等离子射流与整装式液体工质相互作用特性研究
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摘要
本文以整装式液体工质电热化学炮为工程背景,开展等离子射流与液体工质相互作用特性的实验和理论研究,探索控制整装式液体药燃烧稳定性的机理及方法,研究成果对指导整装式液体工质电热化学炮内弹道设计具有重要价值。主要研究内容及成果如下：
(1)等离子射流在大气中扩展特性的实验研究
设计等离子射流在大气中扩展的试验平台,采用瞬态测压系统测量毛细管内的压力特性,用数字高速录像系统观测了等离子射流在大气中扩展的序列过程,研究了放电电压、喷嘴直径对等离子射流扩展特性的影响。结果表明：等离子射流扩展时,轴向扩展速度大于径向扩展速度。扩展过程中,等离子射流可以分成两个部分：圆锥型的射流头部和细长的射流体,射流头部亮度最强。等离子射流与大气间存在强烈的湍流掺混作用。放电电压增大时,等离子射流亮度增强,扩展位移增大,但增量减小。喷嘴直径增大时,等离子射流扩展位移增大。
(2)等离子射流在大气中扩展特性的数值模拟
在实验基础上,建立了等离子射流二维非稳态数学模型,运用FLUENT软件对非稳态条件下的二维轴对称等离子射流在大气中的膨胀过程进行了数值模拟,获得了射流场中压力、速度、密度和温度的时空分布特性,以及等离子射流扩展界面的演化特性。结果表明：等离子射流扩展初期,喷嘴下游会逐渐出现马赫盘,马赫盘下游会出现一个锥形低速区,并伴随出现射流分叉,形成空心射流,随着射流的扩展,射流分叉逐渐合并,射流径向尺寸先增大再减小。喷嘴近场会出现周期性压力波结构。温度、速度和密度沿轴向分布具有脉动性,但总体上温度、速度沿轴向和径向递减,密度沿轴向和径向递增。等离子射流轴向扩展位移的计算值和实测值吻合较好。
(3)等离子射流与液体工质相互作用特性的实验研究
设计等离子射流与液体工质相互作用的试验平台,研究了等离子射流与液体工质在圆柱型和圆柱渐扩型观察室中相互作用的特性。重点观测放电电压、喷嘴直径、渐扩结构因子等参数变化对等离子射流与液体工质相互作用过程的影响,分析等离子射流在渐扩边界处的卷吸与回流特性。结果表明：等离子射流在圆柱充液室中扩展时,轴向扩展速度大于径向扩展速度。Taylor空腔扩展界面随机脉动性较大,Taylor-Helmhotz不稳定性较强,湍流掺混强烈。等离子射流在圆柱渐扩型充液室中扩展时,由于渐扩台阶的径向诱导作用,使得Taylor空腔沿着渐扩台阶逐级向前扩展,这种扩展方式能够削弱等离子射流轴向Taylor-Helmholtz不稳定效应,减弱两相界面的随机脉动性。放电电压、喷嘴直径以及渐扩结构因子(△D/L)对等离子射流扩展过程均有一定的影响,通过对这些参数的合理匹配,能够实现对等离子射流扩展过程的有效控制。
(4)等离子射流与液体工质相互作用特性的数值模拟
在实验基础上,建立了等离子射流与液体工质相互作用的二维非稳态数学模型,并用FLUENT软件进行数值模拟,获得了射流场中压力、速度、密度和温度的时空分布特性。结果表明：等离子射流在液体中形成Taylor空腔时,轴向扩展速度大于径向扩展速度,喷嘴近场各参数沿轴向都具有脉动性,但脉动程度比在大气中扩展时的脉动程度小。喷嘴近场会出现射流颈缩,并伴随液体卷吸进入Taylor空腔中。等离子射流在液体中扩展时可分为3个流动区：主流区、压缩区和回流漩涡区。等离子射流在圆柱型充液室中扩展时,压力波基本为平面波,射流径向扩展较弱。而等离子射流在圆柱渐扩型充液室中扩展时,渐扩处压力波呈弧形,径向压力梯度较大,与圆柱型充液室条件相比,径向扩展速度较大,台阶拐角处有回流涡出现。
(5)整装式液体发射药等离子点火、燃烧及推进过程的数值模拟
建立了等离子射流与整装式液体药相互作用过程的二维数学模型,并进行数值模拟。分析液体发射药点火、燃烧以及推动弹丸的全过程,获得流场中压力、速度、密度、温度以及两相界面变化特性。结果表明：整装式液体工质电热化学炮内弹道过程中,燃烧室出现轴向压力振荡现象,压力振荡的出现使得膛内压力曲线呈现多峰分布。圆柱渐扩型燃烧室能够使得燃烧面沿着渐扩型边界逐级扩展,削弱了燃烧面的随机脉动性,减小了Taylor-Helmholtz不稳定性。
Taking bulk-loaded liquid propellant electrothermal chemical gun as engineering background, experimental and theoretical studies on interaction characteristic the plasma jet with bulk-loaded liquid have been conducted. The control mechanism and method of combustion stability in BLPG are explored and the research results have an important value for guiding interior ballistic design of bulk-loaded liquid propellant electrothermal chemical gun. The main research contents and results are as follows:
(1) Experimental study on plasma jet propagation in air
A test platform on plasma jet expansion in atmosphere is designed. The testing system of transient pressure is used to measure the pressure in the capillary. The series processes of the plasma jet in atmosphere are recorded by means of a high-speed digital camera. The effects of discharge voltage and nozzle diameter on plasma jet are explored. The results indicate that:when the plasma jet expands in the air, the axial expansion velocity is greater than the radial expansion one. The plasma jet can be divided into two parts:cone-jet head and slender body of the jet. The cone-jet head is very bright. And turbulent mixing between plasma jet and air is very strong. When the discharge voltage increases, the brightness and the expansion displacement of the plasma jet all increase, but incremental decreases. As nozzle diameter is bigger, the expansion displacement of the plasma jet is larger.
