级联H桥型静止同步无功补偿器控制方法的研究
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摘要
近年来,随着电网容量的增加,人们对电力供电品质要求也不断提高,柔性交流输电系统(FACTS)作为一项能有效改善电能质量的新技术,得到飞速发展。静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)由于其先进的控制性能和良好的补偿效果,已经成为FACTS装置研制的热点和无功补偿的发展趋势。
本文研究的对象是级联H桥型STATCOM,它避免了变压器多重化结构造成的价格昂贵、体积庞大、损耗大以及变压器的铁磁非线性等问题,同时与其他多电平逆变器相比还具有结构简单,所需器件少,易于实现模块化设计和封装等一系列优点。首先对STATCOM的无功补偿原理进行深入的分析,并对不同接入方式下级联STATCOM的阀组结构进行特性分析和比较,通过MATLAB仿真进行了验证。
文中在对载波调制方法的原理进行分析基础上,通过数学分析和仿真验证分别对三种调制方法进行对比分析。将载波相移PWM的两种调制方法应用到级联STATCOM中,对其电容电压波动特性进行研究。得出双极性PS-PWM比单极倍频PS-PWM产生的电容电压波形更复杂,谐波含量更多,各个桥电容电压不平衡程度更大。
级联H桥型STATCOM最大特点就是每个单相逆变桥的直流侧均具有独立的电容,该结构给级联STATCOM带来显著优点的同时也带来了问题。所以对电容电压的波动情况和影响电容电压平衡的因素进行了研究,并提出了一种新的基于电压冗余状态的直流侧电容电容平衡控制方法。该方法将电容电压平衡控制与STATCOM系统控制独立出来,算法简单,扩展和实现方便,而且不影响输出电压波形,不增加开关频率。仿真分析证实了该方法的正确性和有效性。
在仿真的基础上,建立了一台以DSP为平台的实验样机。主要研究了主电路、驱动电路以及DSP的软硬件设计和实现。最后在样机上进行了载波相移两种调制方法的对比实验和STATCOM无功补偿能力的验证实验,实验结果证明了理论及仿真分析的正确性。
With the constant increase of electrical network capacity and raised requirement of electric power quality, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) as an efficient technique to improve electric power quality has been rapidly developed. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has currently become a hot research topic of FACTS equipments and a development trend of reactive power compensation because of its advanced control characteristic and good compensation performance.
This paper analyzes the cascaded H-bridge STATCOM which avoids the high cost, huge volume, low loss and transformer ferromagnetic nonlinear caused by multi-pulse inverters and has series advantages of simple structure, less devices, easy modular design realization and packaging compared with other multilevel inverters. H bridge STATCOM topology and its operation characteristics with star and angle access mode is analyzed in this paper based on the reactive power compensation principle of STATCOM, and this is verified by MATLAB simulation.
Based on the principle analysis of carrier modulation method, three kinds of modulation methods are compared and analyzed through mathematical analysis and simulation verification in this paper. The two carrier phase shifted PWM (CPS-PWM) modulation methods are applied in the cascade H-bridge STATCOM and the capacitor voltage fluctuation characteristics are studied. It can be clearly seen that bipolar CPS-PWM modulation could achieve more complex voltage waveform, larger harmonic components and unbalance of each bridge capacitor voltage than those achieved by unipolar CPS-PWM modulation.
Cascade H-bridge STATCOM has the characteristic of independent DC side capacitor on each phase bridge which brings both significant advantages and some problems. So analysis the capacitor voltage fluctuation situation and the corresponding influence factors, then proposes a novel DC side capacitor voltage balancing control method based on voltage redundant states. This new method separates the capacitor voltage balance control from STATCOM control system, and this algorithm is simple, convenient, and does not affect the output voltage waveform and increase switching frequency. Simulation analysis verified the method.
An experiment prototype of STATCOM controlled by DSP is designed on the basis of simulation. Design of main circuit, drive circuit and the software and hardware realization of DSP are included. Finally, experiments of the comparison of the two CPS-PWM modulation methods on cascaded H-bridge STATCOM and its reactive power compensation ability are tested on the prototype. Experiment results proved the validity and utility of this new method.
