浮力摆式波浪能装置的水动力性能研究
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摘要
目前海洋波浪能开发备受关注,在众多的波浪能利用技术中,浮力摆技术的频率响应范围宽、转换效率较高、抗浪能力强、可扩展性好,因而极具开发前景。在国外,某些浮力摆式波浪能装置已接近商业化,而在国内,浮力摆装置的研发却相对滞后。由于海况条件的巨大差异,为将浮力摆式波浪能利用技术成功应用于我国,结合我国的实际情况进行系统地自主研发是必不可少的,而水动力性能研究是其中的基础性工作。考虑到我国日常波浪较小、极端天气较频繁的海况条件,波浪能装置的水动力性能研究就显得尤其重要。
本文针对我国海况条件,采用理论分析、数值模拟和模型实验相结合的方法,系统地研究了浮力摆式波浪能装置的水动力性能,着重分析了PTO阻尼特性和参数变化对装置水动力性能的影响。
基于线性波理论推导了波浪对浮力摆作用的二维解析解,采用解析解研究了浮力摆装置的基本动力特性,分析了水深、板宽、板厚、板密度等参数对装置水动力性能的影响。研究表明：二维情况下,浮力摆装置的最大俘获宽度比为50%,水深对装置水动力性能的影响较大,板厚和密度的影响较小。当PTO阻尼采用低频辐射阻尼时,装置的俘获宽度比与满足阻尼匹配条件的情况下基本相同,当采用的PTO阻尼与低频辐射阻尼值差别较大时俘获宽度比显著降低。
采用频域势流模型,分析了水深、板宽、板厚和板密度4个参数对装置水动力性能的影响,着重讨论了波周期5.0s左右的情况,针对两种典型阻尼条件进行了对比分析。通过解析方法讨论了摆板密度对装置水动力性能的影响,提出了最佳密度的概念,给出了存在最佳密度的频率区间,并针对我国的典型海况进行了装置水动力性能的简要优化分析。研究表明：对于日常周期5.0s左右短波海况,应尽可能提高装置在小于固有周期的波周期范围的水动力性能；对于日常周期6.0s以下的短波海况,为了使装置具有良好的水动力性能,PTO阻尼采用周期5s对应的最佳线性阻尼是一个比较理想的选择；在各工况全部采用周期5.0s的最佳阻尼的情况下,水深越大,转换功率和俘获宽度比的峰值越小,板宽对装置水动力性能影响较小,板厚增加装置水动力性能提高。对于水深5.0m、波周期5.0s的海况条件,在采用最佳线性PTO阻尼的情况下,装置的优化宽度可取8.0m,优化厚度可取1.6m,并应尽量减小摆板密度。
采用时域势流模型分析了恒定PTO阻力矩(一种典型的非线性阻尼)条件下浮力摆装置的水动力性能,并简要分析了浮力摆的受力情况。研究表明,采用线性阻尼时浮力摆的动力响应更加规则、平稳,而采用较大的恒定阻力矩时浮力摆的动力响应呈现出明显的不规则现象；线性PTO阻尼和恒定PTO阻力矩两种情况下,装置水动力性能受摆板参数的影响情况类似,波浪和摆板参数相同时装置的最高俘获宽度比基本相同。水深5m、入射波周期为4.0s-11.5s的情况下,采用宽8m、厚1.6m、密度300kg/m3浮力摆,TPTO=0.4～0.6Tex时,装置的转换功率在25kW-60kW之间,俘获宽度比在0.6-1.0之间。
研制了浮力摆装置的物理模型,首次采用磁粉制动器模拟波浪能装置的PTO阻尼。通过大比尺水槽试验分析了浮力摆的固有周期、波能功率的非线性影响、PTO阻尼特性等,研究了规则波条件下浮力摆摆幅、转换功率和俘获宽度比随波况、激磁电流的变化情况,讨论了波幅、水位变化和摆板密度对装置水动力性能的影响,并简要分析了不规则波条件下装置的水动力性能以及摆板表面波压力的情况。研究表明：试验波面的非线性对波能功率的影响不大；PTO阻力矩的模拟结果与恒定阻力矩存在较明显差别,波周期对装置的PTO阻尼特性和浮力摆摆幅有着显著影响；根据试验结果,在周期5.0s、波幅0.34m的原型海况条件下,激磁电流为0.6A时,装置的转换功率约为14kW,俘获宽度比约为60%。波周期和激磁电流相同时,波幅增加装置的水动力性能降低,水深减小水动力性能小幅提高。摆板密度对水动力性能影响的试验验结果与频域数模结果一致。
Ocean wave energy is attracting much public attention at present. Among various wave energy technologies, the bottom-hinged flap technology is very prospective because of its broad bandwidth response, high conversation efficiency, strong wave-resistance ability, and good expandability. Some bottom-hinged flap wave energy converters (WECs) are to be commercialized overseas, while the research and development of bottom-hinged flap device is comparatively lagging domestically. Due to the large difference of sea states, to successfully apply the technology of wave energy utilization domestically, it is necessary to develop independently on the basis of China's practical situation. Hydrodynamic performance research is only a basic work for the whole technology. Take the sea states—comparatively smaller daily wave and frequent extreme weather condition—f China into consideration, hydrodynamic performance research of WEC appears especially important.
