独立运行光伏发电系统控制器的研究与设计
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摘要
本文首先介绍了光伏发电产业的现状，接着介绍了光伏系统的基本组成，基本原理，其中对太阳能电池的特性，蓄电池的特性，及光伏系统的配置分别进行了讨论。然后探讨了光伏系统的一些关键技术，特别是蓄电池的监控技术。对蓄电池的监控技术的关键是蓄电池荷电状态的检测，本文探讨了三种检测方法：一是基于蓄电池在线电压检测蓄电池荷电状态；二是基于蓄电池稳态开路电压检测蓄电池荷电状态；三是公式法。本文还从理论上探讨了光伏系统控制器应具有的功能：对蓄电池充放电的控制，对太阳方位和高度的跟踪，对太阳能电池最大功率点的跟踪。
在此基础上介绍了研制的两种小型简单的光伏系统控制器和一种较复杂的光伏系统控制器。两种小型简单的光伏系统控制器一个是通过检测蓄电池在线电压来判断蓄电池的荷电状态，另一个是通过检测蓄电池的开路电压来判断蓄电池的荷电状态，这两个控制器都是用871pc767单片机实现的。还有一种较复杂的控制器，它是基于ARM处理器与uC／OS-Ⅱ操作系统的，应用领域是高性能太阳能路灯。该复杂控制器具有通信功能，可以和远程监控端传送数据。为了可靠的传送数据，一个简单实用的无线通信协议被开发出来。远程监控端的微机软件是用VC++编写的，通过串口进行通信。在远程监控端，有一个协议转换的硬件电路，它把无线通信协议转换成串口通信协议。最后介绍了该复杂控制器的实际运行效果，并简单的展望了一下光伏产业的未来。
The current situation of photovoltaic systems (PV systems) is introduced at first, and then basic concepts, theories, and components of PV systems are discussed in this paper. Key technology of PV system is checked, especially methods of battery monitoring are explored. Three monitoring methods of charging state are presented: the method based on battery on-line voltage monitoring, the method based on battery off-line voltage monitoring and the method based on formulas. The functions which PV system controllers need to have are discussed in theory too, such as controlling of charging and discharging, adaptation of orientation and position of solar cell, maximum power point tracking(MPPT). On the basis of the above discussed methods, three PV system controllers are developed. Two of the three are orientated towards simple and low-cost applications, but the third one based on ARM core processors and uC/OS-Ⅱ embedded operating system is more complex and advanced. The complex control has communication function,
which can transfer data with remote controller. To transfer data reliably, a wireless protocol is developed. Finally operation data of the three controllers are given and the development of PV industry in future is predicted.
在此基础上介绍了研制的两种小型简单的光伏系统控制器和一种较复杂的光伏系统控制器。两种小型简单的光伏系统控制器一个是通过检测蓄电池在线电压来判断蓄电池的荷电状态，另一个是通过检测蓄电池的开路电压来判断蓄电池的荷电状态，这两个控制器都是用871pc767单片机实现的。还有一种较复杂的控制器，它是基于ARM处理器与uC／OS-Ⅱ操作系统的，应用领域是高性能太阳能路灯。该复杂控制器具有通信功能，可以和远程监控端传送数据。为了可靠的传送数据，一个简单实用的无线通信协议被开发出来。远程监控端的微机软件是用VC++编写的，通过串口进行通信。在远程监控端，有一个协议转换的硬件电路，它把无线通信协议转换成串口通信协议。最后介绍了该复杂控制器的实际运行效果，并简单的展望了一下光伏产业的未来。
The current situation of photovoltaic systems (PV systems) is introduced at first, and then basic concepts, theories, and components of PV systems are discussed in this paper. Key technology of PV system is checked, especially methods of battery monitoring are explored. Three monitoring methods of charging state are presented: the method based on battery on-line voltage monitoring, the method based on battery off-line voltage monitoring and the method based on formulas. The functions which PV system controllers need to have are discussed in theory too, such as controlling of charging and discharging, adaptation of orientation and position of solar cell, maximum power point tracking(MPPT). On the basis of the above discussed methods, three PV system controllers are developed. Two of the three are orientated towards simple and low-cost applications, but the third one based on ARM core processors and uC/OS-Ⅱ embedded operating system is more complex and advanced. The complex control has communication function,
which can transfer data with remote controller. To transfer data reliably, a wireless protocol is developed. Finally operation data of the three controllers are given and the development of PV industry in future is predicted.
引文
1．李安定．太阳能光伏发电系统工程．北京：北京工业大学出版社．2001
2．朱松然．铅蓄电池技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
3．王菊芬等．光伏发电系统中影响蓄电池寿命因素分析．蓄电池，2002(2)
4．杨金焕等．独立光伏系统中蓄电池的作用及选择．新能源，1995(7)
5. http://www.cpus.gov.cn/magazine/
6．沈维祥．光伏系统用铅酸蓄电池的充电状态模型．新能源，1997(4)
7．孙超等．模糊控制在光伏系统充电控制中的应用．太阳能学报，2002(10)
8．刘丹伟等．智能模糊充电技术的研究．电工技术杂志，2001(12)
9．唐槿译．免维护蓄电池．北京：中国科学技术出版社．2001
10．陈桂兰等．光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪控制．电子技术应用，2001(8)
11．张常年等．太阳能电池自动跟踪系统的研制．电子工程师，2001(12)
12．周立功等．ARM微控制器基础．技术资料，2003
13．邵贝贝译．嵌入式实时操作系统uC／OS-Ⅱ．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2003
14. Jean J. Labrosse. uC/OS-Ⅱ and The ARM7 Processor Application Note. Technical document,2003
15．讯通公司．PTR2000说明书．技术资料，2002
16．李现勇．Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002
2．朱松然．铅蓄电池技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
3．王菊芬等．光伏发电系统中影响蓄电池寿命因素分析．蓄电池，2002(2)
4．杨金焕等．独立光伏系统中蓄电池的作用及选择．新能源，1995(7)
5. http://www.cpus.gov.cn/magazine/
6．沈维祥．光伏系统用铅酸蓄电池的充电状态模型．新能源，1997(4)
7．孙超等．模糊控制在光伏系统充电控制中的应用．太阳能学报，2002(10)
8．刘丹伟等．智能模糊充电技术的研究．电工技术杂志，2001(12)
9．唐槿译．免维护蓄电池．北京：中国科学技术出版社．2001
10．陈桂兰等．光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪控制．电子技术应用，2001(8)
11．张常年等．太阳能电池自动跟踪系统的研制．电子工程师，2001(12)
12．周立功等．ARM微控制器基础．技术资料，2003
13．邵贝贝译．嵌入式实时操作系统uC／OS-Ⅱ．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2003
14. Jean J. Labrosse. uC/OS-Ⅱ and The ARM7 Processor Application Note. Technical document,2003
15．讯通公司．PTR2000说明书．技术资料，2002
16．李现勇．Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002