本文研究的对象是级联H桥型STATCOM,它避免了变压器多重化结构造成的价格昂贵、体积庞大、损耗大以及变压器的铁磁非线性等问题,同时与其他多电平逆变器相比还具有结构简单,所需器件少,易于实现模块化设计和封装等一系列优点。首先对STATCOM的无功补偿原理进行深入的分析,并对不同接入方式下级联STATCOM的阀组结构进行特性分析和比较,通过MATLAB仿真进行了验证。
文中在对载波调制方法的原理进行分析基础上,通过数学分析和仿真验证分别对三种调制方法进行对比分析。将载波相移PWM的两种调制方法应用到级联STATCOM中,对其电容电压波动特性进行研究。得出双极性PS-PWM比单极倍频PS-PWM产生的电容电压波形更复杂,谐波含量更多,各个桥电容电压不平衡程度更大。
级联H桥型STATCOM最大特点就是每个单相逆变桥的直流侧均具有独立的电容,该结构给级联STATCOM带来显著优点的同时也带来了问题。所以对电容电压的波动情况和影响电容电压平衡的因素进行了研究,并提出了一种新的基于电压冗余状态的直流侧电容电容平衡控制方法。该方法将电容电压平衡控制与STATCOM系统控制独立出来,算法简单,扩展和实现方便,而且不影响输出电压波形,不增加开关频率。仿真分析证实了该方法的正确性和有效性。
在仿真的基础上,建立了一台以DSP为平台的实验样机。主要研究了主电路、驱动电路以及DSP的软硬件设计和实现。最后在样机上进行了载波相移两种调制方法的对比实验和STATCOM无功补偿能力的验证实验,实验结果证明了理论及仿真分析的正确性。
With the constant increase of electrical network capacity and raised requirement of electric power quality, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) as an efficient technique to improve electric power quality has been rapidly developed. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has currently become a hot research topic of FACTS equipments and a development trend of reactive power compensation because of its advanced control characteristic and good compensation performance.
This paper analyzes the cascaded H-bridge STATCOM which avoids the high cost, huge volume, low loss and transformer ferromagnetic nonlinear caused by multi-pulse inverters and has series advantages of simple structure, less devices, easy modular design realization and packaging compared with other multilevel inverters. H bridge STATCOM topology and its operation characteristics with star and angle access mode is analyzed in this paper based on the reactive power compensation principle of STATCOM, and this is verified by MATLAB simulation.
Based on the principle analysis of carrier modulation method, three kinds of modulation methods are compared and analyzed through mathematical analysis and simulation verification in this paper. The two carrier phase shifted PWM (CPS-PWM) modulation methods are applied in the cascade H-bridge STATCOM and the capacitor voltage fluctuation characteristics are studied. It can be clearly seen that bipolar CPS-PWM modulation could achieve more complex voltage waveform, larger harmonic components and unbalance of each bridge capacitor voltage than those achieved by unipolar CPS-PWM modulation.
Cascade H-bridge STATCOM has the characteristic of independent DC side capacitor on each phase bridge which brings both significant advantages and some problems. So analysis the capacitor voltage fluctuation situation and the corresponding influence factors, then proposes a novel DC side capacitor voltage balancing control method based on voltage redundant states. This new method separates the capacitor voltage balance control from STATCOM control system, and this algorithm is simple, convenient, and does not affect the output voltage waveform and increase switching frequency. Simulation analysis verified the method.
An experiment prototype of STATCOM controlled by DSP is designed on the basis of simulation. Design of main circuit, drive circuit and the software and hardware realization of DSP are included. Finally, experiments of the comparison of the two CPS-PWM modulation methods on cascaded H-bridge STATCOM and its reactive power compensation ability are tested on the prototype. Experiment results proved the validity and utility of this new method.
