电子回旋谐振脉塞的PIC模拟
摘要
回旋管(Gyrotron)在毫米波雷达，通信，电子战，高功率微波武器研究，受控热核聚变，高能物理及工业方面的诱人前景，推动了回旋管的发展，使回旋管的研究开发在国际上受到了高度重视。从70年代中后期至现在一直得到蓬勃发展。美国，俄罗斯，德国，法国，瑞士，英国及日本等国投入了大量的人力物力进行研究。中国自70年代末开始也一直在进行跟踪研究。目前，国际上回旋管研究得到了很大的发展，已形成一个回旋管系列。近年来，对TE_(mn)模式的电子回旋谐振受激发射(ECRM)不论在理论，实验还是计算机模拟都已作了较多的分析，并取得了相当的进展。与传统回旋管相比，ECRM由于其波频率有一大的相对论多普勒上移，因而在相同的工作频率下，可以数倍地降低所需磁场强度。与自由电子激光相比，在相同的工作电压下，ECRM的工作频率可以更高。由于ECRM兼有回旋管的效率高和自由电子激光频率，增益高的双重优点，在100—500GHz的频率范围内，可以达到百兆瓦级的输出功率及超过20％的效率。
粒子模拟方法(PIC)是计算物理领域中的一种重要方法，它对于研究线性和非线性物理过程的物理机制具有特别明显的优越性。尤其在研究一些暂态过程时提供了一种强有力的工具。在微波电子管(特别是回旋管和虚阴极微波发生器)中电子与波相互作用的研究中得到了很好的应用。本文发展了针对轴对称系统TE_(mn)和TM_(mn)模式的粒子模拟程序。可以计算无电子注时谐振时腔体中的场分布，谐振频率以及Q值等数据。并分别以工作模式为TE_(22)，24.14G-Hz的回旋管，工作模式为TM_(31)工作频率为31.5-GHz的回旋管及工作模式为TE_(62)，工作频率为39.994GHz的放大管为例，对理论上提出的关于轴对称系统的TE_(mn)和TM_(mn)模式电子回旋脉塞(ECRM)进行计算机模拟，得到了场分布，速度群聚图等相关数据，并观察到粒子速度反转的新现象，证实理论上的结论。
Gyrotron is an important high-power microwave resource that has been applied in many fields such as radar, communication and high-power microwave weapon. Compared with the traditional Gyrotron ECRM can greatly reduce the requested magnetic field on the condition of the same frequency. And what is more, ECRM enjoys the higher frequency in contrast of the free electron laser. Due to the fact that ECRM is featured by high proficiency and laser frequency, ECRM can get several hundreds megawatt power and proficiency above 20%.
The method of PIC(particle-in-cell) simulation is very important in the computational physics. It has great advantage in the research on the linear and nonlinear physical mechanism. The successful application used to explore the process of the interaction between field and electrons has proved to be excellent. In the thesis I develop a program that focuses on the TE's mode and TM's mode. Such program can be used to study the field distribution, Q quality and resonant frequency when there are no electrons. At the same time several kinds of Gyrotrons are selected as experimental modes to confirm the validity of the program. For example three kinds
of Gyrotrons are devised including Gyrotron whose working mode is TMn and resonant frequency is 31.5-GHz, Gyrotron of TE22and 24. 14G-Hz and Gyrotron amp I if ier of TE62 and 39. 994GHz . I use the program to simulate the instabilities
of TE's mode and TM's mode. I get some results such as field distribution and velocities bunching that coincide with the theory. Furthermore some new data are gotten to reveal the inner mechanism of such physical phenomena.
粒子模拟方法(PIC)是计算物理领域中的一种重要方法，它对于研究线性和非线性物理过程的物理机制具有特别明显的优越性。尤其在研究一些暂态过程时提供了一种强有力的工具。在微波电子管(特别是回旋管和虚阴极微波发生器)中电子与波相互作用的研究中得到了很好的应用。本文发展了针对轴对称系统TE_(mn)和TM_(mn)模式的粒子模拟程序。可以计算无电子注时谐振时腔体中的场分布，谐振频率以及Q值等数据。并分别以工作模式为TE_(22)，24.14G-Hz的回旋管，工作模式为TM_(31)工作频率为31.5-GHz的回旋管及工作模式为TE_(62)，工作频率为39.994GHz的放大管为例，对理论上提出的关于轴对称系统的TE_(mn)和TM_(mn)模式电子回旋脉塞(ECRM)进行计算机模拟，得到了场分布，速度群聚图等相关数据，并观察到粒子速度反转的新现象，证实理论上的结论。
Gyrotron is an important high-power microwave resource that has been applied in many fields such as radar, communication and high-power microwave weapon. Compared with the traditional Gyrotron ECRM can greatly reduce the requested magnetic field on the condition of the same frequency. And what is more, ECRM enjoys the higher frequency in contrast of the free electron laser. Due to the fact that ECRM is featured by high proficiency and laser frequency, ECRM can get several hundreds megawatt power and proficiency above 20%.