In allusion to China's sea states, a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical modeling and model experiment is adopted to study the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters (WECs) of the bottom-hinged flap style systematically and analyze the PTO damping characteristic and parameter influence on the device's hydrodynamic performance.
Based on the linear wave theory, the two-dimensional analytical solution for wave's action on bottom-hinged flap was deduced, the analytical solution was employed to study the basic dynamic characteristics of the bottom-hinged flap device, and the influences of parameters such as water depth, flap width, flap thickness, flap density, etc. on the device's hydrodynamic performance were analyzed. The research result shows that on the two-dimensional condition, the bottom-hinged flap device's maximum capture factor is50%; the influence of water depth on the device's hydrodynamic performance is comparatively larger while the influence of flap thickness and flap density on it is comparatively smaller. When the PTO dumping adopts a low-frequency radiation damping, the capture factor of the device is almost the same as when the matched damping condition is satisfied. When the difference between the PTO dumping adopted and the low-frequency radiation damping is comparatively larger, the capture factor will be significantly reduced.
The frequency-domain potential model was used to analyze the influence of four parameters---water depth, flap width, flap thickness and flap density---on the device's hydrodynamic performance, the condition when the period of wave is around5.0s was discussed, and a comparative analysis was made in allusion to the two typical damping conditions. The analytic method was applied to discuss the influence of flap density on the device's hydrodynamic performance, propose the concept of'optimum density', figure out the frequency interval of the optimum density, and thus make a briefly optimization analysis of the device's hydrodynamic performance in allusion to China's typical sea states. The research result shows that for the short wave whose usual period is around5.0, the device's hydrodynamic performance should be improved on the realm of a wave period that is smaller than the natural period as far as possible, and for the short wave whose usual period is less than6.0s, to achieve a good hydrodynamic performance for the device, the PTO damping adopting the optimum linear damping of period5.0s is an ideal choice; on the condition of adopting an optimum damping with a period of5.0s, the deeper the water is, the smaller the peak value of the power capture and the capture factor is, the smaller the influence of the flap width on the device's hydrodynamic performance is, and the better the device's hydrodynamic performance is when the flap thickness increases. On the sea states that the water depth is5.0m and the wave period is5.0s, adopting the optimum linear PTO damping, the device's optimization width may be8.0m, the optimization thickness may be1.6m and the flap density should better be thinner.
The time-domain potential model was adopted to analyze the bottom-hinged flap device's hydrodynamic performance under the condition of constant PTO moment (a typical non-linear damping), and the stress situation of the bottom-hinged flap was briefly analyzed. The research result shows that when adopting linear damping, the dynamic response of the bottom-hinged flap is more regular and stable, while adopting a larger constant moment, the dynamic response of the bottom-hinged flap is obviously irregular; under the two conditions of linear PTO damping and constant PTO moment, the influence of the flap parameter on the device's hydrodynamic performance is similar, and when the parameter of the wave is same to that of the flap, the device's maximum capture factor is almost equal. Under the condition that the water depth is5m, the period of the incident wave is4.0s-11.5s, adopting a bottom-hinged flap of8m's width,1.6m's thickness and a density of300kg/m3, when TPTO=0.4～0.6Tex, the power capture of the device is25kW-60kW and the capture factor is0.6～1.0.
A physical model of the bottom-hinged flap device was developed, and a magnetic powder brake was used for the first time to simulate the wave energy device's PTO damping. Through large-scale flume experiment, the natural period of the bottom-hinged flap, the wave power's nonlinear influence, the PTO damping characteristics, etc. were analyzed; the variation of pitch amplitude, power capture and capture factor along with the wave and the excitation current under the condition of irregular wave were investigated; the influences of wave amplitude, variation of water level and flap density on the device's hydrodynamic performance were discussed; and the device's hydrodynamic performance and the wave pressure on the flap surface under the condition of irregular wave were briefly analyzed. The research result shows that the nonlinearity of the test wave has little influence on the wave power; the PTO moment's simulated result has a significant difference with the constant moment, and the wave period has an obvious influence on the device's PTO damping characteristic and the amplitude of the bottom-hinged flap. According to the experimental result, under the prototype sea states (with the period of5.0s and the amplitude of0.34m), when the excitation current is0.6A, the power capture of the device is about14kw, and the capture factor is about60%. When the wave period is equal to the excitation current, the device's hydrodynamic performance lessens as the amplitude increases, increases slightly as the water depth decreases. The experimental result of the flap density's influence on the hydrodynamic performance is identical to that of the frequency domain digital analog.
