LD远场光强数学建模及其特性参数的测控
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摘要
随着社会和科技的进步，人们对信息需求量越来越大，传统的电通讯方式正在让位于光纤通讯，DWDM(密集型波分复用)就是光纤通讯中很有前途的一种技术。作为DWDM的泵浦源，980nm半导体激光器的重要性是不言而喻的，而980nm半导体激光器同SMF(单模光纤)的耦合率则是在泵浦过程中关心的极为重要的一个课题。
由于生产工艺等原因，造成不同980nm半导体激光器个体的特性参数的不尽相同，而生产厂商给出的特性往往都只是一个典型值，如果用典型值来进行耦合效率的估算，必然造成很大的误差，从而对检验某种耦合方式的优劣性造成不良影响。就算是同一个半导体激光器个体，随着工作时间的增长，必然造成激光器工作温度的变化，从而进一步影响到激光器的输出功率等特性参数。用这样的激光器来进行高精度的耦合实验必然是一种灾难。
本文着重论述了利用NI公司的Labview虚拟仪器语言进行软件编制，并利用软件通过GPIB硬件接口对ILX公司的LDC3900半导体激光器电源进行实时监控的方法，通过对LDC3900半导体激光器电源的监控，从而保证了连接在该电源上的980nm半导体激光器能够长时间的工作在恒定的环境温度、恒定的工作电流、工作电压下，并保证了激光器能输出稳定功率的光束。通过对980nm半导体激光器特性参数的控制，从而向耦合实验提供了稳定的激光光源。
本文同时还探讨了处于空间任意位置的半导体激光器远场模场分布情况，建立了理论模型并描绘了处于某些特定位置下的半导体激光器远场光强分布曲线。该理论模型的建立为日后对980nm半导体激光器远场光强分布的探测工作奠定了基础并提供了一定的指导作用。同时，该模型也可以为980nm半导体激光器同SMF的耦合工作提供一定的指导，从而缩短耦合实验所需的时间。
需要指出的是，虽然本文是建立在980nm半导体激光器的基础之上，但本文的适用范围并不局限于980nm半导体激光器，本文对于半导体激光器具有普适性。
With the progress of our society and the development of technology, more and more information is required by people. The optical communication is taking place of traditional electronic communication and the DWDM is a quite promising technique. It is obvious that 980nm LD is important as the pump of DWDM. So the coupling efficiency of LD(Laser Diode) and SMF(Single Mode Fiber) is a very important topic.
Production technology and other reason cause different LD parameters of individual. Production firm can only give typical values, so carrying on with typical values in coupling efficiency estimation must cause inaccuracy and the misjudgment of the result. With the increment of the working time, the temperature change of the LD will further influent of the parameters like light power, etc. So it is a horrible thing to use such LD in coupling experiments.
This paper discusses how to control a power controller of LD named LDC3900 which is manufactured by ILX cooperation via software written by Labview, a product of NI cooperation. The stable parameters such as current, voltage, power and temperature of LD can be provided through the controller of LD connected with LDC3900.With the control of the parameters of LD, the steady LD power can be offered for the coupling experiment.
This paper also deduces the expression of the far-field light beam intensity distribution of LD at any location, establishes a mathematical model and draws a set of distribution curve of far-field light beam intensity of LD at some special locations. The foundation of the mathematical model mentioned in this paper can not only guide the detecting work of the far-field light intensity distribution of LD, but also guide the coupling with LD and SMF in order to shot the time which is needed in the coupling experiment.
Although this paper is based on the 980nm LD, but the conclusion of this paper is
not merely applied to the 980nm LD.