(2) Numerical simulation on plasma jet in atmosphere
Based on the experiments, a two dimensional unsteady mathematical model is established, the process of plasma jet expansion in atmosphere is simulated by Fluent. The distribution properties of pressure, velocity, density and temperature in the plasma jet flow filed, and the interface evolution properties of plasma jet and air are obtained. The results show that, the Mach disk exists downstream at the beginning of jets and a tapered low velocity zone appears on the downstream zone of Mach disk. With the jets bifurcating, the hollow jet is gradually formed. As time goes on, the bifurcate jets begin to converge. The radial dimension of the jet first increases then decreases. The periodic pressure waves exist near the nozzle. The temperature, velocity and density are all pulsing along the axial direction. As a whole, the temperature and velocity increase progressively along the axial and radial direction. The simulated values of axial displacements of plasma jet coincide well with the experimental ones.
(3) Experimental study on the interaction of plasma jet with liquid
A test platform for plasma jet expansion in liquid was designed to study the interaction of plasma jet with liquid in cylindrical chamber and cylindrical stepped-wall chamber. Discussions focus on the effects of pressure, nozzle diameter and the structure factor of stepped-wall chamber on the expansion processes of plasma jets. The entrainment and backflow characteristics of plasma jet are analyzed. The results show that, the axial velocity is larger than radial one as the plasma jet expands in cylindrical chamber. In addition, the surface of Taylor cavity is more random and the Taylor-Helmholtz instability is more intense. However, in cylindrical stepped-wall chamber, Taylor cavity expands forward by step and step due to the induction effect of steps, which can weaken Taylor-Helmholtz instability effect along the axial direction and restrict randomness of gas-liquid interface. The pressure, nozzle diameter and the structure factor (AD/L) of stepped-wall chamber all affect the expansion process of plasma jet, so the expansion processes can be controlled by matching these parameters.
(4) Numerical simulation of plasma jet expansion in liquid
Based on the experiment, a two dimensional unsteady mathematical model was established and the process of plasma jet expansion in liquid is simulate by Fluent to obtain the distribution properties of pressure, velocity, density and temperature in the plasma jet flow filed, and the interface evolution properties of plasma jet with air. The results show that, as Taylor cavity is formed in expansion process of plasma jet, the axial velocity is larger than the radial one and the various parameters near the nozzle is pulsing along the axial direction. But the range of pulsation is smaller than expansion processes in the atmosphere. The necking phenomenon of plasma jet exists near the nozzle with liquid entrainment into Taylor cavity. The expansion processes of plasma je in liquid can divided into three flow zones:main stream zone, compression zone and backflow zone. When plasma jet expands in the cylindrical chamber, pressure waves basically are plane waves and the jet expands more slowly along radial direction. However, when plasma jet expands in the cylindrical stepped-wall chamber, pressure waves basically show cambered and the radial pressure gradient is larger. Compared with cylindrical chamber, the radial expansion velocity is bigger in the cylindrical stepped-wall chamber, and the backflow zone exists in the corners of each step.
(5) Numerical simulation on ignition, combustion and propellant processes of plasma in BLPG
The two dimensional mathematical model is established and ignition, combustion and propellant processes of plasma are simulated to obtain to obtain the distribution properties of pressure, velocity, density and temperature, and the variation properties of gas-liquid interfaces. The results show that, pressure in the combustion chamber appears to pulse in bulk-loaded liquid propellant electrothermal chemical gun and thus pressure curve of the chamber shows multimodal distribution. Cylindrical stepped-wall chamber can help that combustion front expands progressively along the expanding steps, weakening the random in the combustion process and decreasing the Taylor-Helmholtz instability effect.