本文针对我国海况条件,采用理论分析、数值模拟和模型实验相结合的方法,系统地研究了浮力摆式波浪能装置的水动力性能,着重分析了PTO阻尼特性和参数变化对装置水动力性能的影响。
基于线性波理论推导了波浪对浮力摆作用的二维解析解,采用解析解研究了浮力摆装置的基本动力特性,分析了水深、板宽、板厚、板密度等参数对装置水动力性能的影响。研究表明：二维情况下,浮力摆装置的最大俘获宽度比为50%,水深对装置水动力性能的影响较大,板厚和密度的影响较小。当PTO阻尼采用低频辐射阻尼时,装置的俘获宽度比与满足阻尼匹配条件的情况下基本相同,当采用的PTO阻尼与低频辐射阻尼值差别较大时俘获宽度比显著降低。
采用频域势流模型,分析了水深、板宽、板厚和板密度4个参数对装置水动力性能的影响,着重讨论了波周期5.0s左右的情况,针对两种典型阻尼条件进行了对比分析。通过解析方法讨论了摆板密度对装置水动力性能的影响,提出了最佳密度的概念,给出了存在最佳密度的频率区间,并针对我国的典型海况进行了装置水动力性能的简要优化分析。研究表明：对于日常周期5.0s左右短波海况,应尽可能提高装置在小于固有周期的波周期范围的水动力性能；对于日常周期6.0s以下的短波海况,为了使装置具有良好的水动力性能,PTO阻尼采用周期5s对应的最佳线性阻尼是一个比较理想的选择；在各工况全部采用周期5.0s的最佳阻尼的情况下,水深越大,转换功率和俘获宽度比的峰值越小,板宽对装置水动力性能影响较小,板厚增加装置水动力性能提高。对于水深5.0m、波周期5.0s的海况条件,在采用最佳线性PTO阻尼的情况下,装置的优化宽度可取8.0m,优化厚度可取1.6m,并应尽量减小摆板密度。
采用时域势流模型分析了恒定PTO阻力矩(一种典型的非线性阻尼)条件下浮力摆装置的水动力性能,并简要分析了浮力摆的受力情况。研究表明,采用线性阻尼时浮力摆的动力响应更加规则、平稳,而采用较大的恒定阻力矩时浮力摆的动力响应呈现出明显的不规则现象；线性PTO阻尼和恒定PTO阻力矩两种情况下,装置水动力性能受摆板参数的影响情况类似,波浪和摆板参数相同时装置的最高俘获宽度比基本相同。水深5m、入射波周期为4.0s-11.5s的情况下,采用宽8m、厚1.6m、密度300kg/m3浮力摆,TPTO=0.4～0.6Tex时,装置的转换功率在25kW-60kW之间,俘获宽度比在0.6-1.0之间。
研制了浮力摆装置的物理模型,首次采用磁粉制动器模拟波浪能装置的PTO阻尼。通过大比尺水槽试验分析了浮力摆的固有周期、波能功率的非线性影响、PTO阻尼特性等,研究了规则波条件下浮力摆摆幅、转换功率和俘获宽度比随波况、激磁电流的变化情况,讨论了波幅、水位变化和摆板密度对装置水动力性能的影响,并简要分析了不规则波条件下装置的水动力性能以及摆板表面波压力的情况。研究表明：试验波面的非线性对波能功率的影响不大；PTO阻力矩的模拟结果与恒定阻力矩存在较明显差别,波周期对装置的PTO阻尼特性和浮力摆摆幅有着显著影响；根据试验结果,在周期5.0s、波幅0.34m的原型海况条件下,激磁电流为0.6A时,装置的转换功率约为14kW,俘获宽度比约为60%。波周期和激磁电流相同时,波幅增加装置的水动力性能降低,水深减小水动力性能小幅提高。摆板密度对水动力性能影响的试验验结果与频域数模结果一致。
Ocean wave energy is attracting much public attention at present. Among various wave energy technologies, the bottom-hinged flap technology is very prospective because of its broad bandwidth response, high conversation efficiency, strong wave-resistance ability, and good expandability. Some bottom-hinged flap wave energy converters (WECs) are to be commercialized overseas, while the research and development of bottom-hinged flap device is comparatively lagging domestically. Due to the large difference of sea states, to successfully apply the technology of wave energy utilization domestically, it is necessary to develop independently on the basis of China's practical situation. Hydrodynamic performance research is only a basic work for the whole technology. Take the sea states—comparatively smaller daily wave and frequent extreme weather condition—f China into consideration, hydrodynamic performance research of WEC appears especially important.