由于生产工艺等原因，造成不同980nm半导体激光器个体的特性参数的不尽相同，而生产厂商给出的特性往往都只是一个典型值，如果用典型值来进行耦合效率的估算，必然造成很大的误差，从而对检验某种耦合方式的优劣性造成不良影响。就算是同一个半导体激光器个体，随着工作时间的增长，必然造成激光器工作温度的变化，从而进一步影响到激光器的输出功率等特性参数。用这样的激光器来进行高精度的耦合实验必然是一种灾难。
本文着重论述了利用NI公司的Labview虚拟仪器语言进行软件编制，并利用软件通过GPIB硬件接口对ILX公司的LDC3900半导体激光器电源进行实时监控的方法，通过对LDC3900半导体激光器电源的监控，从而保证了连接在该电源上的980nm半导体激光器能够长时间的工作在恒定的环境温度、恒定的工作电流、工作电压下，并保证了激光器能输出稳定功率的光束。通过对980nm半导体激光器特性参数的控制，从而向耦合实验提供了稳定的激光光源。
本文同时还探讨了处于空间任意位置的半导体激光器远场模场分布情况，建立了理论模型并描绘了处于某些特定位置下的半导体激光器远场光强分布曲线。该理论模型的建立为日后对980nm半导体激光器远场光强分布的探测工作奠定了基础并提供了一定的指导作用。同时，该模型也可以为980nm半导体激光器同SMF的耦合工作提供一定的指导，从而缩短耦合实验所需的时间。
需要指出的是，虽然本文是建立在980nm半导体激光器的基础之上，但本文的适用范围并不局限于980nm半导体激光器，本文对于半导体激光器具有普适性。
With the progress of our society and the development of technology, more and more information is required by people. The optical communication is taking place of traditional electronic communication and the DWDM is a quite promising technique. It is obvious that 980nm LD is important as the pump of DWDM. So the coupling efficiency of LD(Laser Diode) and SMF(Single Mode Fiber) is a very important topic.
Production technology and other reason cause different LD parameters of individual. Production firm can only give typical values, so carrying on with typical values in coupling efficiency estimation must cause inaccuracy and the misjudgment of the result. With the increment of the working time, the temperature change of the LD will further influent of the parameters like light power, etc. So it is a horrible thing to use such LD in coupling experiments.
This paper discusses how to control a power controller of LD named LDC3900 which is manufactured by ILX cooperation via software written by Labview, a product of NI cooperation. The stable parameters such as current, voltage, power and temperature of LD can be provided through the controller of LD connected with LDC3900.With the control of the parameters of LD, the steady LD power can be offered for the coupling experiment.
This paper also deduces the expression of the far-field light beam intensity distribution of LD at any location, establishes a mathematical model and draws a set of distribution curve of far-field light beam intensity of LD at some special locations. The foundation of the mathematical model mentioned in this paper can not only guide the detecting work of the far-field light intensity distribution of LD, but also guide the coupling with LD and SMF in order to shot the time which is needed in the coupling experiment.
Although this paper is based on the 980nm LD, but the conclusion of this paper is
not merely applied to the 980nm LD.
引文
1．聂刚 李宝红 刘雪峰 黄德修，“半导体激光器到单模光纤的高效耦合技术”，光通信技术，Vol．20，no．2，PP：161～165，1995
2．薄报学，高欣，王玲，张宝顺，王玉霞，张兴德，“808nm波长光纤耦合高功率半导体激光器”，中国激光，Vol．A26，no．3，PP：193～196，1999
3. J. Yamada and Y. Murakami, J. Sakai and T. Kimura, "Characteristics of a hemispherical microlens for coupling between a semiconductor laser and single-mode fiber", IEEE J. Quantum Electron,Vol. QE-16, pp:1067～1072, 1980
4. K.Mathyssek, R. Kei, and E. Klement, "New coupling arrangement between laser diode and single-mode fiber with high coupling efficiency and particularly low feedback effect", Proc. 10th Eur. Conf. Optical commun., pp: 10A5,1984
5. Kazuo Shiraishi, Hidenori Ohnukui Hiraguri, Kazuhito Matsumura, etc, "A lensed-fiber coupling scheme utilizing a graded-index fiber and a hemispherically ended coreless fiber tip", IEEE. J of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No.2, pp: 356～363, 1977
6. Hidehiko Yoda and Kazuo Shiraishi, "A new scheme of a lensed fiber employing a wedge-shaped graded-index fiber tip for the coupling between high-power laser diodes and single-mode fibers", IEEE. J of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15,No.2,pp: 1910～1917, 2001
7. H. Kuwahara, R.Keil, and E.Klement, "Efficient coupling from semicondunctor lasers into single-mode fibers with tapered hemispherical ends", Appl. Opt., Vol. 19, pp: 2578～2583, 1980
8．韦朝曼，查开德，王新宏等．“尖锥端光纤和半导体激光器的耦合”，中国激光，Vol．25，no．1，pp：46～50，1998
9. A.R.Faidz and H.T.Chuah,H.Ghafouri-Shiraz, "Coupling efficiecny beween a laser diode and a conically lensed single-mode fiber", IEEE, pp: 66～70, 2000