(1)等离子射流在大气中扩展特性的实验研究
设计等离子射流在大气中扩展的试验平台,采用瞬态测压系统测量毛细管内的压力特性,用数字高速录像系统观测了等离子射流在大气中扩展的序列过程,研究了放电电压、喷嘴直径对等离子射流扩展特性的影响。结果表明：等离子射流扩展时,轴向扩展速度大于径向扩展速度。扩展过程中,等离子射流可以分成两个部分：圆锥型的射流头部和细长的射流体,射流头部亮度最强。等离子射流与大气间存在强烈的湍流掺混作用。放电电压增大时,等离子射流亮度增强,扩展位移增大,但增量减小。喷嘴直径增大时,等离子射流扩展位移增大。
(2)等离子射流在大气中扩展特性的数值模拟
在实验基础上,建立了等离子射流二维非稳态数学模型,运用FLUENT软件对非稳态条件下的二维轴对称等离子射流在大气中的膨胀过程进行了数值模拟,获得了射流场中压力、速度、密度和温度的时空分布特性,以及等离子射流扩展界面的演化特性。结果表明：等离子射流扩展初期,喷嘴下游会逐渐出现马赫盘,马赫盘下游会出现一个锥形低速区,并伴随出现射流分叉,形成空心射流,随着射流的扩展,射流分叉逐渐合并,射流径向尺寸先增大再减小。喷嘴近场会出现周期性压力波结构。温度、速度和密度沿轴向分布具有脉动性,但总体上温度、速度沿轴向和径向递减,密度沿轴向和径向递增。等离子射流轴向扩展位移的计算值和实测值吻合较好。
(3)等离子射流与液体工质相互作用特性的实验研究
设计等离子射流与液体工质相互作用的试验平台,研究了等离子射流与液体工质在圆柱型和圆柱渐扩型观察室中相互作用的特性。重点观测放电电压、喷嘴直径、渐扩结构因子等参数变化对等离子射流与液体工质相互作用过程的影响,分析等离子射流在渐扩边界处的卷吸与回流特性。结果表明：等离子射流在圆柱充液室中扩展时,轴向扩展速度大于径向扩展速度。Taylor空腔扩展界面随机脉动性较大,Taylor-Helmhotz不稳定性较强,湍流掺混强烈。等离子射流在圆柱渐扩型充液室中扩展时,由于渐扩台阶的径向诱导作用,使得Taylor空腔沿着渐扩台阶逐级向前扩展,这种扩展方式能够削弱等离子射流轴向Taylor-Helmholtz不稳定效应,减弱两相界面的随机脉动性。放电电压、喷嘴直径以及渐扩结构因子(△D/L)对等离子射流扩展过程均有一定的影响,通过对这些参数的合理匹配,能够实现对等离子射流扩展过程的有效控制。
(4)等离子射流与液体工质相互作用特性的数值模拟
在实验基础上,建立了等离子射流与液体工质相互作用的二维非稳态数学模型,并用FLUENT软件进行数值模拟,获得了射流场中压力、速度、密度和温度的时空分布特性。结果表明：等离子射流在液体中形成Taylor空腔时,轴向扩展速度大于径向扩展速度,喷嘴近场各参数沿轴向都具有脉动性,但脉动程度比在大气中扩展时的脉动程度小。喷嘴近场会出现射流颈缩,并伴随液体卷吸进入Taylor空腔中。等离子射流在液体中扩展时可分为3个流动区：主流区、压缩区和回流漩涡区。等离子射流在圆柱型充液室中扩展时,压力波基本为平面波,射流径向扩展较弱。而等离子射流在圆柱渐扩型充液室中扩展时,渐扩处压力波呈弧形,径向压力梯度较大,与圆柱型充液室条件相比,径向扩展速度较大,台阶拐角处有回流涡出现。
(5)整装式液体发射药等离子点火、燃烧及推进过程的数值模拟
建立了等离子射流与整装式液体药相互作用过程的二维数学模型,并进行数值模拟。分析液体发射药点火、燃烧以及推动弹丸的全过程,获得流场中压力、速度、密度、温度以及两相界面变化特性。结果表明：整装式液体工质电热化学炮内弹道过程中,燃烧室出现轴向压力振荡现象,压力振荡的出现使得膛内压力曲线呈现多峰分布。圆柱渐扩型燃烧室能够使得燃烧面沿着渐扩型边界逐级扩展,削弱了燃烧面的随机脉动性,减小了Taylor-Helmholtz不稳定性。
Taking bulk-loaded liquid propellant electrothermal chemical gun as engineering background, experimental and theoretical studies on interaction characteristic the plasma jet with bulk-loaded liquid have been conducted. The control mechanism and method of combustion stability in BLPG are explored and the research results have an important value for guiding interior ballistic design of bulk-loaded liquid propellant electrothermal chemical gun. The main research contents and results are as follows:
(1) Experimental study on plasma jet propagation in air
A test platform on plasma jet expansion in atmosphere is designed. The testing system of transient pressure is used to measure the pressure in the capillary. The series processes of the plasma jet in atmosphere are recorded by means of a high-speed digital camera. The effects of discharge voltage and nozzle diameter on plasma jet are explored. The results indicate that:when the plasma jet expands in the air, the axial expansion velocity is greater than the radial expansion one. The plasma jet can be divided into two parts:cone-jet head and slender body of the jet. The cone-jet head is very bright. And turbulent mixing between plasma jet and air is very strong. When the discharge voltage increases, the brightness and the expansion displacement of the plasma jet all increase, but incremental decreases. As nozzle diameter is bigger, the expansion displacement of the plasma jet is larger.
