电容层析成像技术在气液两相流检测中的应用研究
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摘要
两相流系统是一个复杂的非线性动态系统，相问存在着界面效应和相对速度，
致使两相流参数检测的难度较大。在国际上，两相流参数检测也是一个急待发展
的探索研究领域。在两相流系统中，空隙率和流型是两相流中两个非常重要的参
数。两相流的空隙率的在线测量对生产过程的计量、控制和运行的可靠性具有重
要意义。两相流的不同流型不但影响两相流的流动特性和传热传质等性能，而且
影响两相流系统其它参数的准确测量，两相流流型的准确辨识对两相流系统有重
要的意义。因此两相流的空隙率测量和流型辨识是该领域中的两个重要研究方向。
本文基于电容层析成像技术(ECT-Electrical Capacitance Tomography)，对气液
两相流的空隙率测量和流型辨识方法进行了研究，并通过实验进行了验证，得到
了一些有益的结论：
提出了一种基于Tikhonov正则化原理和SIRT(Simultaneous Reconstruction
Technique)算法相结合的组合型量化图像重建新算法。为了克服图像重建中的
不适定性问题，利用Tikhonov正则化原理进行初始图像重建。SIRT算法则用
来对初始重建图像进行迭代改善以获得最终重建图像，改善了重建图像的质
量。将新算法和FLBP(Filter Linear Back Projection)算法进行比较，结果表明重
建图像的质量有了提高。实际计算表明新算法的实时性较为理想，在将截面划
分成54个像素，SIRT迭代10次的情况下进行一次成像所用的时间为0． 08秒。
经实验证明组合型量化图像重建算法是有效的。
针对油气两相流电容测量的实际情况，去掉12个相邻电极对所构成的电容测
量值，采用余下的54个电容值进行图像重建工作。去掉12个相邻电极对的电
容值可以带来以下好处。首先，去掉相邻电极对时电容传感器灵敏场整体较为
平滑，这对提高ECT整体成像精度带来一定的帮助。其次，通过比较仿真实
验所得的电容数值和实测电容数值，发现两者有差异，且主要体现在由两者相
邻电极构成的12个电容上，远高于非相邻电极对构成的其他54个电容。去掉
这12个电容测量值可减少这种差异对图像重建的影响。最后，去掉这12电容
值后，权重系数矩阵的维数从66减少到54，而维数的降低将有效地减少图像
重建的计算时间，提高系统实时性能。去掉12个电容测量值表面上看似乎是
损失了一些测量信息，而实际上仿真测试和实验验证均证明经过这样处理以后
成像精度和成像速度得到了提高，更有利于图像重建。
将组合型量化图像重建算法应用到气液两相流的空隙率测量中。实验结果表明
摘 要
一
在 0～100％测量范围内空隙率测量最大误差可小于 6％，得到一个空隙率测量
值算法耗时小于0j秒。
．将组合型量化图像重建算法应用到气液两相流的流型辨识中，并组合模糊模式
识别技术进行气液两相流流型的辨识。并且通过大量的实验研究获得用于流型
辨识的参数矩阵。提出的模糊流型辨识方法能够实现油气两相流的核心流、环
状流、层状流、均相流和塞状流等典型流型的在线辨识。对于均相流、层状流、
核心流和环状流等流型辨识的准确率高于 95％，判别一个流型耗时小于 0．15
秒。塞状流的辨识准确率高于90％。
．以组合型量化图像重建算法为理论基础，开发了气液两相流空隙率实时测量和
流型在线辨识软件，从软件的技术指标可以看出，使用本软件进行空隙率实时
测量和流型在线辨识时具有较好的实时性。
Two-phase flow system is a complex, nonlinear and dynamic system. There are interface effect and relative velocity between these two phases. That causes the difficult of measurement of two-phase flow. The parameter measurement technique of two-phase flow is an important research field.
The voidage measurement of two-phase flow is very important for safety, environment protection, energy conservation and quality assurance in industry. Meanwhile, heat transfer, mass transfer and the measurement accuracy of other two-phase flow parameters depend on the flow pattern. Voidage measurement and flow pattern identification technique are two important research fields in the two-phase system.
