轻便换档系统及故障诊断
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摘要
随着社会的进步和生活水平的提高,汽车工业得以长足发展,人们对车辆的功能和性能提出了更高的要求。目前,我国多数城市客车均采用发动机后置,使用手动机械变速装置,在车辆行驶过程中,驾驶员要反复、频繁进行起步、换档和停车操作,劳动强度很大,燃油经济性和乘坐舒适性较差,同时也存在着严重的交通事故隐患。借鉴国内外多年的研究经验,同时结合我国的实际情况,研究开发了性价比较高的客车轻便换档系统。
系统在原有手动变速器基础上进行机械机构改造,将手动换档改为电控气动轻便换档,以电子控制单元为核心,通过气动执行机构完成预定选换档操作,实现客车换档的轻便化。系统结构简单,效率高,生产继承性好,改造费用投入少,性价比高,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值,发展前景广阔。
本文介绍了客车换档系统的历史、现状及发展趋势,从客车传动系统中的离合器和同步器的工作原理入手,介绍了客车的换档过程。文章阐述了轻便换档系统的总体方案设计,详细描述了控制机构和执行机构的结构设计。在机械结构基础上,本文还详细阐述了控制机构和执行机构的硬件电路设计,包括信号采集电路、电磁阀控制、主备用控制单元及其它外围硬件电路的设计,并对出现和预知的故障进行了诊断,且提出了解决方案。文章然后介绍了CAN总线在系统中的应用,包括硬件节点的设计以及通讯协议的制定等,同时进行了系统软件流程的设计。最后对设计的硬件电路和系统软件进行了调试,确定系统能够正常运行。
With the development of modern society and the improvement of living standards, the automobile industry has been developed fleetly, and people demand more about the functions and capabilities of vehicles. At present, most city buses adopt the postposition engine and manual mechanical transmission. When the vehicles run, drivers must do the manipulation of start, gearshift and stop repeatedly and frequently, so the working intensity is very large and the comfort capability and fuel economy is bad. Also there are serious latent troubles of traffic accident. Using the research experience for reference in home and abroad,and according to our national actual situation, we developed an Electronic Pneumatic Shift System that has a good cost performance ratio.
Based on the original manual gear box, the mechanical machine is redesigned and the manual gear box is replaced by the electronic transmission. The system takes the ECU as the control kernel and utilizes the method of the Electronic Pneumatic Shift to complete the prospective shift operation. This system can not only maintain simple structure and high efficiency, but also have high manufacture facility and high performance-price proportion. So this project has important academic significance and applied value.
This thesis introduces the history, current situation and developing trend of the transmission system. The work theories of transmission, clutch and the synchronization machine are introduced firstly and then shift processes are discussed in details. Subsequently, the blue print of whole system with the structural design of the control and the implement unit are expounded. Based on the mechanical structure, this thesis has also expoudsed its hardware circuit design,including signal circuit, electromagnetic valve control circuit, the main control and the implement unit and other circuit. This thesis also expouds the diagnosis to the possible malfunction of the whole system, and bring forward the solutions. The application of CAN-Bus is also introduced, including the node hardware design and the frame of the communication protocol. At the same time the system software based on the the hardware is also designed. Finally the hardware and software are testd to make sure the whole system can work smoothly.
系统在原有手动变速器基础上进行机械机构改造,将手动换档改为电控气动轻便换档,以电子控制单元为核心,通过气动执行机构完成预定选换档操作,实现客车换档的轻便化。系统结构简单,效率高,生产继承性好,改造费用投入少,性价比高,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值,发展前景广阔。
本文介绍了客车换档系统的历史、现状及发展趋势,从客车传动系统中的离合器和同步器的工作原理入手,介绍了客车的换档过程。文章阐述了轻便换档系统的总体方案设计,详细描述了控制机构和执行机构的结构设计。在机械结构基础上,本文还详细阐述了控制机构和执行机构的硬件电路设计,包括信号采集电路、电磁阀控制、主备用控制单元及其它外围硬件电路的设计,并对出现和预知的故障进行了诊断,且提出了解决方案。文章然后介绍了CAN总线在系统中的应用,包括硬件节点的设计以及通讯协议的制定等,同时进行了系统软件流程的设计。最后对设计的硬件电路和系统软件进行了调试,确定系统能够正常运行。
With the development of modern society and the improvement of living standards, the automobile industry has been developed fleetly, and people demand more about the functions and capabilities of vehicles. At present, most city buses adopt the postposition engine and manual mechanical transmission. When the vehicles run, drivers must do the manipulation of start, gearshift and stop repeatedly and frequently, so the working intensity is very large and the comfort capability and fuel economy is bad. Also there are serious latent troubles of traffic accident. Using the research experience for reference in home and abroad,and according to our national actual situation, we developed an Electronic Pneumatic Shift System that has a good cost performance ratio.