The method of PIC(particle-in-cell) simulation is very important in the computational physics. It has great advantage in the research on the linear and nonlinear physical mechanism. The successful application used to explore the process of the interaction between field and electrons has proved to be excellent. In the thesis I develop a program that focuses on the TE's mode and TM's mode. Such program can be used to study the field distribution, Q quality and resonant frequency when there are no electrons. At the same time several kinds of Gyrotrons are selected as experimental modes to confirm the validity of the program. For example three kinds
of Gyrotrons are devised including Gyrotron whose working mode is TMn and resonant frequency is 31.5-GHz, Gyrotron of TE22and 24. 14G-Hz and Gyrotron amp I if ier of TE62 and 39. 994GHz . I use the program to simulate the instabilities
of TE's mode and TM's mode. I get some results such as field distribution and velocities bunching that coincide with the theory. Furthermore some new data are gotten to reveal the inner mechanism of such physical phenomena.
引文
[1] 刘盛纲，蒙林，熊彩东等，高功率微波．电子科技大学学报．1993,vol．22，11-39
[2] 朱杰 陈升友，高功率微波概述，电子工程信息，1992，vol．12，3-8
[3] 廖复疆，大功率微波电子注器件及其发展，电子真空技术，1999(1)，14
[4] 廖复疆等 真空电子技术-信息装备的心脏．国防工业出版社，1999，107—109．
[5] A.TLIN, Z.H.YANG, and K.R.CHU, Particle Simulation of a High-Power Gyrotron Oscillator, 1988,Vol.16, No. 2
[6] V.L.BRATMAN, N.S.GINZBURG, et al, Relativistic gyrotrons and cyclotron autoresonance masers, 1981,vol.51,no.4, 541-567
[7] S.H.Gold, et al, High-voltage power Ka-band gyrotron experiment, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.,1985,Vol. PS-13,374—382
[8] S.H.Gold et al, High peak power Ka-band gyrotron oscillator experiment,Phys. Fluid, 1987, Vol.30, 2226—2238
[9] K.R.Chu, Theory of electron cyclotron maser interaction in a cavity at the harmonic frequencies, Phys.Fluids,1978,Vol.21, 2354—2378
[10] K.R.Chu and D.Dialetis, Kinetic theory of harmonic gyrotron oscillator with slotted resonant structure, 1985,Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol.13, 45—76
[11] N.S.Ginzburg, G.S.Nusinovich, and N.A.Zavolsky, Theory of non-stationary process[16] S.H.Gold, et al, High-voltage power Ka-band gyrotron experiment, IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci.,1985,Vol. PS-13, 374—382
[12] M.J.Feigenbaum, The onset spectrum of turbulence, Phys. Lett.A, 1979, Vol.74,375—378
[13] J.M.Dawson and A.T.Lin, Particle simulation,in Basic Plasma Physics, A.A. Galeev and R.N. Sudan, Eds, Handbook on Plasma Physics, Vol.2 Amsterdam,The Netherlands: Elesevier,1984,ch.7, p.257
[14] J.A.Swegle, J.W. Doukey, and G.T. Leifeste, Backward wave oscillator with rippled wall resonator: Analytic theory and numerical simulation, Phys. Fluids,1985,Vol.28, p.2882
[15] J.Schneider, Stimulated emission of radiation by relativistic electrons in magnetic field, Phys.Rev. Lett, vol.2, pp.504-505,1959
[16] K.R.Chu and J.L.Hirshfield, Comparative study of the axial and azimuthal mechanisms in electromagnetic cyclotron instability, Phys.Fluids, vol.21,pp.461-466, 1978
[17] J.L.Hirshfield and J.M.Wachtel, Electron cyclotron maser, Phys.Rev. Lett, vol. 12,pp.533-536, 1964
[18] V.A.Flyagin, A.V. Gaponov, M.I.Petelin, and V.R.Yulpatov, The gyrotron, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-25, pp.514-521,1977
[19] J.L.Hirshfield and V.L.Granatstein,The electron cyclotron maser-An historical survey, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-25, pp.522-527,1977
[20] V.L.Granatstein,M.Herndon,R.K.Parker,and S.p.Schlesinger,Strong submillimeter radiation from intense relativistic electron beam, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-22, pp.1000-1005,1974
[21] 杨中海．虚阴极高功率微波发生器的粒子模拟．电子学报．1992,Vol．12，No．12：54—60
[22] Thomas J.T. Kwan, High-power coherent microwave generation from oscillating virtual cathodes. Phys.Fluids, 1984,vol.27, no. 1,228-232