On the basis of ECT technique(Electrical Capacitance Tomography). The voidage measurement and flow pattern identification technique of gas-liquid two-phase flow were studied. Experimental results show that the developed measurement technique is effective. The main works are listed as the following:
A new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm which combines Tikhonov regularization theory with SIRT(Simultaneous Reconstruction Technique) algorithm was presented. The use of Tikhonov regularization theory was to solve ill-posed problem of image reconstruction and the use of SIRT algorithm was to improve the quality of the final reconstructed image. Compared to the well-known FLBP(Filter Linear Back Projection) algorithm, the quality of reconstructed image by the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm was improved. Experimental results show that the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm is effective. The image reconstruction time for one image is 0.08 second when the image area is divided into 54 pixels and the iterative times of SIRT are 10.
The measurement capacitance value of the adjacent pair was removed, and 54 capacitances value were used to the image reconstruction. Thus it has the following advantages: Firstly, the sensitivity distribution of 54 pairs of electrode (sensitivity distribution of the adjacent pairs is removed) is smoother than that of 66 pairs of electrode. The use of the sensitivity distribution of 54 pairs of electrode could help to improve the quality of reconstructed image. Secondly, the difference between the measurement capacitance value and the simulation capacitance value was found through investigation. And the difference between the adjacent pair of electrode is
more than others. So the removing of the adjacent pair of capacitance value could decrease the difference. Thirdly, the removing of the measurement capacitance value of adjacent pair decreases the dimension of the sensitivity distribution matrix from 66 to 54. The reduction of the dimension could help to improve the speed of image reconstruction. The ideas mentioned above are proved by the experimental results.
On the basis of the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm, some experiments of global voidage measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow were carried out. Experimental results show that the total measurement time is less than 0.1 second and the maximum error of voidage measurement is less than 6%.
On the basis of the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm and fuzzy pattern recognition technique, a new method for flow pattern identification of gas-oil two-phase flow was proposed. The relevant parameter matrix of pattern identification was achieved through a large amount experiments. Experimental results show that the developed measurement technique is effective. The accuracy of flow pattern identification of stratified flow, annular flow, core flow and homogeneous flow is more than 95% and the time for flow pattern identification is less than 0.15 second. For plug flow, the accuracy is more than 90%.
The software of real-time voidage measurement and flow pattern identification of gas-liquid two-phase flow was developed based on the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm. Experiments show that the software is satisfactory.
致使两相流参数检测的难度较大。在国际上，两相流参数检测也是一个急待发展
的探索研究领域。在两相流系统中，空隙率和流型是两相流中两个非常重要的参
数。两相流的空隙率的在线测量对生产过程的计量、控制和运行的可靠性具有重
要意义。两相流的不同流型不但影响两相流的流动特性和传热传质等性能，而且
影响两相流系统其它参数的准确测量，两相流流型的准确辨识对两相流系统有重
要的意义。因此两相流的空隙率测量和流型辨识是该领域中的两个重要研究方向。
本文基于电容层析成像技术(ECT-Electrical Capacitance Tomography)，对气液
两相流的空隙率测量和流型辨识方法进行了研究，并通过实验进行了验证，得到
了一些有益的结论：
提出了一种基于Tikhonov正则化原理和SIRT(Simultaneous Reconstruction
Technique)算法相结合的组合型量化图像重建新算法。为了克服图像重建中的
不适定性问题，利用Tikhonov正则化原理进行初始图像重建。SIRT算法则用
来对初始重建图像进行迭代改善以获得最终重建图像，改善了重建图像的质
量。将新算法和FLBP(Filter Linear Back Projection)算法进行比较，结果表明重
建图像的质量有了提高。实际计算表明新算法的实时性较为理想，在将截面划
分成54个像素，SIRT迭代10次的情况下进行一次成像所用的时间为0． 08秒。
经实验证明组合型量化图像重建算法是有效的。
针对油气两相流电容测量的实际情况，去掉12个相邻电极对所构成的电容测
量值，采用余下的54个电容值进行图像重建工作。去掉12个相邻电极对的电
容值可以带来以下好处。首先，去掉相邻电极对时电容传感器灵敏场整体较为
平滑，这对提高ECT整体成像精度带来一定的帮助。其次，通过比较仿真实
验所得的电容数值和实测电容数值，发现两者有差异，且主要体现在由两者相
邻电极构成的12个电容上，远高于非相邻电极对构成的其他54个电容。去掉
这12个电容测量值可减少这种差异对图像重建的影响。最后，去掉这12电容
值后，权重系数矩阵的维数从66减少到54，而维数的降低将有效地减少图像
重建的计算时间，提高系统实时性能。去掉12个电容测量值表面上看似乎是
损失了一些测量信息，而实际上仿真测试和实验验证均证明经过这样处理以后
成像精度和成像速度得到了提高，更有利于图像重建。
将组合型量化图像重建算法应用到气液两相流的空隙率测量中。实验结果表明
摘 要
一