10. Tang Haiqing; Zhang Quan J., Zhao Faying, Xue Hao, "Cylindrical lensed fibers optimized for 980-nm pump laser diode coupling", Materials and Devices for Optical and Wireless Communications, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4905, pp: 157～161, 2002
11．赵发英 “980nm泵浦激光器及相关激光器和透镜光纤耦合的研究”浙江大学硕士学位论文，pp：53～54，2003
12．袁加勇，“激光基础”，浙江大学出版社，pp：91～97，1988
13. J.W.Goodman, "Introduction To Fourier Optics", McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968 64-80
14．刘君华，“基于LabView的虚拟仪器设计”，电子工业出版社，pp：79～84，2003
15．实威科技编著，“SolidWorks 2001 Plus原厂教育训练手册”(上)，清华大学出版社，pp：117～310，2002
16．谢忠佑，“SolidWorks 2002中文版实做范例”，北京大学出版社，pp：81～144，2001
17．杨乐平，“LabView程序设计与应用”，电子工业出版社，pp：97～144，pp：125～141，2002
18．沈守范，“MathCAD使用与详解”，电子工业出版社，pp：89～95，2001
19. R.M.Lammert, J.E.Ungar, M.L.Osowski, H, Qi, M.A.Newkirk, and N.Bar Chaim "980-nm Master Oscillator Power Amplifiers with Nonabsorbing Mirrors" IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY
LETTERS, VOL. 11, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1999, pp: 1099～1101
20. J. C. Livas, S. R. Chinn, E.S.Kintzer, J.N.Walpole, C.A.Wang, L.J.Missagia "Single-Mode Optical Fiber Coupling of High-Power Tapered gain Region Devices", IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL.6,NO.3,March 1994, pp: 422～424
21. Hideyoshi Horie, Yoshitaka Yamamoto, Nobuhiro Arai, and Hirotaka Ohta,"Thermal Rollover Characteristics Up to 150℃ of Buried-Stripe Type 980-nm Laser Diodeswith a Current Injection Window Delineated by a SiNx Layer" IEEE PHOTONICS TECNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 12, NO.1, JANUARY 2000, pp: 13～15
22. F.A.Flood, Member, IEEE, and C.C.Wang, "980-nm Pump-Band Wavelengths for Long-Wavelength-Band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers" IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 11, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1999, pp: 1232～1234
23. L. A. Wang and C. D. Chen, "Characteristics Comparison of Er-Doped Double-Pass Superfluorescent Fiber Sources Pumped Near 980 nm", IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO.4, APRIL 1997, pp: 446～448
24. V.Vusirikala, S. S. Saini, R.E.Bartolo, M.Dagenais, Senior Member, IEEE, and D.R.Stone, "Compact Mode Expanders Using Resonant Coupling Between a Tapered Active Region and an Underlying Coupling Waveguide", IEEE,PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL.10, NO.2, FEBRUARY 1998, pp: 203～205
25. Y.Sun, J.W.Sulhoff, A.K.Srivastava, J.L.Zyskind, T.A.Strasser, J.R.Pedrazzani, C.Wolf, J.Zhou, J.B.Judkins, R.P.Espindola, and A.M.Vengsarkar, "980-nm ultra-wideband erbium-doped silicafiber amplifier", Electron.
Lett.,vol.33,1965-1967,Nov. 1997.pp:23
26. R.M.Percival, S.Cole, D.M.Cooper, S.P.Craig-Ryan, A.D.Ellis, C.J.Rowe, and W.A.Stallard, "Eribum-doped fiber amplifier with constant gain for pump wavelengths between 966 and 1004 nm," Electron. Lett., vol.27,no.14,July 1991, pp: 1266～1268
27. A.Moser, A.Oosenbmg, E.E.Latta, Th. Foster, and M.Gasser, "High-power operation of strained In GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well lasers, "Appl. Phys.Lett., vol.59,1991, pp: 2642～2644
28. Y.K.Chen, M.C.Wu, S.Hobson, M.A.Chin, K.D.Choquette, R.S.Freund, and A.M.Sergent, "High-temperature operation of periodic index separate confinement heterostructure quantum well laser, "Appl. Phys. Lett.,vol. 59,1991.,pp: 2784～2786
29. P.Xie and S.Rand, "Continuous wave, pair-pumped laser, "Optics Lett., vol.15, 1990, pp: 848～850
30. P. R. Morkel and R.I.Laming, "Theroetical modeling of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with excited-state absorption," Opt, Lett., vol. 14, 1989., pp: 1062～1064
31. H.Horie, H.Ohta, Y.Yamamoto, N.Arai, B.Kelly, T.Fujimori, H.Gotoh, M.Usami,and Y. Matsushima, "Highly reliable buried-stripe type 980-um laser diodes for practical optical communications, "Proc. SPIE, vol. 3945, 2000, pp: 280～292
32. H.Hore, H.Ohta, and T.Fujimori, "Reliablity improvement of 980-nm laser diodes with a new facet passivation process, "IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 5, pp: 832～838, May/June 1999.