引文
1王兆安，刘进军电力电子装置谐波抑制及无功补偿技术的进展电力电子技术1997，12(1)：100～104
2何大愚.柔性交流输配电系统技术的发展要求其定义更新电力自动化设备.2004，24(10)：79-83
3 J.Su，C Chen Static VAR Compensator Control for Power Systems withNonlinear Loads IEE Proc on Generation，Transmission and Distribution2004，151(1)：78～82
4翁利民.电力电子技术与谐波抑制、无功功率补偿技术研究综述电力电容器2004
5郭剑波，武守远，荆平，等提高电网输送能力的技术措施电力设备2005，6(10)：4～7
6王兆安，杨君，刘进军谐波抑制和无功功率补偿机械工业出版社1998
7 Zhong Jin，E Nobile，A Bose Localized Reactive Power Markets Using theConcept of Voltage Control Areas IEEE Trans on Power Systems 2004，19(3)：1555-1561
8姜齐荣，谢小荣，陈建业电力系统并联补偿结构、原理、控制与应用机械工业出版社，2004 7：7-9
9 D. J.Hanson A Transmission SVC for National Grid Company PICIncorporating a士75 Mvar STATCOM In：IEE Colloquium Flexible ACTransmission Systems London：IEE 1998.5／1～8
10 L.Gyugyi.Power Electronics in Electric Utilities：Static Var Com PensatorsProceedings ofthe IEEE，1988，76(4)：452～458
11 Jose Rodriguez，Jih-Sheng Lai，Peng Fang-Zheng Multilevel Inverters：ASurvey of Topologies，Controls，and Applieations IEEE Trans on IndustryApplieation，2002，49(4)：24～38
12 C.K.Lee，S.K.Joseph，S.Y.R.Hui，et al.Circuit-level Comparison ofSTATCOM Technologies IEEE Trans on Power Electronics 2003，18(4)：1084-1092
13 C.Hochgraf,et al Comparison of Multilevel Inverters for Static VarCompensation In Conf．Rec IEEE／LAS Annual Meeting，1994，(1)：921-928
14 Y.H.Liu．J.Arrillaga．N.R.Watson ANew STATCOM Configuration UsingMulti-Level DC Voltage ReinJection for High Power Application IEEE Transon Power Deliverv 2004．19(4)：1828-1834
15 A.K Jain.A Behal.X.T.Zhang.et al.Nonlinear Controllers for Fast VoltageRegulation Using STATCOMs IEEE Trans on control Systems Technology2004，12(6)：827～842
16沈斐，王娅岚，刘文华等大容量STATCOM主电路结构的分析和比较电力系统自动化2003，27(8)：59～65
17 F.Z.Peng．J.S.Lai Dynamic Performance and Control of A Static VarGenerator Using Cascade Multilevel Inverters IEEE T ransactions on IndustryApplications，1997，33(3)：748～754
18刘风君.多电平逆变技术及其应用机械工业出版社2007
19 Nabae．H.Magi and I.Takahashi A New Neutral Point Clamped PWM InverterIEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1981，17(5)：518-523
20 M AS Mendes，Z M A Peixoto，P F Seixas，et al A Space Vector PWM Methodfor three-level flying-capacitor inverters，Proceedings of IEEEAnnual PowerElectronics Specialists Conefence，Vancouver，Canada，2001：182～187
21 F.Z.Peng．J S Lai A Multilevel Voltage-source Inverter with Separate DCSources for Static Var Generation IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications，1997，32(5)：1130～1138
22 I.D.Kim，E C Nho，H G Kim，et al A Generalized Underland Snubber forFlying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter and Converter IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics 2004，51(6)：1290-1296
23 S.Sirisukprasert．J S Lai．T H Liu A Novel Cascaded Multilevel ConverterDrive System with Minimum Number of Separated DC Sources PESC’01Record，2001，Volume 3：1346-1350
24 K.Corzione．Y.Familiant A New Cascaded Multilevel H-bridge Drive IEEETransactions on Power Electronics，2002，17(1)：125-131
25 M.D.Manjreka．P K Steimer．T A Lipo Hybrid Multilevel PowerConversion System：A Completive Solution for High-power Applications IEEETransactions on Industry Applications，2000，36(3)：834～841
26李永东，倚鹏.大功率高性能逆变技术发展综述.电气传动，2000，6：3-8
27费万民.中高压功率变换相关技术的基础研究：[博士学位论文]杭州：浙江大学图书馆，2004
28 B.P.McGrath．D.G.Holmes Multicarrier PWM Strategies for MultilevelInverters IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2002，49(4)：858-867