[23] Tomas J.T. Kwan and Lester E.Thode, Formation of virtual cathodes and microwave generation in relativistic electron beams,Phys.Fluids,1984,vol.27, no.7, 1570-1572
[24] K.G. Kostov and N.A.Nikolov, Microwave generation from an axially extracted virtual cathode oscillator with a guide magnetic field, 1994,vol.1,no.4, 1034-1039
[25] Wee-yong Woo,Two-dimensional features of virtual cathode and microwave emission, Phys.Fluids, 1987,vol.30, no.1,239-244
[26] 刘盛纲．微波电子学导论，国防工业出版社，1985
[27] 刘盛纲．相对论电子学．1987，214—215
[28] 王闽 等离子体物理及计算机模拟，1991
[29] 计算物理中的谱估计
[30] 王秉中 计算电磁学．电子科技大学，2000，27—30
[31] 朱建清 电磁波工程．国防科技大学出版社，2000，108—116
[32] 杨中海．均匀轴对称系统TM模式电子回旋脉塞动力学原理，电子学报，1982，No．6：17—24
[2] 朱杰 陈升友，高功率微波概述，电子工程信息，1992，vol．12，3-8
[3] 廖复疆，大功率微波电子注器件及其发展，电子真空技术，1999(1)，14
[4] 廖复疆等 真空电子技术-信息装备的心脏．国防工业出版社，1999，107—109．
[5] A.TLIN, Z.H.YANG, and K.R.CHU, Particle Simulation of a High-Power Gyrotron Oscillator, 1988,Vol.16, No. 2
[6] V.L.BRATMAN, N.S.GINZBURG, et al, Relativistic gyrotrons and cyclotron autoresonance masers, 1981,vol.51,no.4, 541-567
[7] S.H.Gold, et al, High-voltage power Ka-band gyrotron experiment, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.,1985,Vol. PS-13,374—382
[8] S.H.Gold et al, High peak power Ka-band gyrotron oscillator experiment,Phys. Fluid, 1987, Vol.30, 2226—2238
[9] K.R.Chu, Theory of electron cyclotron maser interaction in a cavity at the harmonic frequencies, Phys.Fluids,1978,Vol.21, 2354—2378
[10] K.R.Chu and D.Dialetis, Kinetic theory of harmonic gyrotron oscillator with slotted resonant structure, 1985,Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol.13, 45—76
[11] N.S.Ginzburg, G.S.Nusinovich, and N.A.Zavolsky, Theory of non-stationary process[16] S.H.Gold, et al, High-voltage power Ka-band gyrotron experiment, IEEE Trans.Plasma Sci.,1985,Vol. PS-13, 374—382
[12] M.J.Feigenbaum, The onset spectrum of turbulence, Phys. Lett.A, 1979, Vol.74,375—378
[13] J.M.Dawson and A.T.Lin, Particle simulation,in Basic Plasma Physics, A.A. Galeev and R.N. Sudan, Eds, Handbook on Plasma Physics, Vol.2 Amsterdam,The Netherlands: Elesevier,1984,ch.7, p.257
[14] J.A.Swegle, J.W. Doukey, and G.T. Leifeste, Backward wave oscillator with rippled wall resonator: Analytic theory and numerical simulation, Phys. Fluids,1985,Vol.28, p.2882
[15] J.Schneider, Stimulated emission of radiation by relativistic electrons in magnetic field, Phys.Rev. Lett, vol.2, pp.504-505,1959
[16] K.R.Chu and J.L.Hirshfield, Comparative study of the axial and azimuthal mechanisms in electromagnetic cyclotron instability, Phys.Fluids, vol.21,pp.461-466, 1978
[17] J.L.Hirshfield and J.M.Wachtel, Electron cyclotron maser, Phys.Rev. Lett, vol. 12,pp.533-536, 1964
[18] V.A.Flyagin, A.V. Gaponov, M.I.Petelin, and V.R.Yulpatov, The gyrotron, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-25, pp.514-521,1977
[19] J.L.Hirshfield and V.L.Granatstein,The electron cyclotron maser-An historical survey, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-25, pp.522-527,1977
[20] V.L.Granatstein,M.Herndon,R.K.Parker,and S.p.Schlesinger,Strong submillimeter radiation from intense relativistic electron beam, IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-22, pp.1000-1005,1974
[21] 杨中海．虚阴极高功率微波发生器的粒子模拟．电子学报．1992,Vol．12，No．12：54—60
[22] Thomas J.T. Kwan, High-power coherent microwave generation from oscillating virtual cathodes. Phys.Fluids, 1984,vol.27, no. 1,228-232
[23] Tomas J.T. Kwan and Lester E.Thode, Formation of virtual cathodes and microwave generation in relativistic electron beams,Phys.Fluids,1984,vol.27, no.7, 1570-1572
[24] K.G. Kostov and N.A.Nikolov, Microwave generation from an axially extracted virtual cathode oscillator with a guide magnetic field, 1994,vol.1,no.4, 1034-1039
[25] Wee-yong Woo,Two-dimensional features of virtual cathode and microwave emission, Phys.Fluids, 1987,vol.30, no.1,239-244
[26] 刘盛纲．微波电子学导论，国防工业出版社，1985
[27] 刘盛纲．相对论电子学．1987，214—215
[28] 王闽 等离子体物理及计算机模拟，1991
[29] 计算物理中的谱估计
[30] 王秉中 计算电磁学．电子科技大学，2000，27—30
[31] 朱建清 电磁波工程．国防科技大学出版社，2000，108—116
[32] 杨中海．均匀轴对称系统TM模式电子回旋脉塞动力学原理，电子学报，1982，No．6：17—24