33. T.M.Cockerill, J.Honig, D.V.Forbes, and J.J.Coleman, "Distributed feedback strained layer quantum well heterostrueture 980 nm laser fabricated by two-step
metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, "Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.62, 1993, pp: 820～822
34. M.Aoki, M.Suzuld, T.Taniwatari, H.Sano, and T.Kawano, "New photonic device integration by selective-area MOVPE and its application to optical modulator/laser integration, "Microwave Opt. Techmol. Lett., vol.7, 1994, pp: 132～139
2．薄报学，高欣，王玲，张宝顺，王玉霞，张兴德，“808nm波长光纤耦合高功率半导体激光器”，中国激光，Vol．A26，no．3，PP：193～196，1999
3. J. Yamada and Y. Murakami, J. Sakai and T. Kimura, "Characteristics of a hemispherical microlens for coupling between a semiconductor laser and single-mode fiber", IEEE J. Quantum Electron,Vol. QE-16, pp:1067～1072, 1980
4. K.Mathyssek, R. Kei, and E. Klement, "New coupling arrangement between laser diode and single-mode fiber with high coupling efficiency and particularly low feedback effect", Proc. 10th Eur. Conf. Optical commun., pp: 10A5,1984
5. Kazuo Shiraishi, Hidenori Ohnukui Hiraguri, Kazuhito Matsumura, etc, "A lensed-fiber coupling scheme utilizing a graded-index fiber and a hemispherically ended coreless fiber tip", IEEE. J of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No.2, pp: 356～363, 1977
6. Hidehiko Yoda and Kazuo Shiraishi, "A new scheme of a lensed fiber employing a wedge-shaped graded-index fiber tip for the coupling between high-power laser diodes and single-mode fibers", IEEE. J of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15,No.2,pp: 1910～1917, 2001
7. H. Kuwahara, R.Keil, and E.Klement, "Efficient coupling from semicondunctor lasers into single-mode fibers with tapered hemispherical ends", Appl. Opt., Vol. 19, pp: 2578～2583, 1980
8．韦朝曼，查开德，王新宏等．“尖锥端光纤和半导体激光器的耦合”，中国激光，Vol．25，no．1，pp：46～50，1998
9. A.R.Faidz and H.T.Chuah,H.Ghafouri-Shiraz, "Coupling efficiecny beween a laser diode and a conically lensed single-mode fiber", IEEE, pp: 66～70, 2000
10. Tang Haiqing; Zhang Quan J., Zhao Faying, Xue Hao, "Cylindrical lensed fibers optimized for 980-nm pump laser diode coupling", Materials and Devices for Optical and Wireless Communications, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4905, pp: 157～161, 2002
11．赵发英 “980nm泵浦激光器及相关激光器和透镜光纤耦合的研究”浙江大学硕士学位论文，pp：53～54，2003
12．袁加勇，“激光基础”，浙江大学出版社，pp：91～97，1988
13. J.W.Goodman, "Introduction To Fourier Optics", McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968 64-80
14．刘君华，“基于LabView的虚拟仪器设计”，电子工业出版社，pp：79～84，2003
15．实威科技编著，“SolidWorks 2001 Plus原厂教育训练手册”(上)，清华大学出版社，pp：117～310，2002
16．谢忠佑，“SolidWorks 2002中文版实做范例”，北京大学出版社，pp：81～144，2001
17．杨乐平，“LabView程序设计与应用”，电子工业出版社，pp：97～144，pp：125～141，2002
18．沈守范，“MathCAD使用与详解”，电子工业出版社，pp：89～95，2001
19. R.M.Lammert, J.E.Ungar, M.L.Osowski, H, Qi, M.A.Newkirk, and N.Bar Chaim "980-nm Master Oscillator Power Amplifiers with Nonabsorbing Mirrors" IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY
LETTERS, VOL. 11, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1999, pp: 1099～1101
20. J. C. Livas, S. R. Chinn, E.S.Kintzer, J.N.Walpole, C.A.Wang, L.J.Missagia "Single-Mode Optical Fiber Coupling of High-Power Tapered gain Region Devices", IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL.6,NO.3,March 1994, pp: 422～424