29吴洪洋，何湘宁级联型多电平变换器PWM控制方法的仿真研究中国电机工程学报，2001，21(8)：42～47
30王长永，张仲超级联型相移SPWM变流器及其在有源电力滤波器中的应用电力系统自动化，2001，25(1）：28～30Converter Using Resultant Theory. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 2003, 11(3): 345-354
31李永东，高跃，候轩大容量多电平变换器PWM控制技术现状及发展电力电子技术，2005，39(5)：2-6
32H. X. Guo, Y. Q. Liu, J. Wu, et al. A Reinforcement Learning Approach to STATCOM Controller. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation Restructuring and Power Technologies (DPRT2004), Hongkong, 2004.2: 638-642
33K. Joshi, A. Behal, A. K. Jain, et al. A Comparative Study of Control Strategies for Fast Voltage Regulation with STATCOMs. Industrial Electronics Society, 30th Annual Conference of IEEE, IECoN2004, Busan, Korea, 2004, 1: 187-192
34陈巍，吴捷静止无功发生器递归神经网络自适应控制电力系统自动化1999，23(9)：33～37
35李可，卓放，李红雨等直接电流控制的静止无功发生器研究电力电子技术2003，37(3)：8~11
36E. C. Shin, S. M. Park, W. H. Oh, et al. A Novel Hysteresis Current Controller to Reduce the Switching Frequency and Current Error in D-STATCoM. Industrial Electronics Society, 30th Annual Conference of IEEE, IECoN2004, Busan, Korea, 2004, 2: 1144-1149
37G. G. Pablo, G C. Aurelio. Control System for a PWM-Based STATCOM. IEEE Trans, on Power Delivery. 2000, 15(4): 1250-1257
38沈斐.基于IGCT的大容量静止同步补偿器主电路分析及链式结构研究：[博士学位论文]北京：清华大学，2002
39陈远华，刘文华，严干贵，等混合9电平逆变器的H桥电容电压平衡控制电力系统自动化，2004，28(1)：35-40
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43刘文华，姜齐荣，梁旭等±20 Mvar STATCOM的工业现场测试及试运行电力系统自动化2000，12：43～46
44李坤，朱莹，邰能灵上海西郊变STATCOM测控系统的设计与实现电力系统自动化2007，31(9)：82～86
45J. N. Chiasson, L. M. Tolbert, K. J. McKenzie, et al. Control of Amultilevel
46D. Jovcic, R. Sternberger. Frequency-domain Analytical Model for A Cascaded Multilevel STATCOM. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 2008. 23C4V 2139-2147
47许湘莲.基于级联多电平逆变器的snTc0M及其控制策略研究：『博士学位论文』武汉：华中科技大学，2003
48耿俊成，刘文华，袁志昌链式sTATc0M电容电压不平衡现象研究：(一)仿真和试验电力系统自动化.2003，27(16)：53～58
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50刘文华，宋强，滕乐天等基于链式逆变器的50MvA静止同步补偿器的直流电压平衡控制中国电机工程学报2004，24(4)：145～150
51耿俊成.链式静止无功补偿器数学模型及控制策略的研究：[博士学位论文]北京：清华大学，2003
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2何大愚.柔性交流输配电系统技术的发展要求其定义更新电力自动化设备.2004，24(10)：79-83
3 J.Su，C Chen Static VAR Compensator Control for Power Systems withNonlinear Loads IEE Proc on Generation，Transmission and Distribution2004，151(1)：78～82
4翁利民.电力电子技术与谐波抑制、无功功率补偿技术研究综述电力电容器2004
5郭剑波，武守远，荆平，等提高电网输送能力的技术措施电力设备2005，6(10)：4～7
6王兆安，杨君，刘进军谐波抑制和无功功率补偿机械工业出版社1998
7 Zhong Jin，E Nobile，A Bose Localized Reactive Power Markets Using theConcept of Voltage Control Areas IEEE Trans on Power Systems 2004，19(3)：1555-1561
8姜齐荣，谢小荣，陈建业电力系统并联补偿结构、原理、控制与应用机械工业出版社，2004 7：7-9
9 D. J.Hanson A Transmission SVC for National Grid Company PICIncorporating a士75 Mvar STATCOM In：IEE Colloquium Flexible ACTransmission Systems London：IEE 1998.5／1～8
10 L.Gyugyi.Power Electronics in Electric Utilities：Static Var Com PensatorsProceedings ofthe IEEE，1988，76(4)：452～458
11 Jose Rodriguez，Jih-Sheng Lai，Peng Fang-Zheng Multilevel Inverters：ASurvey of Topologies，Controls，and Applieations IEEE Trans on IndustryApplieation，2002，49(4)：24～38
12 C.K.Lee，S.K.Joseph，S.Y.R.Hui，et al.Circuit-level Comparison ofSTATCOM Technologies IEEE Trans on Power Electronics 2003，18(4)：1084-1092
13 C.Hochgraf,et al Comparison of Multilevel Inverters for Static VarCompensation In Conf．Rec IEEE／LAS Annual Meeting，1994，(1)：921-928