In allusion to China's sea states, a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical modeling and model experiment is adopted to study the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters (WECs) of the bottom-hinged flap style systematically and analyze the PTO damping characteristic and parameter influence on the device's hydrodynamic performance.
Based on the linear wave theory, the two-dimensional analytical solution for wave's action on bottom-hinged flap was deduced, the analytical solution was employed to study the basic dynamic characteristics of the bottom-hinged flap device, and the influences of parameters such as water depth, flap width, flap thickness, flap density, etc. on the device's hydrodynamic performance were analyzed. The research result shows that on the two-dimensional condition, the bottom-hinged flap device's maximum capture factor is50%; the influence of water depth on the device's hydrodynamic performance is comparatively larger while the influence of flap thickness and flap density on it is comparatively smaller. When the PTO dumping adopts a low-frequency radiation damping, the capture factor of the device is almost the same as when the matched damping condition is satisfied. When the difference between the PTO dumping adopted and the low-frequency radiation damping is comparatively larger, the capture factor will be significantly reduced.
The frequency-domain potential model was used to analyze the influence of four parameters---water depth, flap width, flap thickness and flap density---on the device's hydrodynamic performance, the condition when the period of wave is around5.0s was discussed, and a comparative analysis was made in allusion to the two typical damping conditions. The analytic method was applied to discuss the influence of flap density on the device's hydrodynamic performance, propose the concept of'optimum density', figure out the frequency interval of the optimum density, and thus make a briefly optimization analysis of the device's hydrodynamic performance in allusion to China's typical sea states. The research result shows that for the short wave whose usual period is around5.0, the device's hydrodynamic performance should be improved on the realm of a wave period that is smaller than the natural period as far as possible, and for the short wave whose usual period is less than6.0s, to achieve a good hydrodynamic performance for the device, the PTO damping adopting the optimum linear damping of period5.0s is an ideal choice; on the condition of adopting an optimum damping with a period of5.0s, the deeper the water is, the smaller the peak value of the power capture and the capture factor is, the smaller the influence of the flap width on the device's hydrodynamic performance is, and the better the device's hydrodynamic performance is when the flap thickness increases. On the sea states that the water depth is5.0m and the wave period is5.0s, adopting the optimum linear PTO damping, the device's optimization width may be8.0m, the optimization thickness may be1.6m and the flap density should better be thinner.
The time-domain potential model was adopted to analyze the bottom-hinged flap device's hydrodynamic performance under the condition of constant PTO moment (a typical non-linear damping), and the stress situation of the bottom-hinged flap was briefly analyzed. The research result shows that when adopting linear damping, the dynamic response of the bottom-hinged flap is more regular and stable, while adopting a larger constant moment, the dynamic response of the bottom-hinged flap is obviously irregular; under the two conditions of linear PTO damping and constant PTO moment, the influence of the flap parameter on the device's hydrodynamic performance is similar, and when the parameter of the wave is same to that of the flap, the device's maximum capture factor is almost equal. Under the condition that the water depth is5m, the period of the incident wave is4.0s-11.5s, adopting a bottom-hinged flap of8m's width,1.6m's thickness and a density of300kg/m3, when TPTO=0.4～0.6Tex, the power capture of the device is25kW-60kW and the capture factor is0.6～1.0.
A physical model of the bottom-hinged flap device was developed, and a magnetic powder brake was used for the first time to simulate the wave energy device's PTO damping. Through large-scale flume experiment, the natural period of the bottom-hinged flap, the wave power's nonlinear influence, the PTO damping characteristics, etc. were analyzed; the variation of pitch amplitude, power capture and capture factor along with the wave and the excitation current under the condition of irregular wave were investigated; the influences of wave amplitude, variation of water level and flap density on the device's hydrodynamic performance were discussed; and the device's hydrodynamic performance and the wave pressure on the flap surface under the condition of irregular wave were briefly analyzed. The research result shows that the nonlinearity of the test wave has little influence on the wave power; the PTO moment's simulated result has a significant difference with the constant moment, and the wave period has an obvious influence on the device's PTO damping characteristic and the amplitude of the bottom-hinged flap. According to the experimental result, under the prototype sea states (with the period of5.0s and the amplitude of0.34m), when the excitation current is0.6A, the power capture of the device is about14kw, and the capture factor is about60%. When the wave period is equal to the excitation current, the device's hydrodynamic performance lessens as the amplitude increases, increases slightly as the water depth decreases. The experimental result of the flap density's influence on the hydrodynamic performance is identical to that of the frequency domain digital analog.
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