Based on the original manual gear box, the mechanical machine is redesigned and the manual gear box is replaced by the electronic transmission. The system takes the ECU as the control kernel and utilizes the method of the Electronic Pneumatic Shift to complete the prospective shift operation. This system can not only maintain simple structure and high efficiency, but also have high manufacture facility and high performance-price proportion. So this project has important academic significance and applied value.
This thesis introduces the history, current situation and developing trend of the transmission system. The work theories of transmission, clutch and the synchronization machine are introduced firstly and then shift processes are discussed in details. Subsequently, the blue print of whole system with the structural design of the control and the implement unit are expounded. Based on the mechanical structure, this thesis has also expoudsed its hardware circuit design,including signal circuit, electromagnetic valve control circuit, the main control and the implement unit and other circuit. This thesis also expouds the diagnosis to the possible malfunction of the whole system, and bring forward the solutions. The application of CAN-Bus is also introduced, including the node hardware design and the frame of the communication protocol. At the same time the system software based on the the hardware is also designed. Finally the hardware and software are testd to make sure the whole system can work smoothly.
引文
[1]王丽芳.汽车自动变速器.机械传动.1998,(3):40-43.
[2]刘岩,丁玉兰.电控机械式自动变速器控制系统的研究.重型汽车.2001,(1):12-13.
[3]刘钊,雷星宇,关景泰.变速箱半自动换档电子控制系统开发.筑路机械与施工机械化.2003,20:23-24.
[4]宁甲琳.汽车电子控制技术及发展趋势.交通标准化.2006:170-171.
[5]Hoeijmakers M J,Rondel M.The electrical variable transmission in a city bus.35~(th) Annual IEEE Power Electrionics Specialists Conference,Aachen German,2004:273-278.
[6]葛安林.车辆自动变速理论与设计(第一版).北京:机械工业出版社,1993.
[7]Kim J,Dan D.An Automatic Transmission Model For Vehicle Control.Intelligent Transportation System,Boston MA,1997:759-764.
[8]Adon M.Continuous Variable Transmission in Automotive.SAE Tech Paper Series,970452.
[9]Sato K.Development of Electronically Controlled CVT System.SAE Tech Paper Series,9636321.
[10]付百学.汽车电子控制技术(下册).(第一版).北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[11]Hideo F,Kenji H,Masayuki F et al.Robust Control of an Automatic Transmission System for Passenger Vehicles.Control Applications,Glasgow,1994:397-402.
[12]皇甫鉴,范明强.现代汽车电子技术与装置.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1999.
[13]Bastian A,Tano S,Oyama Tetal.Fuzzy Logic Automatic Transmission Expert System.International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and The Second International Fuzzy Engineering Symposium.Yokohama,1995:1063-1068.
[14]Fournier L.Learning Capabilities for Improving Automatic Transmission Control.intelligent Vehicles'94 Symposium.Aachen German,1994:455-460.
[15]Yoshimura H.Automated Mechanical Transmission Control.Electronic Transmission Control.SAE paper 861032.
[16]J.G.Bender and K.D.Struthers Advanced Controls for Heavy Duty Transmission Applications.SAE Transaction Section 901157.
[17]陈家瑞.汽车构造(下).北京:人民交通出版社,2001.
[18]J.厄尔贾维克.汽车手动变速器和变速驱动桥.北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
[19]谢成豪,方加宝等.客车自动换档控制系统.大工网刊.2006.
[20]王晓明.电动机的单片机控制.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002.
[21]Asahara N,Otsubo H,Kimura H.Development of Robust Servo Syestem For Synchronous Shifting of A New Compact Five-Speed Automatic Transmission.Electronics and Motion Control.San Diego CA,1992:1276-1281.
[22]MartinSommerville.A Multi-level Automotive Speed Control.SAE Transactions Section 961011.
[23]饶运涛,皱继军,郑勇芸等.现场总线CAN原理与应用技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
[24]张培仁.基于C语言编程MCS-51单片机原理与应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[25]胡大可.基于单片机8051的嵌入式开发指南.北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
[26]黄皎,刘建国,高敏.单片机C语言编程应注意的若干问题.微计算机信息.2003,7:58-59.