21. Hideyoshi Horie, Yoshitaka Yamamoto, Nobuhiro Arai, and Hirotaka Ohta,"Thermal Rollover Characteristics Up to 150℃ of Buried-Stripe Type 980-nm Laser Diodeswith a Current Injection Window Delineated by a SiNx Layer" IEEE PHOTONICS TECNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 12, NO.1, JANUARY 2000, pp: 13～15
22. F.A.Flood, Member, IEEE, and C.C.Wang, "980-nm Pump-Band Wavelengths for Long-Wavelength-Band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers" IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 11, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1999, pp: 1232～1234
23. L. A. Wang and C. D. Chen, "Characteristics Comparison of Er-Doped Double-Pass Superfluorescent Fiber Sources Pumped Near 980 nm", IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 9, NO.4, APRIL 1997, pp: 446～448
24. V.Vusirikala, S. S. Saini, R.E.Bartolo, M.Dagenais, Senior Member, IEEE, and D.R.Stone, "Compact Mode Expanders Using Resonant Coupling Between a Tapered Active Region and an Underlying Coupling Waveguide", IEEE,PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL.10, NO.2, FEBRUARY 1998, pp: 203～205
25. Y.Sun, J.W.Sulhoff, A.K.Srivastava, J.L.Zyskind, T.A.Strasser, J.R.Pedrazzani, C.Wolf, J.Zhou, J.B.Judkins, R.P.Espindola, and A.M.Vengsarkar, "980-nm ultra-wideband erbium-doped silicafiber amplifier", Electron.
Lett.,vol.33,1965-1967,Nov. 1997.pp:23
26. R.M.Percival, S.Cole, D.M.Cooper, S.P.Craig-Ryan, A.D.Ellis, C.J.Rowe, and W.A.Stallard, "Eribum-doped fiber amplifier with constant gain for pump wavelengths between 966 and 1004 nm," Electron. Lett., vol.27,no.14,July 1991, pp: 1266～1268
27. A.Moser, A.Oosenbmg, E.E.Latta, Th. Foster, and M.Gasser, "High-power operation of strained In GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well lasers, "Appl. Phys.Lett., vol.59,1991, pp: 2642～2644
28. Y.K.Chen, M.C.Wu, S.Hobson, M.A.Chin, K.D.Choquette, R.S.Freund, and A.M.Sergent, "High-temperature operation of periodic index separate confinement heterostructure quantum well laser, "Appl. Phys. Lett.,vol. 59,1991.,pp: 2784～2786
29. P.Xie and S.Rand, "Continuous wave, pair-pumped laser, "Optics Lett., vol.15, 1990, pp: 848～850
30. P. R. Morkel and R.I.Laming, "Theroetical modeling of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with excited-state absorption," Opt, Lett., vol. 14, 1989., pp: 1062～1064
31. H.Horie, H.Ohta, Y.Yamamoto, N.Arai, B.Kelly, T.Fujimori, H.Gotoh, M.Usami,and Y. Matsushima, "Highly reliable buried-stripe type 980-um laser diodes for practical optical communications, "Proc. SPIE, vol. 3945, 2000, pp: 280～292
32. H.Hore, H.Ohta, and T.Fujimori, "Reliablity improvement of 980-nm laser diodes with a new facet passivation process, "IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 5, pp: 832～838, May/June 1999.
33. T.M.Cockerill, J.Honig, D.V.Forbes, and J.J.Coleman, "Distributed feedback strained layer quantum well heterostrueture 980 nm laser fabricated by two-step
metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, "Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.62, 1993, pp: 820～822
34. M.Aoki, M.Suzuld, T.Taniwatari, H.Sano, and T.Kawano, "New photonic device integration by selective-area MOVPE and its application to optical modulator/laser integration, "Microwave Opt. Techmol. Lett., vol.7, 1994, pp: 132～139