大型超高功率电弧炉炼钢综合节能技术研究
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摘要
近年来我国电弧炉炼钢生产技术发展迅速,部分电弧炉的技术经济指标已达到国际水平,但与国际先进水平相比还有一定的差距。节能降耗是电弧炉生产技术发展的必然趋势,尤其是在目前我国能源非常紧张的情况下更要对电弧炉炼钢的节能降耗进行深入研究。本文是以天津钢管集团有限责任公司(以下简称天津钢管公司)1992年投入生产的大型超高功率电弧炉(150t/90MVA)为依托,开展超高功率电弧炉综合节能技术的研究。在总结国内外经验,特别是天津钢管公司生产实践的基础上,通过对电弧炉炼钢高效化生产工艺及综合控制理论的研究,在充分发挥变压器能力的基础上,强化用氧增加辅助能量输入,并对现有的炉料结构进行优化。自主开发了一种超高功率电弧炉炼钢在不改变炉型、变压器容量,全冷料(废钢、生铁、直接还原铁)等条件下的综合节能技术,可显著提高电弧炉炼钢的生产率,降低电耗。
     本文主要研究以下关键技术,并取得了应用成果。
     (1)优化供电制度研究
     使用两台精度为0.2%的仪表在线测量电弧炉炼钢过程的多项电气运行参数,获取30×104个数据。据此建立了电抗模型(非线性)、电气特性图和电气圆图,提出了适用的工作点总表和供电曲线,生产应用效果良好。
     (2)电炉炉料结构优化技术研究
     研究了大型电弧炉炼钢原料中大量使用直接还原铁原料对冶炼过程主要指标的影响,给出了炉料结构合理性的评估方法。根据1383炉生产数据,指出了炉料结构对炼钢过程的影响。提出了电弧炉炼钢“炉料结构三角形”的概念,更科学地描述了废钢、生铁和直接还原铁三元炉料结构对生产过程的影响。
     (3)强化用氧技术研究
     研究了电弧炉炼钢过程中的能量匹配,采用水模实验研究了氧枪结构及供氧的流量、分布、水平角和垂直角等问题,解决各种生产中遇到的实际问题。生产实践和应用表明,改进后的工艺操作参数合理可行,提高了氧气利用率。
The EAF steel making technology has been developed rapidly in recent years. The major technical index and economical data of EAF operation have met the international standard, although some still needs to be improved. Energy-saving is definitely the trend for the development of EAF processing. Under the condition of energy shortage there is an urgent need to conduct a thorough research on energy-saving of EAF. This paper presents the research work of a comprehensive technology on the EAF energy-saving with the data from the operations of a large-scale ultra-high power electric arc furnace that was put into operation at TPCO in 1992. Based on the experiences of both domestic and abroad in EAF energy-saving, especially those in TPCO, we have examined the high efficiency EAF processing and the control theory. Through full utilizing the transformer's ability, enhancing the oxygen supply, increasing the aux energy input and optimizing the existing charging structure, we have invented a comprehensive energy-saving technology without changing the profile of the furnace and the transformer capacity. This technology will increase the production of EAF steelmaking and decrease the power consumption remarkably.
    This paper is concerned with several key technologies as follows:
    (1) Optimization of power supply:
    Three hundred thousand data were obtained with the on-line measurement of several electric operating parameters of the EAF steelmaking process using an apparatus with 0.2% measurement error. A reactance model (nonlinear), electric property plot and its pie chart are all established from the measured results. A general guideline of the working points and the power supply curve are also provided. All of these have been well applied in production.
    (2) Optimization of EAF charging structure:
    The paper also studied the effect of charging containing a great deal of DRI on the major technical index of EAF steelmaking process and provided the method to evaluate the rationality of charging structure. Based on the data from 1383 heats of EAF operation, the effect of charging structure on steelmaking process is examined and the
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