[27]周凤余,鲁守银.CAN总线系统智能节点设计与实现.微计算机信息.1999,15:9-10.
[28]邬宽明.CAN总线原理和应用系统设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1996.
[29]蒋建文.CAN总线测控节点智能核心的研究.盐城工学院学报.2000,9:11-14.
[30]赵明.客车车身CAN总线网络通讯协议的制定与实现.农业装备与车辆工程.2006,(2):30-32.
[31]马忠梅.单片机的C语言应用程序设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
[32]柴春吉.浅谈测试系统的抗干扰技术.机电工程技术.2004,4:14-15.
[33]王幸之,王雷,翟成等.单片机应用系统抗干扰技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2000.
[2]刘岩,丁玉兰.电控机械式自动变速器控制系统的研究.重型汽车.2001,(1):12-13.
[3]刘钊,雷星宇,关景泰.变速箱半自动换档电子控制系统开发.筑路机械与施工机械化.2003,20:23-24.
[4]宁甲琳.汽车电子控制技术及发展趋势.交通标准化.2006:170-171.
[5]Hoeijmakers M J,Rondel M.The electrical variable transmission in a city bus.35~(th) Annual IEEE Power Electrionics Specialists Conference,Aachen German,2004:273-278.
[6]葛安林.车辆自动变速理论与设计(第一版).北京:机械工业出版社,1993.
[7]Kim J,Dan D.An Automatic Transmission Model For Vehicle Control.Intelligent Transportation System,Boston MA,1997:759-764.
[8]Adon M.Continuous Variable Transmission in Automotive.SAE Tech Paper Series,970452.
[9]Sato K.Development of Electronically Controlled CVT System.SAE Tech Paper Series,9636321.
[10]付百学.汽车电子控制技术(下册).(第一版).北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[11]Hideo F,Kenji H,Masayuki F et al.Robust Control of an Automatic Transmission System for Passenger Vehicles.Control Applications,Glasgow,1994:397-402.
[12]皇甫鉴,范明强.现代汽车电子技术与装置.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1999.
[13]Bastian A,Tano S,Oyama Tetal.Fuzzy Logic Automatic Transmission Expert System.International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and The Second International Fuzzy Engineering Symposium.Yokohama,1995:1063-1068.
[14]Fournier L.Learning Capabilities for Improving Automatic Transmission Control.intelligent Vehicles'94 Symposium.Aachen German,1994:455-460.
[15]Yoshimura H.Automated Mechanical Transmission Control.Electronic Transmission Control.SAE paper 861032.
[16]J.G.Bender and K.D.Struthers Advanced Controls for Heavy Duty Transmission Applications.SAE Transaction Section 901157.
[17]陈家瑞.汽车构造(下).北京:人民交通出版社,2001.
[18]J.厄尔贾维克.汽车手动变速器和变速驱动桥.北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
[19]谢成豪,方加宝等.客车自动换档控制系统.大工网刊.2006.
[20]王晓明.电动机的单片机控制.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002.
[21]Asahara N,Otsubo H,Kimura H.Development of Robust Servo Syestem For Synchronous Shifting of A New Compact Five-Speed Automatic Transmission.Electronics and Motion Control.San Diego CA,1992:1276-1281.
[22]MartinSommerville.A Multi-level Automotive Speed Control.SAE Transactions Section 961011.
[23]饶运涛,皱继军,郑勇芸等.现场总线CAN原理与应用技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
[24]张培仁.基于C语言编程MCS-51单片机原理与应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[25]胡大可.基于单片机8051的嵌入式开发指南.北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
[26]黄皎,刘建国,高敏.单片机C语言编程应注意的若干问题.微计算机信息.2003,7:58-59.
[27]周凤余,鲁守银.CAN总线系统智能节点设计与实现.微计算机信息.1999,15:9-10.
[28]邬宽明.CAN总线原理和应用系统设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1996.
[29]蒋建文.CAN总线测控节点智能核心的研究.盐城工学院学报.2000,9:11-14.
[30]赵明.客车车身CAN总线网络通讯协议的制定与实现.农业装备与车辆工程.2006,(2):30-32.
[31]马忠梅.单片机的C语言应用程序设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
[32]柴春吉.浅谈测试系统的抗干扰技术.机电工程技术.2004,4:14-15.
[33]王幸之,王雷,翟成等.单片机应用系统抗干扰技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2000.