在 0～100％测量范围内空隙率测量最大误差可小于 6％，得到一个空隙率测量
值算法耗时小于0j秒。
．将组合型量化图像重建算法应用到气液两相流的流型辨识中，并组合模糊模式
识别技术进行气液两相流流型的辨识。并且通过大量的实验研究获得用于流型
辨识的参数矩阵。提出的模糊流型辨识方法能够实现油气两相流的核心流、环
状流、层状流、均相流和塞状流等典型流型的在线辨识。对于均相流、层状流、
核心流和环状流等流型辨识的准确率高于 95％，判别一个流型耗时小于 0．15
秒。塞状流的辨识准确率高于90％。
．以组合型量化图像重建算法为理论基础，开发了气液两相流空隙率实时测量和
流型在线辨识软件，从软件的技术指标可以看出，使用本软件进行空隙率实时
测量和流型在线辨识时具有较好的实时性。
Two-phase flow system is a complex, nonlinear and dynamic system. There are interface effect and relative velocity between these two phases. That causes the difficult of measurement of two-phase flow. The parameter measurement technique of two-phase flow is an important research field.
The voidage measurement of two-phase flow is very important for safety, environment protection, energy conservation and quality assurance in industry. Meanwhile, heat transfer, mass transfer and the measurement accuracy of other two-phase flow parameters depend on the flow pattern. Voidage measurement and flow pattern identification technique are two important research fields in the two-phase system.
On the basis of ECT technique(Electrical Capacitance Tomography). The voidage measurement and flow pattern identification technique of gas-liquid two-phase flow were studied. Experimental results show that the developed measurement technique is effective. The main works are listed as the following:
A new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm which combines Tikhonov regularization theory with SIRT(Simultaneous Reconstruction Technique) algorithm was presented. The use of Tikhonov regularization theory was to solve ill-posed problem of image reconstruction and the use of SIRT algorithm was to improve the quality of the final reconstructed image. Compared to the well-known FLBP(Filter Linear Back Projection) algorithm, the quality of reconstructed image by the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm was improved. Experimental results show that the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm is effective. The image reconstruction time for one image is 0.08 second when the image area is divided into 54 pixels and the iterative times of SIRT are 10.
The measurement capacitance value of the adjacent pair was removed, and 54 capacitances value were used to the image reconstruction. Thus it has the following advantages: Firstly, the sensitivity distribution of 54 pairs of electrode (sensitivity distribution of the adjacent pairs is removed) is smoother than that of 66 pairs of electrode. The use of the sensitivity distribution of 54 pairs of electrode could help to improve the quality of reconstructed image. Secondly, the difference between the measurement capacitance value and the simulation capacitance value was found through investigation. And the difference between the adjacent pair of electrode is
more than others. So the removing of the adjacent pair of capacitance value could decrease the difference. Thirdly, the removing of the measurement capacitance value of adjacent pair decreases the dimension of the sensitivity distribution matrix from 66 to 54. The reduction of the dimension could help to improve the speed of image reconstruction. The ideas mentioned above are proved by the experimental results.
On the basis of the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm, some experiments of global voidage measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow were carried out. Experimental results show that the total measurement time is less than 0.1 second and the maximum error of voidage measurement is less than 6%.
On the basis of the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm and fuzzy pattern recognition technique, a new method for flow pattern identification of gas-oil two-phase flow was proposed. The relevant parameter matrix of pattern identification was achieved through a large amount experiments. Experimental results show that the developed measurement technique is effective. The accuracy of flow pattern identification of stratified flow, annular flow, core flow and homogeneous flow is more than 95% and the time for flow pattern identification is less than 0.15 second. For plug flow, the accuracy is more than 90%.
The software of real-time voidage measurement and flow pattern identification of gas-liquid two-phase flow was developed based on the new hybrid image reconstruction algorithm. Experiments show that the software is satisfactory.
引文
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