14 Y.H.Liu．J.Arrillaga．N.R.Watson ANew STATCOM Configuration UsingMulti-Level DC Voltage ReinJection for High Power Application IEEE Transon Power Deliverv 2004．19(4)：1828-1834
15 A.K Jain.A Behal.X.T.Zhang.et al.Nonlinear Controllers for Fast VoltageRegulation Using STATCOMs IEEE Trans on control Systems Technology2004，12(6)：827～842
16沈斐，王娅岚，刘文华等大容量STATCOM主电路结构的分析和比较电力系统自动化2003，27(8)：59～65
17 F.Z.Peng．J.S.Lai Dynamic Performance and Control of A Static VarGenerator Using Cascade Multilevel Inverters IEEE T ransactions on IndustryApplications，1997，33(3)：748～754
18刘风君.多电平逆变技术及其应用机械工业出版社2007
19 Nabae．H.Magi and I.Takahashi A New Neutral Point Clamped PWM InverterIEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1981，17(5)：518-523
20 M AS Mendes，Z M A Peixoto，P F Seixas，et al A Space Vector PWM Methodfor three-level flying-capacitor inverters，Proceedings of IEEEAnnual PowerElectronics Specialists Conefence，Vancouver，Canada，2001：182～187
21 F.Z.Peng．J S Lai A Multilevel Voltage-source Inverter with Separate DCSources for Static Var Generation IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications，1997，32(5)：1130～1138
22 I.D.Kim，E C Nho，H G Kim，et al A Generalized Underland Snubber forFlying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter and Converter IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics 2004，51(6)：1290-1296
23 S.Sirisukprasert．J S Lai．T H Liu A Novel Cascaded Multilevel ConverterDrive System with Minimum Number of Separated DC Sources PESC’01Record，2001，Volume 3：1346-1350
24 K.Corzione．Y.Familiant A New Cascaded Multilevel H-bridge Drive IEEETransactions on Power Electronics，2002，17(1)：125-131
25 M.D.Manjreka．P K Steimer．T A Lipo Hybrid Multilevel PowerConversion System：A Completive Solution for High-power Applications IEEETransactions on Industry Applications，2000，36(3)：834～841
26李永东，倚鹏.大功率高性能逆变技术发展综述.电气传动，2000，6：3-8
27费万民.中高压功率变换相关技术的基础研究：[博士学位论文]杭州：浙江大学图书馆，2004
28 B.P.McGrath．D.G.Holmes Multicarrier PWM Strategies for MultilevelInverters IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics，2002，49(4)：858-867
29吴洪洋，何湘宁级联型多电平变换器PWM控制方法的仿真研究中国电机工程学报，2001，21(8)：42～47
30王长永，张仲超级联型相移SPWM变流器及其在有源电力滤波器中的应用电力系统自动化，2001，25(1）：28～30Converter Using Resultant Theory. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 2003, 11(3): 345-354
31李永东，高跃，候轩大容量多电平变换器PWM控制技术现状及发展电力电子技术，2005，39(5)：2-6
32H. X. Guo, Y. Q. Liu, J. Wu, et al. A Reinforcement Learning Approach to STATCOM Controller. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation Restructuring and Power Technologies (DPRT2004), Hongkong, 2004.2: 638-642
33K. Joshi, A. Behal, A. K. Jain, et al. A Comparative Study of Control Strategies for Fast Voltage Regulation with STATCOMs. Industrial Electronics Society, 30th Annual Conference of IEEE, IECoN2004, Busan, Korea, 2004, 1: 187-192
34陈巍，吴捷静止无功发生器递归神经网络自适应控制电力系统自动化1999，23(9)：33～37
35李可，卓放，李红雨等直接电流控制的静止无功发生器研究电力电子技术2003，37(3)：8~11
36E. C. Shin, S. M. Park, W. H. Oh, et al. A Novel Hysteresis Current Controller to Reduce the Switching Frequency and Current Error in D-STATCoM. Industrial Electronics Society, 30th Annual Conference of IEEE, IECoN2004, Busan, Korea, 2004, 2: 1144-1149
37G. G. Pablo, G C. Aurelio. Control System for a PWM-Based STATCOM. IEEE Trans, on Power Delivery. 2000, 15(4): 1250-1257
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39陈远华，刘文华，严干贵，等混合9电平逆变器的H桥电容电压平衡控制电力系统自动化，2004，28(1)：35-40
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