设计过程,而且降低了最小脉宽限制,提高了动态恢复速度。通过设计实例详细说明了箝位电路的设计流程,并进行了仿真与实验验证。
第五,对IGCT NPC-3L变流器的热损耗估算方法展开了研究。通过双脉冲测试确定了功率器件开关损耗计算公式的待定系数。针对传统热损耗估算方法限定调制方式和工况理想化引起的误差问题,建立了一种考虑交流电流纹波和中间直流电压脉动的适用于任何调制方式的通用型三电平热损耗仿真模型,PEBB的半桥功率测试说明模型的估算结果可以满足工程设计要求。利用仿真模型,本文还对极限不平衡发热工况下采取不同调制方式时PEBB的载流能力进行了仿真分析。
Focus on "IGCT" device and "NPC three-level" topology, key techniques of medium voltage high power converters are discussed in this dissertation, involves device characteristics and drive techniques of IGCT, design method of PEBB, modulation of NPC-3L and resolution of neutral point balance problem.
Firstly, drive techniques of4000A/4500V series asymmetric IGCT devices are discussed. The basic structure and operation mechanism of IGCT are analyzed, the design requirements of gate unit to achieve basic functions such as turn-on, turn-off and conducting are proposed. The variation rules of gate-to-cathode voltage according to different working conditions in NPC-3L topology are analyzed. How to detect these working conditions and related logical control requirements such as status detection, back-porch current limitation and retrigger are explained. A4000A/4500V asymmetric GCT gate unit is developed. Finally, through circuit basic function test, single pulse switching test and three-level operation mode test, the drive theory of IGCT and the performance of designed gate unit are verified.
Secondly, multiple objective SVPWM strategies is equivalent realized by simple SPWM principal. According to the principal of time-voltage product conservation, line voltage space vector diagram and switching window shift diagram are established to derive equivalent algorithms between the two modulation strategies. The two diagrams bridged the gap of duty cycle and vector sequence between the two modulation strategies. Based on the analyses, using zero sequence injection and modulation waveforms decomposition, a few different modulation algorithms are deduced to reduce switching loss, optimize output waveforms quality and balance the neutral point voltage. Simulation and experiments indicated that, using zero sequence injection and modulation waveforms decomposition to equivalent realize multiple objective SVPWM strategies, not only simplify the modulation algorithms, but also realize the smooth switching of different modulation strategies with each objectives.
Thirdly, output AC voltage compensation and neutral point voltage feedback control under neutral point voltage unbalanced conditions are discussed. Based on zero sequence injection or modulation waves decomposition, two neutral point feedback control strategies are proposed. Using the two strategies, not only output voltage can be guaranteed no distortion but also neutral point voltage can be adjusted at will. Both the two modulation strategies are based on SPWM principal, so they are very simple to realize, and suitable for enhancing neutral point balance control or applications where need to control up and down DC link voltage separately. The neutral point current control abilities of the two strategies are given separately, and the neutral point voltage low frequency fluctuation amplitude is also quantized when using zero sequence injection way.
Fourthly, a novel design method of the clamping circuit in IGCT converters is proposed and the calculation process has been greatly simplified. After a detailed analysis of the clamping circuit commutating process, an equivalent circuit is presented and its response analysis is made. According to the design rule of the clamping circuit, an optimal parameter design method is introduced, and it reduces the minimum pulse width and speed up the dynamic recovery process. Finally, a design example is presented. Simulations and experiments are made to verify the goodness of the result.
Fifthly, power loss estimation method for IGCT NPC-3L converter is discussed. The undetermined coefficients in switching loss calculation formulas are determined through double pulse test. Traditional loss estimation method is restricted by one particular modulation strategy and there is estimation error due to idealized working conditions. Aim at this problem, a universal NPC-3L power loss simulation estimator suitable for any modulation strategies is presented. Output current ripple and DC link voltage fluctuation are considered in the estimator. Through PEBB half bridge power test, the accuracy of estimator is verified to meet the engineering requirements. Through estimator calculation, the power capabilities of PEBB under different modulation strategies and critical thermal conditions are analyzed.
引文
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