(2) Numerical simulation on plasma jet in atmosphere
Based on the experiments, a two dimensional unsteady mathematical model is established, the process of plasma jet expansion in atmosphere is simulated by Fluent. The distribution properties of pressure, velocity, density and temperature in the plasma jet flow filed, and the interface evolution properties of plasma jet and air are obtained. The results show that, the Mach disk exists downstream at the beginning of jets and a tapered low velocity zone appears on the downstream zone of Mach disk. With the jets bifurcating, the hollow jet is gradually formed. As time goes on, the bifurcate jets begin to converge. The radial dimension of the jet first increases then decreases. The periodic pressure waves exist near the nozzle. The temperature, velocity and density are all pulsing along the axial direction. As a whole, the temperature and velocity increase progressively along the axial and radial direction. The simulated values of axial displacements of plasma jet coincide well with the experimental ones.
(3) Experimental study on the interaction of plasma jet with liquid
A test platform for plasma jet expansion in liquid was designed to study the interaction of plasma jet with liquid in cylindrical chamber and cylindrical stepped-wall chamber. Discussions focus on the effects of pressure, nozzle diameter and the structure factor of stepped-wall chamber on the expansion processes of plasma jets. The entrainment and backflow characteristics of plasma jet are analyzed. The results show that, the axial velocity is larger than radial one as the plasma jet expands in cylindrical chamber. In addition, the surface of Taylor cavity is more random and the Taylor-Helmholtz instability is more intense. However, in cylindrical stepped-wall chamber, Taylor cavity expands forward by step and step due to the induction effect of steps, which can weaken Taylor-Helmholtz instability effect along the axial direction and restrict randomness of gas-liquid interface. The pressure, nozzle diameter and the structure factor (AD/L) of stepped-wall chamber all affect the expansion process of plasma jet, so the expansion processes can be controlled by matching these parameters.
(4) Numerical simulation of plasma jet expansion in liquid
Based on the experiment, a two dimensional unsteady mathematical model was established and the process of plasma jet expansion in liquid is simulate by Fluent to obtain the distribution properties of pressure, velocity, density and temperature in the plasma jet flow filed, and the interface evolution properties of plasma jet with air. The results show that, as Taylor cavity is formed in expansion process of plasma jet, the axial velocity is larger than the radial one and the various parameters near the nozzle is pulsing along the axial direction. But the range of pulsation is smaller than expansion processes in the atmosphere. The necking phenomenon of plasma jet exists near the nozzle with liquid entrainment into Taylor cavity. The expansion processes of plasma je in liquid can divided into three flow zones:main stream zone, compression zone and backflow zone. When plasma jet expands in the cylindrical chamber, pressure waves basically are plane waves and the jet expands more slowly along radial direction. However, when plasma jet expands in the cylindrical stepped-wall chamber, pressure waves basically show cambered and the radial pressure gradient is larger. Compared with cylindrical chamber, the radial expansion velocity is bigger in the cylindrical stepped-wall chamber, and the backflow zone exists in the corners of each step.
(5) Numerical simulation on ignition, combustion and propellant processes of plasma in BLPG
The two dimensional mathematical model is established and ignition, combustion and propellant processes of plasma are simulated to obtain to obtain the distribution properties of pressure, velocity, density and temperature, and the variation properties of gas-liquid interfaces. The results show that, pressure in the combustion chamber appears to pulse in bulk-loaded liquid propellant electrothermal chemical gun and thus pressure curve of the chamber shows multimodal distribution. Cylindrical stepped-wall chamber can help that combustion front expands progressively along the expanding steps, weakening the random in the combustion process and decreasing the Taylor-Helmholtz instability effect.
引文
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